Tortrix Viridana L. (Lepidóptero Tortricidae) Una Plaga De Las Encinas De Problemático Control

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Tortrix Viridana L. (Lepidóptero Tortricidae) Una Plaga De Las Encinas De Problemático Control Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 16: 247-262, 1990 Tortrix viridana L. (Lepidóptero Tortricidae) una plaga de las encinas de problemático control S. SORIA y A. NOTARIO En el presente trabajo se analiza el ciclo y modo de vida de T. viridanci L. en los encinares españoles, y se recopilan los actuales sistemas de lucha empleados contra este insecto, juzgándolos desde un punto de vista crítico respecto a las posibilidades reales de aplicación de las nuevas teorías de manejo integrado de plagas. S. SORIA. Sub. Gral. de Sanidad Vegetal. Madrid. A. NOTARIO. E.T.S.I. Montes. Madrid. Palabras clave: Tortrix viridana, control integrado. INTRODUCCIÓN con este título, ya que al analizar global- mente la información de que disponemos Para abordar el estudio de esta plaga, queda la sensación de que podemos solu- como de cualquier otra en general, con cionar, puntualmente, los problemas que miras a poder controlarla causando los la plaga representa, pero no está claro mínimos daños posibles al ecosistema en que estemos en el "buen camino", como que se halla inmersa son necesarios gran al final pasaremos a analizar. cantidad de conocimientos, entre los que consideramos imprescindible conocer, como mínimo los siguientes: EL INSECTO Y SUS DAÑOS — El insecto y sus daños. — Ciclo biológico y etapas sensibles al Tortrix viridana (LINNAEUS, 1758) per- control. tenece, y dá nombre, a la familia de los — Parasitismo. Tortricidae, creada por STEPHENS en 1829, — Tratamientos usados en la actuali- familia que engloba gran cantidad de es- dad. pecies en la región paleártica, muchas de — Estudio económico y umbrales. ellas dañinas tanto a nivel forestal como — Evaluación de poblaciones. agronómico. Conocimientos que, de manera conjun- Esta especie es la plaga más dañina que ta, nos darán las posibilidades de aplica- soportan, de forma endémica, nuestros en- ción de manejo integrado de la plaga, o cinares, no por el daño que causa al arbo- dicho de un modo más sencillo y ya tradi- lado, que suele ser recuperable incluso cional, las posibilidades de actuar bien, dentro del mismo año del ataque si la cli- con las técnicas adecuadas en el momento matología es favorable, sino por la des- preciso. trucción de los brotes anuales, y con ellos Es este intento de "luchar bien" el que de la flor femenina, lo que representa la nos ha movido a presentar esta ponencia, pérdida de la cosecha bellotera, principal riqueza económica que genera el encinar lo que pululan por las ramillas buscando en grandes zonas de nuestra Península. alimento y refugio, y al no encontrarlo, se Esta relación lepidóptero-encina, en dejan caer de las ramas colgadas de pe- nuestro país, queda perfectamente refleja- queños hilos de seda, de modo que el da por VIEDMA G. de (1970) que cita que viento las dispersa en un intento de locali- "Ocupa España por completo, pero su zar encinas (u otras plantas nutricias) en máxima concentración, condicionada por un estado fenológico propicio a su alimen- la mayor abundancia de encinas, corres- tación. Las muertes en este caso son lógi- ponde al cuadrante sudoeste de nuestra camente abundantísimas, y si esta disin- Península". Su distribución a nivel mun- cronía se da en grandes zonas puede aca- dial es muy amplia, ocupando toda Euro- bar con poblaciones muy numerosas. La pa, Norte de Africa, Asia Menor, Trans- vida de una oruga neonata en condiciones caucasia e Irán. de campo no parece superar las 48 horas, si bien, en laboratorio, puede llegar a ser de 6-7 días, en ausencia total de alimento. Ciclo biológico: El segundo caso, con las yemas sin pro- tección de invierno, es el más favorable para la oruga, de modo que al localizar La influencia del clima respecto a su ci- una yema en estas condiciones la oruguita clo biológico es total, por lo que cualquier la perfora, no formando ningún tipo de referencia a fecha ha de ser considerada cámara, sino un "taladro" de poca más conjuntamente con la localidad estudiada, anchura que su cuerpo, de modo que la ya que puede haber incluso meses de dife- cabeza queda hacia el interior y el exte- rencia, como luego observaremos, si bien rior se encuentra semitapado por los pe- en todas las citas conseguidas la especie se queños excrementos. Estos "taladros" son comporta como univoltina, con hiberna- fáciles de localizar por el pequeño agujero ción en fase de huevo. Si partimos de las que se observa en la superficie de la puestas para "recorrer" el ciclo del tortri- yema, y que no puede ser confundido con cido, vemos que a principio de primavera el causado por coleópteros del género Ce- la oruguita, ya formada, roe la parte su- liodes, ya que éstos se encuentran en ye- perior