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The Insider Dirt on Sod Houses Early American

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The Insider Dirt on Sod Houses Early American Pioneers DID DANIEL THE BOONE GET INSIDER DIRT ON LOST? SOD HOUSES TO BEE OR EARLY NOT TO BEE? AMERICAN ROOF GARDENS IN PARTNERSHIP WITH pioneers_cover.indd 1 3/13/17 5:37 PM 2 “[Father] told us about the great Pacific Ocean, the Columbia River and What Is a Pioneer? beautiful Willamette Valley, the great forests History tells us that pioneers and the snowcapped mountains. He then settled the American West. But explained the hardships and dangers, the suffer- history also tells us that people ings and the dreary long as different as John Glenn, days we would journey on and on before we Rosa Parks, and Christiaan would reach Oregon.” Barnard are pioneers. So what, —Martha Gay, 1851* exactly, is a pioneer? *From Oregon by Rebecca One dictionary says a pioneer is Stefoff. Marshall Cavendish someone who opens a new area of Benchmark, 2006. research. It’s also someone who gives others a chance. So John Glenn is a U.S. space pioneer be- ause he as the fi rst erian to orbit Earth. Rosa Parks is a human-rights pioneer because she wouldn’t give up her seat on a public bus in 1955, and this helped start the fi ght or eual treatment of African Americans. Dr. Christiaan Barnard is a pioneer in medicine because he as the fi rst person to trans plant a human heart. The pioneers you will read about here are of another kind – people who settle a new territory. These are the thousands of pioneers who settled the American West. Proof of their determination, hard work, and groundbreaking effort is every- where in the towns and cities they helped build. l THE LAND THE off these lands. pioneers settled For many Native was not empty. Americans, the Much of it was pioneer settlement home to Native of the West led to Americans like broken treaties these Mandan peo- and loss of lands. ple (left). The Great It also put an end Plains were their to their traditional buffalo-hunting ways of life. grounds. They lived pioneers_sp1.indd 2 3/13/17 5:38 PM 3 l EARLY PIONEERS hopes of striking r AFTER THE CIVIL were looking for it rich. Some even War ended, many more and better came from China formerly enslaved farmland. Or they and stayed on to men and women were simply look- help build the first decided to start their Singleton founded (mass migration) ing for land of their railroad across the lives as free people an all-black com- from the South. own. After gold U.S. Others came far from the South. munity in Kansas. These pioneers was discovered west because they Benjamin Singleton He led many became known as in California in had broken the law (shown here) was African Americans Exodusters. 1848, thousands and wanted born into slavery in freed from slav- headed west in a fresh start. Tennessee. In 1877, ery in an exodus pioneers_sp1.indd 3 3/13/17 5:38 PM 4 Early Pioneers Americans moved west in several huge aes he fi rst oeent took place from the 1760s through the early 1800s. These pioneers u ONCE WOODSMEN d PIONEERS COULD and float the crossed the Appalachian Moun- had blazed trails take the wheels off wagons across wide enough for their Conestogas rivers on rafts. tains. They settled in the Mississip- wagons, many pio- pi and Ohio river valleys. The sec- neers headed west ond movement took place between in covered wagons called Conestogas. the 1840s and 1860s. It brought The wagons were settlers from Europe, the East named for the Conestoga Valley Coast of the U.S., and the Midwest. in Pennsylvania, They went all the way across the where they were prairies to the fertile valleys of made. These large, heavy regon and the goldfi elds o ali wagons hauled fornia. The last westward move be- the first wave gan in the 1860s. These pioneers of settlers over the Appalachian settled the Great Plains and turned Mountains. the grasslands into farmland. Many of the early pioneers (in the fi rst ae ere looing or cheaper farmland. Cities and towns along the East Coast were getting more crowded, and good farmland was becoming rare and costly. IN THE 1820S, PLACES SUCH AS KENTUCKY, OHIO, AND TENNESSEE WERE THE “FAR WEST.” PIONEERS HAD NOT YET SETTLED THE GREEN AREAS ON THIS MAP. SOMEONE ONCE ASKED r IN AREAS WHERE take its boat apart DANIEL BOONE IF HE no trails or roads and then reuse the HAD EVER BEEN LOST. existed, pioneers wood for building. HE REPLIED: depended on rivers u DANIEL BOONE Appalachians into as their highways spent his life blaz- Kentucky. The road through the forests. “No, I can’t say as ing trails across they made is called I was ever lost, but I Pioneers floated the frontier. In the Wilderness was bewildered once down the Ohio 1775, Boone and Road. For many for three days.”