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Nobelovy Ceny Za Fyziku - Obor Astrofyzika MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA KATEDRA FYZIKY BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE NOBELOVY CENY ZA FYZIKU - OBOR ASTROFYZIKA Brno 2008 Vedoucí bakalářské práce: prof. RNDr. Vladislav Navrátil, CSc. Autor práce: Svobodová Petra 1 Bibliografický záznam Svobodová, Petra. Nobelovy za fyziku – obor astrofyzika: Bakalářská práce. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Fakulta pedagogická, Katedra fyziky, 2008. 54s. Vedoucí bakalářské práce prof. RNDr. Vladislav Navrátil, Csc. Anotace Bakalářská práce “Nobelovy ceny za fyziku, obor astrofyzika” nabízí pohled na úspěchy astronomie prostřednictvím šesti ročníků Nobelových cen za fyziku, ve kterých získali ocenění právě astronomové. Cílem práce je stručný popis jednotlivých objevů jako je např. reliktní záření, pulzary, nebo vznik některých dílčích podoborů astronomie. Součástí práce je životopis Alfreda Nobela a nástin historického vývoje astronomie. Klíčová slova Alfred Nobel, historie astronomie, reliktní záření, pulzary, radioastronomie, rentgenová astronomie, neutrina, vývoj hvězd, družice COBE. Anotation The Bachelor thesis “ Nobel physics prizes, astrophysics field” offers look on successes in astronomy through six year's volume of Nobel physics prizes, in which astronomers were awarded. The goal of this thesis is a brief description of particular findings as relict radiation, pulsars or origin of some subfields of astronomy. Part of the thesis is a biography of Alfred Nobel and an outline of historical development of atronomys. Key words Alfred Nobel , history of astronomy, relict radiation, pulsars, radioastronomy, x – ray astronomy, neutrins, evolution of stars, satellite COBE. 2 PODĚKOVÁNÍ Děkuji prof. RNDr. Vladislavu Navrátilovy, CSc. za cenné rady a poznámky, které jsem při vypracování této bakalářské práce uplatnila a za poskytnutí potřebné literatury. 3 PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalárskou práci „Nobelovy ceny za fyziku – obor astrofyzika“ vypracovala samostatně podle pokynů vedoucího práce a s použitím literatury uvedené v seznamu. Souhlasím, aby práce byla uložena na Masarykově univerzitě v Brně v knihovně Pedagogické fakulty a zpřístupněna ke studijním účelům. Brno, 18. dubna 2008 . 4 NOBELOVY CENY ZA FYZIKU - OBOR ASTROFYZIKA Obsah: Úvod.............................................................................................................................6 Kapitola první.............................................................................................................7 1.1. Alfréd Nobel a Nobelova nadace.................................................................8 1.2. Stručný nástin dějin astronomie.................................................................13 Kapitola druhá..........................................................................................................21 2.1. Nobelova cena – rok 1974..........................................................................22 2.2. Nobelova cena – rok 1978..........................................................................28 2.3. Nobelova cena – rok 1983..........................................................................32 2.4. Nobelova cena – rok 1993..........................................................................36 2.5. Nobelova cena – rok 2002..........................................................................40 2.6. Nobelova cena – rok 2006..........................................................................50 Závěr...........................................................................................................................54 Literatura.....................................................................................................................55 Příloha.........................................................................................................................60 5 ÚVOD Jako téma své bakalářské práce jsem si zvolila Nobelovy ceny za fyziku. Neboť téma Nobelových cen je velmi rozsáhlé, svědčí o tom již 106 ročníků udělování tohoto prestižního ocenění, zaměřila jsem se ve své práci pouze na ceny udělené za významné objevy a příspěvky k rozvoji oboru astronomie, resp. astrofyziky. V práci bych chtěla čtenářům přiblížit podstatu jednotlivých oceněných objevů, které bezesporu měly zásadní vliv na vývoj astronomie a astrofyziky. Práce je dělena na dvě kapitoly, v první se čtenář dozví něco málo ze života zakladatele Nobelovy nadace Alfreda Nobela a z vývoje astronomie od nejstarších civilizací až po kosmické lety ve 20. století. Druhá kapitola je souhrnem jednotlivých ročníků Nobelových cen za fyziku pro obor astrofyzika. 6 KAPITOLA PRVNÍ Než se budeme věnovat jednotlivým ročníkům „astronomických nobelovek“ podívejme se nejprve na život člověka, bez jehož vynalézavosti, pracovního úsilí a snahy o lepší svět by nebylo Nobelovy nadace. 