del huevo, dejando una salida ca- mas de invierno (que no son atacadas por racterística, e inmediatamente deambula la Tortrix), dejando además la yema por la ramilla en busca de las yemas que muerta. le servirán de alimento, pudiendo encon- trarse con tres casos: Si las condiciones climáticas son ade- cuadas, la oruga se desarrolla paralela- — Las yemas aún no se han movido, mente a las yemas, de modo que a los po- estando protegidas por la pérula de in- cos días de nacer (4-7 días) muda a segun- vierno. do estadio, encontrándose con las encinas ya con pequeños brotes, pasando de una — Las yemas están iniciando el creci- vida "perforadora" a su fase "libre", si miento y han perdido ya su protección de bien nunca del todo ya que siempre fabri- invierno. ca pequeños refugios según alguna de las — Las yemas han crecido, formando siguientes técnicas, descritas por DÍAZ en los típicos "brotes". 1925. Este efecto puede darse en toda una Si la oruga se encuentra sobre un brote zona (zonas "atrasadas" o "adelantadas"), joven del año, junta las dos hojas interio- en rodales, o incluso, como curiosamente res, haz con haz, con hilos de seda, apli- es frecuente, por pies aislados, dentro de cando sobre ella las hojas exteriores en la masas de encina teóricamente homogé- misma disposición. neas. Si los brotes anuales están ya crecidos, En el primer caso las oruguitas neona- el refugio puede consistir en una sola hoja tas no pueden "atacar" a las yemas, por doblada y perfectamente "cosida" con seda, en sentido longitudinal, o bien enro- cinares fuertemente atacados, que llegan llada del ápice a la inserción, en los dos a ser muy molestos de transitar debido a casos generalmente con el envés hacia el este comportamiento. interior del refugio. DÍAZ, en 1925, adelantándose a estu- Si la encina está cargada de amentos dios recientes, ya supone una sincronía masculinos (encinas con "moco") es fre- entre el nacimiento de la oruga y la brota- cuente localizar los refugios entre éstos, ción de la encina, debido a "una adapta- ya que le son útiles para alimentación, ción al medio", idea en la que insiste en juntando varios en sentido longitudinal, el apartado de medidas a tomar, al citar quedando, por tanto, la cámara paralela a que no es útil "espesar" la copa del enci- ellos. nar y el matorral del suelo para romper la Por último, si la oruga fabrica el refugio sincronía entre la encina y el tortricido, ya entre las hojas de más de un año, (despla- que: "resultaría fácil la adaptación de la zándose a comer a los brotes nuevos) pa- viridana al nuevo medio de vida, retrasan- rece ser que la distribución es más aleato- do su salida del huevo los días necesarios ria, puede estar construido sobre una sola para esperar el brote de la encina". o varias hojas, sin un orden preconcebi- Esta intuición de DÍAZ ha quedado cla- do. ramente demostrada al localizarse "razas" Si las condiciones climáticas, tras la en- de Tortrix viridana (L.) perfectamente trada en las yemas de las oruguitas, son adaptadas a las condiciones fenológicas de adversas, los brotes son destruidos con sus plantas huéspedes, con poblaciones mayor rapidez que la de su desarrollo, te- tanto de árboles tempranos, medios o tar- niendo que emigrar a encinas más "tem- díos para el momento de la eclosión de pranas" o acabar sucumbiendo por falta sus huevos (RUBTSOVA, 1977) como para de alimentación, tras destruir normalmen- la fenología de distintas especies de Quer- te más de una yema. cus (MERLE y MAZET, 1983; MERLE, En el tercer caso las oruguitas neonatas 1983), suponiendo este último autor que se encuentran con los brotes ya en creci- aunque el ajuste no es perfecto, la selec- miento y abiertos, lo que implica una alta ción, año tras año, elimina las poblacio- mortalidad, en este caso no por falta de nes intermedias. En zonas de bosque alimentación, que se encuentra en exceso, mezclado, típicas en nuestros montes, se sino por la falta de refugio para las orugas ha observado igualmente este efecto, de L-l que se adaptan mal a la vida sobre achacándose a diferencias climáticas, sin brotes ya desarrollados. que exista, que conozcamos, ningún estu- DÍAZ, en 1925, en el primer estudio se- dio que aborde el problema en nuestro rio sobre esta plaga que conocemos en país. España (y que no sabemos que desde en- Por otro lado, el daño y la posibilidad tonces se haya superado) da cuenta de de gradaciones dependen de la planta nu- esta situación en Mérida (Badajoz) y cita tricia; así PATOCKA (1973) demuestra que que las encinas "tempranas" fueron al en condiciones similares las larvas de T. principio respetadas, encontrándose en viridana (L) sufren mayores mortalidades los brotes pocas orugas y ya desarrolla- en Quercus pétrea LIEB que en Quercus das, mientras en las ramillas era fácil loca- robur L., condicionando la dinámica de lizar huevos aún no nacidos.
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