Pioneers

DID DANIEL THE BOONE GET INSIDER DIRT ON LOST? SOD HOUSES TO BEE OR EARLY NOT TO BEE? AMERICAN ROOF GARDENS

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

pioneers_cover.indd 1 3/13/17 5:37 PM 2 “[Father] told us about the great Pacific Ocean, the Columbia River and What Is a Pioneer? beautiful Willamette Valley, the great forests History tells us that pioneers and the snowcapped mountains. He then settled the American West. But explained the hardships and dangers, the suffer- history also tells us that people ings and the dreary long as different as John Glenn, days we would journey on and on before we Rosa Parks, and Christiaan would reach Oregon.” Barnard are pioneers. So what, —Martha Gay, 1851* exactly, is a pioneer? *From Oregon by Rebecca One dictionary says a pioneer is Stefoff. Marshall Cavendish someone who opens a new area of Benchmark, 2006. research. It’s also someone who gives others a chance. So John Glenn is a U.S. space pioneer be- ause he as the fi rst erian to orbit Earth. Rosa Parks is a human-rights pioneer because she wouldn’t give up her seat on a public bus in 1955, and this helped start the fi ght or eual treatment of . Dr. Christiaan Barnard is a pioneer in medicine because he as the fi rst person to trans plant a human heart. The pioneers you will read about here are of another kind – people who settle a new territory. These are the thousands of pioneers who settled the American West. Proof of their determination, hard work, and groundbreaking effort is every- where in the towns and cities they helped build.

l THELANDTHE off these lands. pioneers settled For many Native was not empty. Americans, the Much of it was pioneer settlement to Native of the West led to Americans like broken treaties these Mandan peo- and loss of lands. ple (left). The Great It also put an end Plains were their to their traditional buffalo-hunting ways of life. grounds. They lived

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l EARLY PIONEERS hopes of striking r AFTERTHE CIVIL were looking for it rich. Some even War ended, many more and better came from China formerly enslaved farmland. Or they and stayed on to men and women were simply look- help build the first decided to start their Singleton founded (mass migration) ing for land of their railroad across the lives as free people an all-black com- from the South. own. After gold U.S. Others came far from the South. munity in Kansas. These pioneers was discovered west because they Benjamin Singleton He led many became known as in California in had broken the law (shown here) was African Americans Exodusters. 1848, thousands and wanted born into slavery in freed from slav- headed west in a fresh start. Tennessee. In 1877, ery in an exodus

pioneers_sp1.indd 3 3/13/17 5:38 PM 4 Early Pioneers Americans moved west in several huge aes he fi rst oeent took place from the 1760s through the early 1800s. These pioneers u ONCEWOODSMEN d PIONEERSCOULD and float the crossed the Appalachian Moun- had blazed trails take the wheels off wagons across wide enough for their Conestogas rivers on rafts. tains. They settled in the Mississip- wagons, many pio- pi and Ohio river valleys. The sec- neers headed west ond movement took place between in covered wagons called Conestogas. the 1840s and 1860s. It brought The wagons were settlers from Europe, the East named for the Conestoga Valley Coast of the U.S., and the Midwest. in Pennsylvania, They went all the way across the where they were prairies to the fertile valleys of made. These large, heavy regon and the goldfi elds o ali wagons hauled fornia. The last westward move be- the first wave gan in the 1860s. These pioneers of settlers over the Appalachian settled the and turned Mountains. the grasslands into farmland. Many of the early pioneers (in the fi rst ae ere looing or cheaper farmland. Cities and towns along the East Coast were getting more crowded, and good farmland was becoming rare and costly.

INTHE 1820S, PLACESSUCHAS , OHIO, AND TENNESSEEWERETHE “FAR WEST.” PIONEERS HADNOTYETSETTLEDTHEGREENAREASONTHISMAP.

