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Importance of Conservation Areas and Important Bird Areas for Ardeid Conservation and Management in Costa Rica

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Importance of Conservation Areas and Important Bird Areas for Ardeid Conservation and Management in Costa Rica Copyright © 2019. Alvarado Quesada, G. M. 2019. Importance of Conservation Areas and Important Bird Areas for Ardeid conservation and management in Costa Rica. Journal of Heron Biology and Conservation 4:2 [online] www.HeronConservation.org/JHBC/vol04/ art02/ Importance of Conservation Areas and Important Bird Areas for Ardeid conservation and management in Costa Rica # Ghisselle M. Alvarado Quesada National Museum of Costa Rica, Natural History Department, San José, Costa Rica; [email protected] Abstract Costa Rica has 350 documented wetlands comprising 350,000 ha in the National Wetland Inventory, all of which are included in the country’s 11 Conservation (Administrative) Areas (CAs) of the Environ- mental Ministry; many of them are also included in the country’s 21 Important Bird Areas (IBAs). Twelve of these wetlands have been designated as a “Key Wetland” and have specific and more exhaus- tive studies; the other 338 wetlands have received little study and their diversity is poorly known. Ardeid species live and move throughout the country. The objective of this paper is to identify and rank the CAs, IBAs and the Ramsar sites for Ardeid diversity, thereby increasing and enriching knowledge about the importance of the Costa Rican CAs, IBAs and wetlands for future Ardeid conservation and manage- ment policies. I analyzed electronic records from the National Museum and Global Biodiversity Infor- mation Facility (GBIF, a global database) to create Ardeid species lists for CAs and IBAs and to priori- tize the areas by species diversity. I applied ecological niche modeling to Costa Rica’s threatened or sen- sitive species: the Agami Heron (Agamia agami), Pinnated Bittern (Botaurus pinnatus) and Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis). The two most diverse study areas were CA-9 (La Amistad Caribe) and IBA CR015 (Maleku - Caño Negro), which each had 19 of Costa Rica’s 20 Ardeid species. Four species, Western Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), Great Egret (Ardea alba), Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea) and Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), were seen at all (100%) of the 21 IBAs. Four additional species, Yellow-crowned Night Heron (Nyctanassa violacea), Green Heron (Butorides virescens), Great Blue Heron (Ardea hero- dias) and Tricolored Heron (Egretta tricolor) were recorded at 18-20 (86-95%) of the sites. By contrast, Rufescent Tiger Heron (Tigrisoma lineatum), Agami Heron, American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) and Whistling Heron (Syrigma sibilatrix), were the species with the least representation at CAs and IBAs. The CAs and IBAs located in the lowlands of the northern and Caribbean boundaries of Costa Rica are the most important to protect both sensitive species and Ardeid diversity. # This paper was presented at the 1st Herons of the World Symposium at the 40th Anniversary Meeting of the Waterbird So- ciety at New Bern, North Carolina, USA, 21-23 September 2016. Other papers from that Symposium have appeared in past (or will appear in future) issues of the Journal of Heron Biology and Conservation, and Waterbirds. Journal of Heron Biology and Conservation 4:2, page !2 Key words: Ardeid distribution, Ardeidae, Bitterns, Conservation, Conservation Areas, Costa Rica, Egrets, Herons, Important Bird Areas. Introduction eral Important Bird Areas (IBAs) for Ardeid species, such as Palo Verde Wetlands, Nicoya Costa Rica, located in the southern portion of Gulf Mangroves and coast areas, Central Pacific Central America, just north of Panama, has 12 Mangroves, Maleku - Caño Negro and Pacuare, Ardeid genera: Tigrisoma, Agamia, Cochlearius, coastal wetlands and Migratory Bird Corridor Botaurus, Ixobrychus, Nycticorax, Nyctanassa, (see below). Butorides, Bubulcus, Ardea, Syrigma and Egretta and 20 species (Stiles and Skutch 1989, Gar- Identification and maintenance of Costa Rica’s rigues and Dean 2014, Alfaro-Rodríguez and 11 Conservation Areas (CAs) and 21 IBAs prom- Venegas-Vargas 2016). One of the species, the ise to be a good strategy to direct time, resources Whistling Heron (Syrigma sibilatrix), arrived re- and conservation efforts. However, none of these cently in 2015 (Alfaro-Rodríguez and Venegas- areas has been prioritized as a need for or imple- Vargas 2016). The Ardeid species are both mentation of Ardeid conservation. neotropical and temperate, resident and migrato- ry, as well as those which maintain both resident The objective of this paper is to identify and rank and migratory populations. The Ardeid species the CAs and IBAs for Ardeids. In turn, this will are not a static resource; they move throughout increase and enrich knowledge about the impor- the country and among protected and unprotected tance of its areas and wetlands for future Ardeid areas through water bodies. Agami Heron conservation and management policies. (Agamia agami), Pinnated Bittern (Botaurus pin- natus) and Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis) are considered as extinction risks