* River on crafts a band of 30 decades it was the like this flatboat woodsmen set only usable route *From Daniel (right). A boat could Boone: The Life out to connect through the moun- and Legend of an carry one family, a some of the Native tains to Kentucky. American Pioneer wagon, and several by John Mack American trails. By 1800, this road Faragher. Holt horses or other These stretched had taken 200,000 Paperbacks, Henry animals. Once a Holt, 1992. from North pioneers west. family reached its Carolina across the new home, it might pioneers_sp2.indd 4 3/13/17 5:40 PM 5 l THICK FORESTS u AS SOON AS THEY the logs fit togeth- covered the could, pioneers er to make the land between replaced temporary cabin walls. Once the Appalachian shelters with the logs were Mountains and the log cabins. Settlers stacked, empty Mississippi River. cut notches close spaces were filled These forests were to the ends of the with moss and very dense. People logs. That way mud. said that a squirrel could jump from tree to tree for hundreds of miles without ever touching the ground. The first pioneer families cleared land for their farms by “We were worth girdling trees (cutting nothing when we a ring around a tree, landed at this causing it to die). place and now we Burning removed the have one yoke of oxen, one cow, stump. nine hogs.” *From Two-Penny Trash; or Politics for the Poor by u BECAUSE CORN —John Watson, William Cobbett. Printed Indiana, 1823* by the author and sold at was easy to grow 11 Bolt-Court, Fleet Street, and store, it was London, 1831. a main part of the early pioneers’ r EARLY PIONEERS diet. Families ate depended on rifles cornbread, corn and axes. The mush, and corn- rifle gave them meal pancakes. protection. It was Leftovers were fed also used to hunt to hogs, sheep, and for food. The ax chickens. was used to turn trees into logs. Logs were used to build rafts or cabins. pioneers_sp2.indd 5 3/13/17 5:40 PM 6 the 1860s, more than 300,000 Pioneers Move West people crossed the Great Plains PACKING By the 1840s, pioneers were and the Rocky Mountains to reach THE WAGON again on the move. In 1848, the aifi oast he route they Once a family had a miners found gold in California. took was called the Oregon Trail. agon they fi lled it ith Americans caught gold fever. Before pioneers began their supplies for the three- to fi eonth ourney They headed west, hoping to get ile ourney they had to Every bit of space was rich quick. Few did, but many buy a wagon. They also had to used o outfi t a agon train took many hun- went back east and told their pack it full of supplies. Then they dreds of dollars. Back friends about the unsettled coun- had to oin a agon train then, most people earned try they had seen. Some pioneers The covered wagons that car- only a few dollars a week. Many families got loans sought fortunes in timber, fur, or ried them became known as prai- from relatives. precious metals. Others hoped rie schooners or ships of the for better health in the mild Pacif- plains. That’s because the wind ic coast climate or came west for blew their canvas tops in and out other reasons. From the 1840s to like a ship’s sails. BEDDING At night, people slept l A GROUP OF WAGONS in tents, on the ground, formed a wagon train. or inside the wagon. Traveling together of- Bedding consisted fered protection from of wool blankets, robbers and help in feather beds, case of a breakdown. ground cloths, Wagon trains consist- and pillows. ed of anywhere from 30 to 200 wagons. COVER BOWS PRAIRIE SCHOONER This was made of These were made canvas or cotton. of hickory wood. Tied to the sides of They supported PARTICULARS the wagon bed, it the canvas. The Conestoga wagons that settlers used to cross protected travelers the Appalachians were too big and heavy to make from rain and dust. it over the steep Rockies. Prairie schooners had When it became too to be smaller and lighter so they didn’t hot inside, the cover put too much strain on the oxen. But could be rolled back. they also had to be strong enough to carry loads of up to 2,500 pounds. JOCKEY BOX It held the tools. BRAKE IRON TIRE GREASE BUCKET WAGON BED TONGUE OXEN It held the grease This was a wooden It connected They moved slowly than horses or used to oil the box.
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