SOMEONEONCEASKED r INAREASWHERE take its boat apart DANIEL BOONEIFHE no trails or roads and then reuse the HADEVERBEENLOST. existed, pioneers wood for building. HEREPLIED: depended on rivers u Appalachians into as their highways spent his life blaz- Kentucky. The road through the forests. “No, I can’t say as ing trails across they made is called I was ever lost, but I Pioneers floated the . In the Wilderness was bewildered once down the Ohio 1775, Boone and Road. For many for three days.”* River on crafts a band of 30 decades it was the like this flatboat woodsmen set only usable route *From Daniel (right). A boat could Boone: The Life out to connect through the moun- and Legend of an carry one family, a some of the Native tains to Kentucky. American Pioneer wagon, and several by John Mack American trails. By 1800, this road Faragher. Holt horses or other These stretched had taken 200,000 Paperbacks, Henry animals. Once a Holt, 1992. from North pioneers west. family reached its Carolina across the new home, it might

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l THICKFORESTS u ASSOONASTHEY the logs fit togeth- covered the could, pioneers er to make the land between replaced temporary cabin walls. Once the Appalachian shelters with the logs were Mountains and the log cabins. Settlers stacked, empty Mississippi River. cut notches close spaces were filled These forests were to the ends of the with moss and very dense. People logs. That way mud. said that a squirrel could jump from tree to tree for hundreds of miles without ever touching the ground. The first pioneer families cleared land for their farms by “We were worth girdling trees (cutting nothing when we a ring around a tree, landed at this causing it to die). place and now we Burning removed the have one yoke of oxen, one cow, stump. nine hogs.” *From Two-Penny Trash; or Politics for the Poor by u BECAUSE CORN —John Watson, William Cobbett. Printed Indiana, 1823* by the author and sold at was easy to grow 11 Bolt-Court, Fleet Street, and store, it was London, 1831. a main part of the early pioneers’ r EARLY PIONEERS diet. Families ate depended on rifles cornbread, corn and axes. The mush, and corn- rifle gave them meal pancakes. protection. It was Leftovers were fed also used to hunt to hogs, sheep, and for food. The ax chickens. was used to turn trees into logs. Logs were used to build rafts or cabins.

pioneers_sp2.indd 5 3/13/17 5:40 PM 6 the 1860s, more than 300,000 Pioneers Move West people crossed the Great Plains PACKING By the 1840s, pioneers were and the Rocky Mountains to reach THE WAGON again on the move. In 1848, the aifi oast he route they Once a family had a miners found gold in California. took was called the Oregon Trail. agon they fi lled it ith Americans caught gold fever. Before pioneers began their supplies for the three- to fi eonth ourney They headed west, hoping to get ile ourney they had to Every bit of space was rich quick. Few did, but many buy a wagon. They also had to used o outfi t a agon train took many hun- went back east and told their pack it full of supplies. Then they dreds of dollars. Back friends about the unsettled coun- had to oin a agon train then, most people earned try they had seen. Some pioneers The covered wagons that car- only a few dollars a week. Many families got loans sought fortunes in timber, fur, or ried them became known as prai- from relatives. precious metals. Others hoped rie schooners or ships of the for better health in the mild Pacif- plains. That’s because the wind ic coast climate or came west for blew their canvas tops in and out other reasons. From the 1840s to like a ship’s sails. BEDDING At night, people slept l A GROUP OF WAGONS in , on the ground, formed a wagon train. or inside the wagon. Traveling together of- Bedding consisted fered protection from of wool blankets, robbers and help in feather beds, case of a breakdown. ground cloths, Wagon trains consist- and pillows. ed of anywhere from 30 to 200 wagons. COVER BOWS PRAIRIE SCHOONER This was made of These were made canvas or cotton. of hickory wood. Tied to the sides of They supported PARTICULARS the wagon bed, it the canvas. The Conestoga wagons that settlers used to cross protected travelers the Appalachians were too big and heavy to make from rain and dust. it over the steep Rockies. Prairie schooners had When it became too to be smaller and lighter so they didn’t hot inside, the cover put too much strain on the oxen. But could be rolled back. they also had to be strong enough to carry loads of up to 2,500 pounds.

JOCKEY BOX It held the tools.

BRAKE IRON TIRE

GREASE BUCKET WAGON BED TONGUE OXEN It held the grease This was a wooden It connected They moved slowly than horses or used to oil the box. It was usually the animals’ (about two miles mules. After they wheels. about 4 feet wide and harnesses to per hour). But oxen got settled, pio- 10 to 12 feet long. the wagon. were steady and neers used oxen easier to manage to pull plows.

pioneers_sp3.indd 6 3/13/17 5:42 PM 7 WEAPONS COOKING UTENSILS TOOLS A rifle or other fire- Supplies included a Pioneers brought PACKING arm, like a double- butter churn, kettle, equipment they would barreled shotgun, coffee grinder, need for farming once THE WAGON was a must. Men coffeepot, butcher they reached their new carried their guns knife, tin forks and home. This included a with them as they knives, and a ladle. drill, ax, hammer, and walked alongside A three-legged skillet hoe. They also needed the wagons. was handy for cook- a shovel, spade, heavy ing over a campfire rope, and chains. on the trail.