in Costa Rica (Sis- Methods tema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación 2017). Wetlands are numerous (350) in Costa Rica and I obtained 53,777 records of Ardeid distribution exist throughout the country. Most of the wetland in Costa Rica from the Global Biodiversity In- sites (except for Costa Rica’s 12 Ramsar sites, formation Facility (GBIF) and a further 785 the most important National Parks and private or records (from 119 wetlands) from the Costa Ri- popular touristic places) lack good inventories of can Wetlands Inventory information for the 143 Ardeid species. Mikuska et al. (1998) pointed out year period, 1873-2016. These records were often the importance of specific Costa Rican areas on made by early explorers, professional and ama- the Pacific coast and the Lowlands of Sarapiquí teur ornithologists/naturalists, including Alexan- for wintering populations of Ardeids (e.g. Palo der Skutch and bird tour leaders. I also included Verde, Laguna de Mata Redonda, Estero Madri- information on range-wide distribution (short gal and Río Grande de Térraba). As well, Alvara- communications or others). The locations (geo- do Quesada (2006a, b, c) recognized the impor- graphic coordinates) of the records were plotted tance of selected wetlands: Ramsar sites for on maps using GIS software (Diva Gis, Grass roosting and feeding, as well as Costa Rican is- Gis, Arc Maps, Arc View) and Costa Rican CA lands as breeding places for Ardeid populations. and IBA shapes. I also created species tables of Devenish et al. (2009) and Sandoval and Sánchez Ardeid diversity for the CAs and IBAs. Records (2011) briefly mentioned the importance of sev- of poor quality were deleted. These included Journal of Heron Biology and Conservation 4:2, page !3 records from unspecified locations along road- were: Rufescent Tiger Heron (Tigrisoma linea- ways, sites with no geographic coordinates and tum), Fasciated Tiger Heron (Tigrisoma fascia- roads to a particular site, e.g., the road from tum), Bare-throated Tiger Heron (Tigrisoma mex- Puntarenas to Monteverde; this was not precise icanum), Agami Heron, Boat-billed Heron enough to be included. The records were not a (Cochlearius cochlearius), American Bittern random sampling of different localities in Costa (Botaurus lentiginosus), Pinnated Bittern, Least Rica, since they came from global databases. I Bittern, Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax did not use abundance data but rather only nycticorax), Yellow-crowned Night Heron (Nyc- records of presence and absence according to tanassa violacea), Green Heron (Butorides Bart and Klosiewski (1989) and Temple and Cary virescens), Striated Heron (Butorides striata), (1990). I also used Genetic Algorithm for Rule Western Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), Great Blue Set Production (GARP) for niche modeling Heron (Ardea herodias), Great Egret (Ardea analyses. Costa Rican CAs and IBAs are identi- alba), Whistling Heron, Reddish Egret (Egretta fied in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. Although rufescens), Tricolored Heron (Egretta tricolor), this study does not focus on Costa Rica’s 12 Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea) and Snowy Ramsar sites, they are listed, with reference to the Egret (Egretta thula). In this paper, I have fol- CAs and/or IBAs in which they occur, in Ap- lowed the taxonomy and nomenclature of the In- pendix 1. ternational Ornithological Congress (Gill and Donsker 2019). The 20 Ardeid species identified in this study Figure 1. Costa Rican Conservation Areas and the number of Ardeid records from 1873 to 2016 in each of them. Records were taken from the databases in Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Costa Rican Wetlands Inventory and National Museum of Costa Rica. Journal of Heron Biology and Conservation 4:2, page !4 Figure 2. Costa Rican Important Bird Areas. Results and Discussion Of the vulnerable heron species in Costa Rica, the Pinnated Bittern was located in nine CAs, Conservation Areas (CAs) while the Agami Heron and Least Bittern were The total number of records from each CA is each in six CAs. Rufescent Tiger Heron is the shown in Figure 1. On the mainland, they ranged resident species with the smallest distribution from 1,014 at CA-2 (Guanacaste) to 15,765 at (four CAs). The Whistling Heron (one CA) was CA-6 (Pacífico Central). The insular CA, CA-1 recently discovered in Costa Rica in CA-9 (La (Cocos Marine) had only 38 records. Amistad Caribe) and the American Bittern (two CAs) is rare and a sporadic migrant (Stiles and The two CAs with the most Ardeid species (19) Skutch 1989, Garrigues and Dean 2014). were CA-9 (La Amistad Caribe) and CA-3 (Are- nal Huetar Norte) (Table 1). Two CAs had 18 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) species: CA-7 (Cordillera Volcanica Central) and The number of Ardeid species recorded from CA-8 (Tortuguero). For Ramsar sites located IBAs ranged from seven in CR005 (Tilarán High- within the CAs, see Appendix 1. CA-1 (Cocos lands), CR008 (El Rodeo, Cerros de Escazú and Marine) was the area with the fewest Ardeid La Carpintera) and CR009 (Talamanca High- species (10). However, this oceanic island is only lands) to 19 in CR015 (Maleku - Caño Negro) 1,093 ha in area and is approximately 547 km (Table 2).
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