7 1.1. ALFRED NOBEL A NOBELOVA NADACE Kdyby měl student Alfred Nobel psát svůj životopis mohl by začínat nějak takto: Narodil jsem se 21. října 1833 ve Stokholmu ve Švédsku. S otcem Imanuelem Nobelem, podnikatelem a vynálezcem a matkou Andrietou Nobelovou, bydlím v Petrohradě, metropoli carského Ruska. Mám tři bratry, Ludwiga, Roberta a Emila Oskara. Nikdy, s vyjímkou jednoho roku, jsem nechodil do školy. Společně se svými bratry jsem měl domácí učitele... I přes časté finanční problémy rodiny, otec musel několikrát vyhlásit bankrot, se chlapcům dostalo velmi dobrého vzdělání. Díky tomu Obr.1 Alfred Nobel /46/ Alfred již v sedmnácti letech ovládal plynně pět jazyků, kromě rodné švédštiny také ruštinu,angli- čtinu, francouzštinu a němčinu a disponoval výbornými znalostmi z oblasti fyziky a chemie. Samozřejmě nebylo zanedbáno i vzdělání ve filosofii, historii a literatuře, která byla jeho velkou vášní. Nasvědčují tomu i literární pokusy v pozdějších letech (básně, novely, divadelní hra Nemesis a další). V letech 1850-52 absolvoval mladý Alfred studijní cestu po Spojených státech, Švédsku, Německu, Francii a Itálii. Zde měl možnost pracovat s řadou významných osobností tehdejší vědy. V New Yorku se setkal se švédským vynálezcem Johnem Ericssonem (konstruktér parních motorů a pancéřové lodi Monitor) a v Paříži pracoval v laboratoři slavného francouzkého profesora Théophile-Jules Pelouziho (autor chemických příruček). Během svého pařížského pobytu se seznamuje s mladým italským chemikem Ascanio Sobrerem, který o tři roky dříve, v roce 1847, objevil nitroglycerin. Jistě Alfréd Nobel tehdy ani netušil, že se tato tekutina stane jeho životním osudem. V následujících letech se věnoval práci pro otcovu firmu v Petrohradě, kam se rodina v jeho devíti letech přestěhovala. Během Krymské války (1853-56) se Nobelově firmě dařilo a mladý Nobel byl neustále na obchodních cestách, neboť ho otec ustanovil 8 obchodním zástupcem. Procestoval řadu evropských zemí i část Ruska. Jeho chatrné zdraví ho zavedlo i do českých zemí, na léčebné pobyty ve Františkových Lázních a Chebu. Po válce se poměry pro podnikání v Rusku změnily natolik, že Imanuel Nobel musel opět vyhlásit bankrot firmy. A díky svým soudním sporům s carem byl nakonec nucen z Petrohradu odejít zpět do Stokholmu. Nyní se mohl Alfred Nobel plně věnovat svému výzkumu. V roce 1857 přihlásil svůj první patent, plynoměr, a další záhy následovaly. Ve svém výzkumu se zaměřil na využití nitroglycerinu, jako trhaviny, jenž nahradí dosavadní výbušné směsi. Úspěchy se brzy dostavily a v roce 1863 přihlašuje první patenty výbušných nytroglycerinových směsí. Ovšem jak už to v životě bývá, za každý úspěch se platí a Alfred Nobel zaplatil vysokou cenu. Při pokusech s nitroglycerinem v laboratoři v Helenbergu dochází k výbuchu. Mezi mrtvými je i Alfredův mladší bratr Emil Oskar. V roce 1867 patentuje svoji tzv. „bezpečnostní trhavinu“ - dynamit (jedná se o směs niroglycerinu a křemeniny, která zabraňuje náhodným výbuchům, dnes je křemenina nahrazena jinými porézními látkami). O dynamit byl velký zájem a tudíž nic nebránilo v rozmachu Nobelova imperia. Nobel staví závody na výrobu dynamitu ve dvaceti zemích světa, např. USA, Německu. Kromě výzkumu nitroglycerinu se věnuje i jiným oblastem vědy. Jeho zájmu neuniknou měřící přístroje a laboratorní technika, stejně tak jako i výroba umělého hedvábí a umělých drahokamů, konstrukce raket či výzkum transfuze krve. Jeho vědeckou mnohostranost, nezdolnou píli a vynalézavého ducha dokládá množství patentů, které za svůj život nashromáždil, celkem 355. V historii bychom jistě našli jen málo vědců a vynálezců počtem patentů převyšujících Alfreda Nobela. Na rozdíl od života pracovního, v němž slavil úspěchy, byl Nobelův soukromý život velkým fiaskem. Nepodařilo se mu založit rodinu, což můžeme přičítat velkému pracovnímu nasazení, stejně tak jako jeho plachosti a samotářské povaze. Je dobře známa jeho ostýchavost vůči ženám, kterou v životě překonal jen dvakrát. A to ve vztahu k Berthe Kinské (později provdané von Suttnerové), s kterou udržoval přátelský vztah do konce života, a mladičké Sofii Hessové. Jedinou ženou, ke které po celý život choval hluboký citový vztah, byla jeho matka, jejíž smrt v roce 1889 ho velmi zasáhla. Alfred Nobel umírá na krvácení do mozku dne 10. prosince 1896 ve své vile v San Remu, sám, obklopen pouze služebnictvem. Nobel celý život usiloval o mírové využití svých vynálezů. Životní zkušenost ho 9 dovedla k názoru, že člověk, disponující velkým kapitálem, by měl část věnovat na humanitární učely, podporu vědy a boj proti bídě, to vše s jedinou konečnou vizí lepší společnosti a trvalého míru. Svému názoru dostál a v závěti ustanovil zřízení nadace, jenž by ocenila počiny pro blaho společnosti. Vznik Nobelovy
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