FOOD Pioneers packed flour, bacon, sugar, baking soda, and yeast powders for making bread. They also brought lard, dried beans, dried beef, cornmeal, molasses, salt, rice, and coffee. They carried a 10-gallon wooden barrel of water to refill along the way.

HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES Pioneers took along a lantern, matches, candles, and soap. They also carried scissors, needles, pins, thread, bandag- es, and medicines, like a kit of herbal remedies.

TREASURES Every person hoped his or her favorite treasures could fit into WAGON PARTS the wagon. China dishes, Pioneers carried such books, favorite toys, and even spare parts as axles, wagon family pictures were luxury tongues, and spokes. Constant bumping made items in a crowded wagon. axles break, and iron tires came off frequently. They were the first to go if the If a wagon couldn’t be fixed, a pioneer family wagon’s load got too heavy. had to load its belongings onto other wagons.

pioneers_sp3.indd 7 3/13/17 5:42 PM 8 On the Trail In the jumping-off town, the newly formed wagon train looked for an experienced guide who knew the route. No detailed road or trail maps existed. Each wagon train elected a leader called the wagon master. Most wagon trains left in late spring so they could get through the mountains before snow blocked the passes. They tried to reach Oregon in time to build before winter came. They couldn’t leave much earlier than April or May, because grass had to be growing on the plains for their livestock to eat. FROM DAWN TO DUSK

The day began The midday about 4 a.m. By break was called 7 a.m., families nooning. It gave had milked their pioneers and cows, eaten livestock time to breakfast, and eat and rest. loaded the wag- ons. Now they were ready to get back on the trail.

l GOING UP A mountain in a covered wagon was tricky. Wagons tipped over easily. Between 1835 and 1855, more than d RIVERCROSSINGS 10,000 people died on the Oregon could be deadly. Trail. Most died from accidents or Hidden holes in a r GOINGDOWN, diseases. They fell from wagons and shallow riverbed wagons would go got crushed under the heavy wheels. could make an faster. Sometimes They drowned crossing rivers. Or ox fall. Then a they rolled right they ere shot in fi rear aidents wagon might tip over the animals Others died from drinking bad water over. It could before stopping. To or from such diseases as cholera, take hours to slow them down, measles, or smallpox. get it up again. a driver could tie a heavy log to the back of the wagon. When a mountain was too steep to ride down, wagon parts were lowered piece by piece.

pioneers_sp4.indd 8 3/13/17 5:44 PM 9 “We crossed the most desolate piece of ground that was ever made – not a drop of water, nor a spear of grass; nothing but l WAGONTRAINS d THE THOUSANDS are some places barren hills, bare traveled up to of wagons that along the trail and broken rock, 20 miles a day. traveled the where you can still sand and dust.” The distance Oregon Trail made see them. —Amelia Knight, depended on the deep ruts. There June 11, 1853* landscape. On *From Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey days when the by Lillian Schlissel. trains crossed Schocken Books, 2004. rivers or climbed steep mountains, u THE OREGON trains went west, they might go Trail crossed the buffalo herds only a mile or buffalo-hunting grew smaller. two. Most people grounds. These had Because the Plains walked beside been “given” by the Indians needed the slow-moving U.S. government these herds to sur- wagons. Only the to various Native vive, their way of old, sick, and very American nations. life was destroyed. young rode inside. As more wagon

Late in the after- The day ended noon, scouts rode at dusk. Drivers ahead. They put their wagons looked for spots in a circle and with enough put up the tents. wood for camp- The oxen grazed fires. They also inside the circle. needed water and grass for the animals.

