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From the Mountainous Rain Forests of Sabah, Borneo, Reveal a New Species with Two New Subspecies

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From the Mountainous Rain Forests of Sabah, Borneo, Reveal a New Species with Two New Subspecies Contributions to Zoology, 82 (4) 185-197 (2013) Genetics and morphology of the genus Tritetrabdella (Hirudinea, Haemadipsidae) from the mountainous rain forests of Sabah, Borneo, reveal a new species with two new subspecies Heike Kappes 1, 2, 3 1 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 2 Department of Ecology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany 3 Email: [email protected] Key words: Annelida, Clitellata, ecological specialization, genetic distance, parasite, phylogeny, speciation, tropical mountains Abstract Acknowledgements ..................................................................... 191 References ...................................................................................... 191 Blood-feeding terrestrial leeches of the family Haemadipsidae are Appendix ........................................................................................ 193 a notorious part of the invertebrate diversity in Asian and Austral- ian rain forests. All hitherto published records of terrestrial leeches of Borneo belong to the genus Haemadipsa. Here, a second, poorly known haemadipsid genus is reported from Mount Introduction Kinabalu and Crocker Range National Park. The individuals were barcoded and compared to sequences available in GenBank. The Almost every traveler sooner or later encounters the results show that the genus Tritetrabdella has representatives in terrestrial, blood-sucking haemadipsid leeches while the Indochinese and the Sundaic bioregions. All six specimens exploring the Bornean rainforests, but not much has from Borneo are from a single new Tritetrabdella lineage, T. been published on the leech fauna of Borneo after the kinabaluensis spec. nov. Within the Bornean lineage, two groups differing 4-5% in the COI barcoding sequence were identified. two initial papers of Moore (1929, 1935) and the review Because 1) it is probable that haemadipsid COI is subjected to base of Smythies (1960). According to Smythies (1960), pair substitution rates of 2.5% per Ma, 2) COI protein sequences Borneo harbors three Haemadipsid species, namely were the same within the Bornean material, 3) color can change Haemadipsa picta (Moore, 1929), H. sylvestris Blan- as a response to the environment, 4) the lineages inhabit different chard, 1894, and H. zeylanica (Moquin-Tandon, 1826) altitudes in separate areas and 5) only six individuals were found, with three to four subspecies. The occurrence of H. a conservative approach was taken and the groups were tenta- tively given subspecies status: T. k. kinabaluensis ssp. nov. and T. sylvestris, however, is based on speculations (Smythies, k. inobongensis ssp. nov. The ecology and the conservation status 1960: 286). Govedich et al. (2004) mention only H. of the Bornean Tritetrabdella warrant urgent assessment because picta and two subspecies of H. zeylanica for Borneo. the genus Tritetrabdella is considered as mainly feeding on am- During the Mount Kinabalu and Crocker Range phibians and probably small mammals, and thus can be predicted Expedition in September 2012, leeches were collected to be sensitive to climatic fluctuations, forest disturbances and near several substations of Sabah Parks on Mount fragmentation, and amphibian decline. Kinabalu and the Crocker Range. Five individuals from the Crocker Range, and one from Mount Kinabalu Headquarters were identified to belong to the poorly Contents studied genus Tritetrabdella Moore, 1938. Tritetrab- della leeches seem to be specialized in amphibians and Introduction ................................................................................... 185 small mammals (Lai et al., 2011). Members of this Material and methods .................................................................. 186 genus are smaller than those of Haemadipsa, have four Specimens ................................................................................. 186 DNA extracting and sequencing ......................................... 186 annuli per mid-body somite, the gonopores separated Phylogenetic analysis ............................................................ 186 by only 3-3.5 annuli, and a posterior sucker with less Results ............................................................................................. 186 than 60 rays (Moore, 1938). Phylogenetic position of the Bornean specimens ........... 186 So far, two Tritetrabdella species have been de- Key to Tritetrabdella .............................................................. 187 scribed. Tritetrabdella scandens Moore, 1938 occurs Discussion ...................................................................................... 