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Biological and Molecular Characterization of a Korean Isolate of Cucurbit Aphid- Borne Yellows Virus Infecting Cucumis Species in Korea

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Biological and Molecular Characterization of a Korean Isolate of Cucurbit Aphid- Borne Yellows Virus Infecting Cucumis Species in Korea Plant Pathol. J. 31(4) : 371-378 (2015) http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.06.2015.0103 The Plant Pathology Journal pISSN 1598-2254 eISSN 2093-9280 ©The Korean Society of Plant Pathology Research Article Open Access Biological and Molecular Characterization of a Korean Isolate of Cucurbit aphid- borne yellows virus Infecting Cucumis Species in Korea Seung-Kook Choi†, Ju-Yeon Yoon† and Gug-Seoun Choi* Virology Unit, Department of Horticultural Environment, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju 565-852, Korea (Received on June 7, 2015; Revised on July 16, 2015; Accepted on August 4, 2015) Surveys of yellowing viruses in plastic tunnels and in Korea. in open field crops of melon (Cucumis melo cultivar catalupo), oriental melon (C. melo cultivar oriental Keywords : aphid, Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus, melon), and cucumber (C. sativus) were carried out diagnosis, melon, RT-PCR in two melon-growing areas in 2014, Korea. Severe yellowing symptoms on older leaves of melon and chlorotic spots on younger leaves of melon were Cucurbits are economically important vegetable crops in observed in the plastic tunnels. The symptoms were the world. In Korea, an array of squashes (Cucurbita pepo), widespread and included initial chlorotic lesions cucumbers (Cucumis sativus), pumpkins (Cucurbita mos- followed by yellowing of whole leaves and thickening chata), bitter gourds (Momordica charantia), and melons of older leaves. RT-PCR analysis using total RNA (Cucumis melo) are commercially grown in plastic tunnels extracted from diseased leaves did not show any as cash crops and in home gardens. Yellowing symptoms synthesized products for four cucurbit-infecting caused by virus infections are often attributed to nutritional viruses; Beet pseudo-yellows virus, Cucumber mosaic disorders mainly to the deficiency of Mg2+ or Mn2+ ion. virus, Cucurbit yellows stunting disorder virus, and In addition, the toxicities of pesticides and insecticides Melon necrotic spot virus. Virus identification using frequently cause yellowing symptoms in cucurbit plants RT-PCR showed Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows Virus including melon. However, agronomical approaches such (CABYV) was largely distributed in melon, oriental as addition of nutrients in melon plants showing yellowing melon and cucumber. This result was verified by aphid symptoms aggravate the early appearance of some melon (Aphis gossypii) transmission of CABYV. The complete plants with chlorotic spots to rapid spread of yellowing coat protein (CP) gene amplified from melon was symptoms in the whole leaves of melon plants. The pres- cloned and sequenced. The CP gene nucleotide and the ence of high aphid populations illustrates that these yellow- deduced amino acid sequence comparisons as well as ing symptoms are strongly associated with infections of phylogenetic tree analysis of CABYV CPs showed that plant viruses. In recent decades, at least 39 different virus the CABYV isolates were undivided into subgroups. species are known to infect naturally cucurbit plants world- Although the low incidence of CABYV in infections to wide (Lecoq, 2013; Provvidenti, 1996). cucurbit crops in this survey, CABYV may become an Of these virus species, the three most frequent and important treat for cucurbit crops in many different economically important viruses in the world are Papaya regions in Korea, suggesting that CABYV should be ringspot virus (PRSV, formerly known as WMV-1), taken into account in disease control of cucurbit crops Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV, formerly known as WMV-2), and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) (Lecoq, 2013). The three viruses fail to produce the yellow- †These authors are equally contributed. *Corresponding author. ing symptoms in melon, but the viruses cause severe mo- Phone) +82-63-238-6322, FAX) +82-63-238-6305 saic, stunting, wilt, and malformation of leaves and fruits. E-mail) [email protected] Of candidate viruses, yellowing symptoms in melon plants This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative are more similar to those caused by an aphid-transmissible Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any me- Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV). The yel- dium, provided the original work is properly cited. lowing symptoms are even similar to those caused by Beet 372 Choi et al. pseudo-yellows virus (BPYV) or Cucurbit yellows stunting protein) and ORF6 (assigned as a RNA silencing suppres- disorder virus (CYSDV) (Celix et al., 2006; Desbiezm et sor) (D’Arcy and Domier, 2005; Kozlowska-Makulska et al. 2003; Wisler et al., 1998; Wintermantel et al., 2009), but al., 2010; Liu et al., 2012; Mangwende et al., 2009; Pfeffer these two viruses are transmitted by the whitefly species et al., 2002). The ORF1 and ORF2 of poleroviruses and (Bemisia tabaci and Traleurodes