d ONTHETRIPWEST, or a horse or child was lost, travelers F ROM time was the wandered away, found themselves

enemy. When everything came crossing mountain THE

wagons broke to a complete stop. passes in swirling FILM

down, oxen died, If too much time blizzards. D ANCES

WITH W OLVES

u FARFEWER like a serious pioneers died threat. But they from American weren’t. About Indian attacks 10,000 pioneers than most people died on the Oregon think. Movies, Trail between stories, and TV 1835 and 1855. shows about the Only about 400 West made Native were killed in such Americans seem attacks.

pioneers_sp4.indd 9 3/13/17 5:45 PM pioneers_sp5.indd 10 3/13/17 5:47 PM What does this Wagon Train This is a Think picture tell you This picture, by William Henry Jackson, is called Piece!about life on the Oregon Trail? Oregon Trail Emigrants. It shows a wagon train What can you on the Oregon Trail following the Sweetwater learn from the River at Devil’s Gate in Wyoming. landscape about what the journey was like for the people and the animals on this wagon train?

pioneers_sp5.indd 11 3/13/17 5:47 PM 12 Sodbusters of the Great Plains The early pioneers, those who crossed the grasshoppers in summer. For some pio- Appalachian Mountains, depended on trees neers, the hardest part of life was getting to and forests for food and . Imagine their new home. But for the settlers of the starting over in a place with almost no trees – Great Plains, known as sodbusters, getting a place with blizzards in winter and swarms of there was easy compared to what came next.

d FORMANY That’s because r IN 1862, THE d THE FIRST TRANS- decades, the most Americans U.S. govern- continental railroad Great Plains thought it was ment passed the was built in the attracted too dry for farm- Homestead Act. This 1860s. Pioneers few settlers. ing. Some maps offered 160 acres could now travel labeled the of land to any adult west by train. That area the Great who built a house made the journey American Desert. on the property. The much faster, safer, Parts of the Great homesteader had to and cheaper.

G Plains were so live in the house for r e dry that no trees at least five years. a

MT t ND grew there. The A lot of this land had P SD WY l sod (the top layer poor soil, and the a

i NE

n UNITED of soil) had thickly weather was harsh. CO s KS matted roots But families eager to OK STATES NM almost 15 feet have a farm of their TX deep. own headed west.

d ONCETHEPIO- marble.” Building l THE SOD WALLS neers saw that sod a sod house, or and hay in the roof could be sliced soddy, was easy made a cozy home into blocks, they and cheap. It took for field mice. began building about one acre Snakes crawled homes out of it. of sod to make through the walls They jokingly an average-size looking for rodents. called these sod home. blocks “Nebraska

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d WISCONSIN-BORN author grew up in the Midwest in the 1870s and 1880s. She brought the world of plains pioneers to life for gen- erations of young readers in her nine l l THISSETTLER u THEFIRSTHOUSE EARLY PIONEERS Little House books. (left) is looking at that many pioneers made fires with a tiny cabin. He had was a twigs, grass, and made this to get – a hole in the side corncobs. But mostly around a law that of a grassy hill. The they used buffalo required building dirt roof could be or cow chips (dried a house on newly dangerous. A cow droppings). This claimed land. The might walk on it Kansas woman (left) law said the house and fall through. has a wheelbarrow had to be at least filled with cow chips. 12 by 12, but didn’t say whether it had to be 12 feet or 12 inches. Some people built cabins on wheels and rolled them from claim to claim.

PIONEERSRODEMILES The trees were with hay and grass. across the plains used to make roof This layer was looking for cot- poles. The poles topped with clay and tonwood or willow were laid across sod. In the spring, trees that grew the top of the house the roof bloomed along riverbanks. and then covered with sunflowers.