188 on the Malaysian Peninsula (Moore, 1938) and Taiwan Biogeography .......................................................................... 188 Rough timing with geological events ................................. 188 (Borda and Siddall, 2011). Tritetrabdella taiwana (Oka, Intraspecific and interspecific divergence ....................... 190 1910) is distributed across Taiwan, the Indo-Chinese Knowledge gaps: ecology and conservation status ....... 190 Peninsula, and the Ryuku Island of Japan (Lai et al., Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 07:19:59PM via free access 186 Kappes – Tritetrabdella from Bornean mountain forests 2011). This study thus provides the first record of the Haemadipsidae from GenBank. Genetic distances be- genus Tritetrabdella on Borneo. Based on the barcoding tween the barcoding sequences of the taxa were calcu- sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and lated as the number of base substitutions per site using morphological data, a new species with two subspecies DNADIST (vers. 3.5c). will be described. DNA and protein sequences were used to visualize potential phylogenetic relationships. The DNA sequenc- es were translated into a protein sequences using the Material and methods general invertebrate code in MEGA 4.0 (Tamura et al., 2007). Distances were calculated as the number of base Specimens pair or amino acid substitutions per site. After complete deletion of missing data, there were a total of 612 bp and Four of the Crocker Range individuals originate from 204 amino acid positions in the dataset of the barcoding the forests at Inobong substation, downstream of the sequence and protein sequence, respectively. Sungai Kibambangan waterfall, and one individual Because the main scope is taxonomic and the avail- climbed one of the expedition participants of the expedi- able sequences reflect only a fraction of the evolutionary tion at the Gunung Alab substation. An additional indi- history, and of the mitochondrion alone, a conservative vidual was found climbing on an expedition participant approach was taken both in terms of phylogenetic analy- at Kinabalu Park Headquarters. The material is desig- sis and in terms of interpretation (e.g. Britton et al., 2007; nated to be (re-)located to the Sabah Parks zoological Wägele et al., 2009). For each data set, the DNA se- collection in 2014. quences and the corresponding protein sequences, a consensus tree was constructed from 500 bootstrap runs DNA extraction and sequencing using the Neighbor-Joining method. Poisson correction was applied in the case of the protein sequences. In the The material was barcoded using the cytochrome c oxi- graph, the percentage of replicate trees in which the taxa dase subunit I gene (COI). To this end, a piece of the clustered together as a group in the bootstrap test (500 epithelium of the lower belly above the caudal sucker replicates) were displayed next to the branches. Both trees was cut and placed in 98% ethanol. DNA extraction was were drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same performed on this subsample using the NucleoMag 96 units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer Tissue kit by Macherey-Nagel on a Thermo Scientific the phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analyses were con- KingFisher Flex magnetic bead extraction robot in a final ducted in MEGA 4.0 (Tamura et al., 2007). elution volume of 150µl. The COI barcoding fragment (658 bp) was amplified using a cocktail of the primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 (Folmer et al., 1994), and LepF1 Results and LepR1 (Hebert et al., 2004a). Primers were tailed using M13F and M13R (Messing, 1983) for sequencing. Phylogenetic position of the Bornean specimens PCR reactions contained 18.75 µl mQ, 2.5 µl 10x Coral- Load PCR buffer CL, 1.0 µl 10 mM of each primer, 0.5 The Bornean individuals (GenBank accession numbers µl 2.5 mM dNTPs and 0.25 µl 5U Qiagen Taq and 1.0µl KF839944-KF839949) have more than 15% distance in template DNA. The thermal cycle program consisted of the partial COI barcoding sequence when, for example, an initial denaturation step of 3 min at 94°C, followed compared to Tritetrabdella scandens (GenBank acces- by 40 cycles of 15s denaturation at 94°C, 30s annealing sion number HQ203194) and T. taiwana (GenBank ac- at 50°C and 40s elongation at 72°C, with a final elonga- cession number HQ322464) from the mainland (Table tion of 5 min at 72°C. Bidirectional sequencing was done 1). Tritetrabdella taiwana displays divergences similar by BaseClear. The resulting sequences were deposited to between-species distances in other Haemadipsidae in GenBank (accession numbers KF839944-KF839949). (>12%, Fig. 1). The sequences from T. taiwana thus likely originate from a species complex. However, the Phylogenetic analysis COI sequence data of T. taiwana also suggests that rapid evolution can take
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