vaporariorum). enamoviruses show more close relationship to those of With the recent ratification by the International Committee sobemoviruses, whereas those of luteoviruses are more of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) of Carrot red leaf vi- associated with the family Tombusviridae (D’Arcy and rus (Huang et al., 2005), Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus Domier, 2005). Though the ORF7 product has the activity (Abraham et al., 2006), Melon aphid-borne yellows virus of nucleic acid binding, the protein function in host plants (Xiang et al., 2008) and Tobacco vein-distorting virus (Mo is unclear (Ashoub et al., 1998). Species in the Luteoviridae et al., 2003), it is currently accepted virus species of the are distinguished when at least one gene product shows genus Polerovirus (D’Arcy and Domier, 2005; King et al., more than 10% amino acid sequence difference and when 2011). In addition, three tentative species, Cotton leaf roll luteoviruses have different biological and serological prop- dwarf virus in cotton (Corrêa et al., 2005), Suakwa aphid- erties (D’Arcy and Domier, 2005; King et al., 2011). borne yellows virus in cucurbits (Shang et al., 2009) and In this study, disease surveys in 2014 were performed in Wheat yellow dwarf virus-GPV (Zhang et al., 2009) in ce- plastic tunnels to identify the causal agent of the observed reals were tentatively classified into the genus Polerovirus yellowing disease of melon plants (cultivar cantalupo) as by the ICTV. well as viral disease-like oriental melon and cucumber. CABYV that belongs to the genus Polerovirus (the fam- To achieve this purpose, reverse transcription–polymerase ily Luteoviridae) causes a complex of yellowing symptoms chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied for detection of in melon. The virus was first reported in France where CABYV. Aphid transmission assays were carried out to it has caused regular epidemics since 1982 (Lecoq et al., characterize biological properties of Korean isolate of 1992). Since then, CABYV has been identified worldwide CABYV during CABYV isolation. in temperature, subtropical areas and Mediterranean basin (Lecoq, 2013). CABYV infects most cucurbit crops includ- Materials and Methods ing melon, cucumber and watermelon (Lecoq et al., 1992) and CABYV was found in three weed species (Capsella Virus source and RT-PCR. Leaf samples from melon bursa-pastroris, Lamium amplexicaule, and Senecio vul- plants showing interveinal chlorosis, yellowing symptoms, garis) and in Ecballium elaerium (Knierim et al., 2010; and thickening of older leaves were collected from two Lecoq et al., 1992; Mnari-Hattab et al., 2009). CABYV is areas in Korea. Samples with some asymptomatic leaves transmitted in a circulative, non-propagative manner by were also collected from plastic tunnels in 2014. Samples specific aphid vectors, but are not mechanically transmis- from oriental melon and cucumber plants were also collect- sible (D’Arch and Domier, 2005; Lecoq et al., 1992). The ed from farms near the plastic tunnels cultivated in melon. virus often found in mixed infections with other cucurbit- For subsequent analysis or virus transmission experiments, infecting viruses (Abou-Jawdah et al., 2000; Boubourakas the cucurbit leaves including melon were maintained in a et al., 2006; Kassem et al., 2007; Knierim et al., 2010; plastic bag at 4°C for approximately 10 days or stored by Mnari-Hattab et al., 2009). desiccation of small amounts of infected leaf materials over Polerovirus particles have an icosahedral symmetry of calcium chloride at 4°C. about 25 nm and a core of a single-stranded (ss) positive Total RNA was extracted from 1 g leaves of the symp- sense RNA molecule of 5.7 kb (D’Arcy and Domier, tomatic or asymptomatic melon, oriental melon and 2005). The genome contains 7 open reading frames (ORFs). cucumber using Plant RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, USA), A non-coding intergenic region of approximately 200 according to the manufacturer’s instructions. One-step RT- nucleotides separates RNA-dependent RNA polymerase PCR analysis was carried out to synthesize the full-length (ORF2) from coat protein (ORF3) (D’Arcy and Domier, cDNA of CABYV coat protein (CP) using a pair of prim- 2005). The members of the genus Polerovirus are distin- ers (CABYV-CP-For : 5'-atgaatacggccgcggctagaaatc-3', guished from those of the two other genera Luteovirus and CABYV-CP-Rev : 5'-ctatttcgggttctggacctggca-3') synthe- Enamovirus in the Luteoviridae by terms of different ge- sized newly in the study, based on CP gene sequences of nome organizations. The difference includes the presence some reference CABYV isolates available in GenBank or absence of ORF0 (possible membrane-linked replication databases. factor and RNA silencing suppressor), ORF4 (movement The thermo-cycling conditions were as follows: 60 min Pathological Properties of a CABYV Korean Isolate 373 at 45°C for RT, 5 min at 95°C (1 cycle), 94°C, 30 s, 55°C, ing, chlorotic spot of lower leaves, yellowing mosaic, 30 s and 72°C, 60 s (40 cycles), and a final extension at necrotic, or malformation of melon fruits) were observed 72°C for 7 min. RT-PCR product was analyzed in 1.2% in the two farms in Korea (Table 1 and Fig.
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