pioneers_sp6.indd 13 3/13/17 6:02 PM 14 Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Farming the Plains Russia. These settlers shared in the The Perils It was backbreaking work, but the grinding work of turning the rich pioneers of the plains did it. They but tough soil into farmland. High of the Plains turned the grassy plains into fi elds heat and summer droughts ruined of grain. Many of the farmers were promising corn crops. Subzero SNOW- from northern Europe. They came winter weather killed cows, pigs, STORMS from cold-weather countries like and chickens. It also killed people. r DURINGTHE winter, blizzards r THE WIND MADE d INWESTERN find water, most came quickly. a constant, low Kansas and pioneers had to dig Some sodbusters moaning sound as Nebraska, the wells as deep as lost their way it blew across the ground gets less 200 feet. And they walking between plains. The sound than 20 inches of did most of that the house and the almost drove rain a year. That’s digging by hand. barn and froze people crazy. But not enough to grow to death. sodbusters were most crops. To smart and learned how to use the wind. European immigrants knew how to use wind- mills for power. used them to grind help water their u AN ORDINARY Sodbusters built grain. In western fields. Without cast-iron plow them to pump Nebraska and underground would get caught water from deep Colorado, farmers water, few crops in the matted roots PRAIRIE wells. They also used windmills to survived. of the sod or skip across its surface. FIRES By the 1860s, r ASGRASSES Let me guess. sodbusters were became drier, We’re having using a new steel autumn brought potato salad plow invented by the risk of prairie . . . AGAIN! Vermont farm boy fires. Lightning John Deere. It or sparks from a sliced right through campfire could the sod. send a wall of flame racing l OVERTIME, across the plains. farmers learned A pioneer’s sod which crops grew house usually best in prairie soil. didn’t burn, but THIS HUMOROUS PICTURE That’s why they the fields turned COMBINES TWO PHOTOGRAPHS grew wheat, corn, to ashes. TO MAKE THE POTATOES IN alfalfa, oats, barley, THE WAGON LOOK GIANT. and potatoes.

r CHILDRENDID r WOMENLOOKED farm work, just after the children, like the adults. fed chickens, Small children gathered eggs, fed the chickens tended a vegetable and picked wild garden, and milked nuts and berries. cows. They also They also helped helped with their mothers plowing and gather fuel from pitched hay. They hauling water the plains. Older also hauled water and acted as children helped from the well and the family doctor. with plowing and did laundry and planting, and kitchen chores.

pioneers_sp7.indd 14 3/13/17 5:55 PM “With a sinking feeling, I realized that I was enter- ing a new kind of life, as rough and full of ups and downs as the road over which we traveled. The Perils Would I have the cour- age and fortitude to stick it out?” —Katherine Kirk, bound of the Plains for South Dakota* DUST STORMS l INTHEHOT, DRY summer months, long periods without rain turned soil to dust. High winds brought dust storms that turned the sky black.

d TOPROTECTTHEM- selves from dust storms, settlers built temporary under- ground shelters.

TORNADOES d THESEWHIRLING find shelter any- winds and funnel- where they could. shaped clouds They often didn’t drove settlers to have much luck.

Let's HOP

till we DROP! l THERECANBE billions of grass- LOCUSTS! hoppers in a l INTHE 1870S, leather boots and swarm. In some swarms of harness straps. The places on the short-horned grass- only cure was to plains, they piled hoppers, also called gather the infested up six inches locusts, covered grass and crops deep. Their com- the plains. They and burn them bined weight chewed through before the insects snapped the fields of grain. They could do more branches off also chomped on harm. cottonwood trees.

*From Westering Women and the Frontier Experience, 1800–1915 by Sandra L. Myres. University of New Mexico Press, 1982.

pioneers_sp7.indd 15 3/13/17 5:55 PM 16 r THESECOUPLES Square Dance (right) are having Time for Fun a toe-tapping good time at a Slick down your hair with butter. western hoe- Polish your dancing shoes with spit down. A dance and bear grease or soot from the could be held indoors or out. stove. It’s time to party! Even pio- Almost every neers had to relax sometimes. community had In the mountains and on the dry, a fiddle player to provide music. windy plains, pioneers worked Wherever pio- hard all day every day. Farm ani- neers gathered on the frontier, mals had to be fed and crops tend- music and ed, even on weekends. Still, fami- dance were lies found time for fun. In the a part of life. summer, children climbed trees

and went swimming in lakes and d NEIGHBORS ON streams. Picnics were another the plains got together to share summer treat. At harvest time, chil- chores, a type of dren hitched rides on hay wagons. gathering called Dancing and card playing were a bee. A corn- husking contest year-round favorites. was a husking bee. Women stitched cloth into blankets at quilting bees. Quilting Bee

Hayride

u NONEEDFOR video games – a hayride is lots of fun!

Husking Bee

pioneers_sp8.indd 16 3/13/17 5:56 PM “The Fourth of July celebrations were d A TOWN WAS JUST for people from the meeting place of about ready to all over to gather. the whole county, where once a year old leave its pioneer Bigger towns friends met and new past behind had parades and friends were made when it held its speeches. Even and new settlers first Fourth of the smallest town were welcomed to the county.” July celebration. had a picnic and —Diary of a pioneer Independence fireworks. woman, around Day was a time 1875*

*Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier by Joanna L. Stratton. Touchstone, Simon and Schuster, 1981.

Wedding

d IT WASN’TLIKE d ATBARNAND time off to run going to the mall, house raisings, races or hold wres- but it sure beat also called building tling matches. staying home. A bees, men took trip to town was a special treat for farm families. New towns usually had a general store, a hotel, and one or more saloons. u FAMILY CELE- ing tricks on the d NEIGHBORS Children could brations like wed- couple. Friends helped each other enjoy penny candy dings were a might “kidnap” the bring in the harvest at the general good way to bring bride or groom. or set aside feed store, while moth- people together. They released the for cattle at ers chatted with Younger guests person in time for a haying party. neighbors whom enjoyed play- the ceremony. they didn’t see Barn Raising very often. Haying Party

Shopping

pioneers_sp8.indd 17 3/13/17 5:56 PM 18 Activities

Imagine you’re traveling on the Oregon Trail. It is the biggest WRITE A and most exciting experience of your life, and you want to remember as many details as you can. Write a journal about JOURNAL your experiences. Think about what you would want to remem- ber about the trip. Describe important happenings. Tell about the people in your group. Explain the challenges. Include sketches if you can. You’ll be happy to have something to look back on later to jog your memory.

PANEL PRESENTATION Take part in a panel presentation in which pioneers and Native Americans offer their point of view about the wagon trains head- ed for Oregon and California. Work with a group of classmates. Decide whether your group will present the pioneer point of view or the point of view of Native Americans. Imagine being on a pioneer wagon train or in an Native Americans community watch- ing the wagon train pass through. What is your reaction? What thoughts and ideas cross your mind? Organize your ideas into a few main points. Then share them in the panel discussion.

Pioneers_18-19.indd 18 3/13/17 6:19 PM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Immigration Industrial Revolution in Civil Rights If you live in the today, America The civil rights movement is one of at some point you or your relatives Imagine a life without electricity, refrig- the most critically important periods in were immigrants – whether your eration, cars, TVs, and computers. Hard American history. Segregation, partic- ancestors came from Asia to Alaska to picture, right? This was normal for ularly in the South, helped give birth and southward some 12,000 years people living in the U.S. less than 200 to nonviolent protests, sit-ins, and civil ago, or whether your family emigrated years ago. But all of that changed with disobedience that ultimately led to the from another country just a year or two the Industrial Revolution. Learn about passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ago. The United States is a nation of incredible inventions that changed Learn about the heroes who led the immigrants. the U.S., and the impact the Industrial charge for this movement, like Rosa Revolution had on people and society. Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

HSS 5.8 Students trace the colonization, immigration, and settlement patterns of the American people from 1789 to LEARN the mid-1800s, with emphasis on the role of economic incen- MORE tives, effects of the physical and political geography, and ONLINE! transportation systems. 5.8.1. Discuss the waves of immigrants from Europe between • Laura Ingalls 1789 and 1850 and their modes Wilder was of transportation into the Ohio and an American Mississippi Valleys and through the writer. She is Cumberland Gap (e.g., overland wagons, canals, flatboats, steam- best known for boats). 5.8.4. Discuss the experi- the Little House ences of settlers on the overland books, a series trails to the West (e.g., location of of children’s the routes; purpose of the jour- novels based on neys; the influence of the terrain, rivers, vegetation, and climate; life her childhood in in the territories at the end of these a settler family. trails). Read a passage from the series, and get a first- hand glimpse of what life was like for a pioneer family.

Pioneers_18-19.indd 19 3/13/17 5:58 PM hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon FACT-CHECKER: Nayda Ronson, p.6 center (group of wagons); Bettmann: p.8 bottom right (crossing Sierra Nevada), ART DIRECTION: Hopkins/Baumann, Patricia Fogarty p.15 center right (shelters), p.19 bottom (Laura Ingalls Wilder); Library of Congress: Brobel Design p.14 lower left (giant potatoes in wagon); Popperfoto: p.19 top left (immigrants on SS Patricia). Granger Collection: p.3 lower right (Benjamin Singleton); Sarin Images: DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Linda Scher, Amy K. Hughes pp otto atoat p otto let rier rossings p otto let doing David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Amy K. Hughes chores), p.17 bottom left (shopping); pp.4–5 top (thick forests); Chester Harding: p.4 PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, bottom center (Daniel Boone); p.4 upper right (rafting on the Columbia River); The New Elisabeth Morgan, Jenna Minchuk PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine York Historical Society: p.5 top right (log cabins); p.8 top right (wagon trains); pp.10–11 (Oregon Trail); pp. 12–13 (Nebraska sod house); p.12 upper right (railroad pamphlets); ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine p.13 upper right (Laura Ingalls Wilder); p.12 right (railroad construction); pp.14–15 top PROOFREADER: Jennifer Dixon, Paula (snowstorms); p.15 lower right (tornadoes); p.14 upper center (windmill); p.16 bottom Glatzer, Patricia Fogarty right (husking bee); p.16 middle right (quilting party). Library of Congress: pp.12–13 top (settler with miniature cabin); F.A. Chapman/engraved by John C. McRae: p.17 GRADE 5 TITLES top right (4th of July). National Geographic Collection: James L. Amos: p.9 top right (Oregon Trail). National Park Service: Kansas State Historical Society: p.13 upper Regions of George Washington center (pioneer woman with cow chips). North Wind Pictures: p.4 lower left (Boone’s first sight o entuy p top right oered agons p otto enter death o oen Eastern Woodland Indians Thomas Jefferson pulling a covered wagon); p.9 top center (hunting buffalo); p.13 top (dugout home); Plains Indians Benjamin Franklin p enter prairie fire p upper right settlers ploing p otto let hayride Shutterstock: Klara Viskova: pp.14–15 (speech bubbles); Lorelyn Medina: p.18 bottom Southwest Peoples The Constitution (panel discussion); RetroClipArt: p.18 top (wagon train); Atomazul: p.19 top right Northwest Coast Peoples The New Nation (Martin Luther King Jr.).

America 1492 Lewis and Clark ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Exploring the Americas Westward Expansion Acme Design Company: Map, p.4; Prairie Schooner, p.6. Gary Hallgren: Comic Strip, pp.8–9. Early Settlements Pioneers 13 Colonies Immigration Brobel Design: Grasshopper, p.15. Declaration of Independence Industrial Revolution in America Michael Kline Illustration: Cartoons, cover, p.12, p.14, p.17; Danger Ahead!, p.8; The American Revolution Civil Rights Perils of the Plains background map, pp.14–15.

Revolutionary Women Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.: Karen Barnes: Packing the Wagon, pp.6–7.

TEXT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Excerpt from Oregon by Rebecca Stefoff. Text copyright © 2006 by Marshall Cavendish ON THE COVER: Homesteader Joe Hendrick and his family in front of the on their Corporation. Reprinted by permission of the Marshall Cavendish Corporation. farm: Getty Images: Corbis Historical. Excerpt from Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey by Lillian Schlissel. Text PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: INTERFOTO/History: p.2 bottom left (Mandan people); North copyright © 2004 by Schocken Books. Reprinted by permission of Penguin Random Wind Picture Archives: pp.2–3 bottom (gold diggers), p.5 bottom right (building cabins), House. p.17 right (family celebrations); The Print Collector: p.5 lower right (oxen hauling corn); United Archives/IFTN Cinema Collection: p.9 lower right (Dances with Wolves); Excerpt from Westering Women and the Frontier Experience, 1800–1915 by Sandra L. Glasshouse Images: p.15 top right (dust storm); Niday Picture Library: p.19 top center Myres. Text copyright © by the University of New Mexico Press. Reprinted by permission (Industrial Revolution). Art Resource: Alma Traller Compton: pp.2–3 (Byington family). of the University of New Mexico Press. Brown Brothers: p.14 bottom (women doing farm work); pp.14–15 bottom (locust swarm 1870); pp.16–17 top (square dance); p.17 middle left (barn raising). California Excerpt from Pioneer Women by Joanna L. Stratton. Text copyright © 1981 by Joanna L. State Parks: pp.8–9 bottom center (lowering wagon down a steep cliff); Getty Images: Stratton. Reprinted by permission of Simon and Schuster, Inc.

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