DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SIPAHIJALA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
CONFIDENTIALITY CLAUSE
This District Survey Report (DSR) of Sipahijala District, Tripura, has been prepared by RSP Green Development and Pvt. Ltd., Howrah, West Bengal, India.
Any reproduction, direct or indirect other than for the specific purpose for which the report has been prepared, should not be carried out, without prior written consent of RSP Green Development and Pvt. Ltd. and Govt. of Tripura.
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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SIPAHIJALA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Last but not the least, RSP Green Development and Pvt. Ltd. Record their sincere thanks and gratefulness to the Government functionaries of Tripura and prominent citizens of Sipahijala district and also the villagers in and around the villages who have offered their fullest cooperation unhesitatingly but for which the execution of the work would have not become as smooth as it has been.
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With Thanks ……………….
Depertment Respected Person(s) Designation
Forest Respected Dr. Alind Rastogi, IFS, PCCF & HoFF “ Shri Jayakrishnan V .K, IFS , DFO “ Shri Suman Das , TFS, SDFO “ Shri Kush Roy, TFS, SDFO “ Shri Anjan Kr. Sen Wild Life Wander “ Shri Naresh Jamatia Zoo Director “ All Officers Forest Dept (H.O)
District Administration
Respected Dr. Brahmneet Kaur, IAS District Magistrate (DM) “ All Officers Senior District Magistrate & Others Officers
DSTE Respected Shri Shivanand S. Talawar IFS Director “ All Officers Science, Technology & Environment Deptt
TSPCB Respected Sri Manas Mukherjee Member Secretary “ Dr. Mihir Kumar Das Scientist -C & HoO All Officers Tripura State Pollution Control Board
Rural Development
Respected Swapan Das Chief Engineers “ All Officers RD Depertment
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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SIPAHIJALA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
Contents
Sl NO Chapter Page No 01 Preface 06-07 02 Introduction 08-09 03 General Profile of the District 10-26
04 Physio graph of the District 27-28
05 Land use Pattern of the District 29-32
06 Geology 33-39 07 Mineral Wealth 40-44 08 Over view of Mining Activity in the 45-45 District 09 Details of Revenue Generated from 46-46 Mineral Sector During last three years 10 Transport 47-47 11 Executive Summary 48-4
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"Landaus patterns are an expression of deep political economic and cultural structure; they do not change when an ecologist or forester sounds the alarm that a country is losing its resource base ".
Anonymous
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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SIPAHIJALA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
1. PREFACE
On 15 January 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India issued a notification and in which Para 7(iii) (a) and Annexure (x), purpose and structure of District Survey Report has been discussed. District Survey report (DSR) will be prepared in every district for each minor mineral. The District Survey Report will guide systematic and scientific utilization of natural resources, so that present and future generation may be benefited at large. The purpose of District Survey report (DSR) "identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area".The main ensuing problems are river bank erosion,river bed degradation, deterioration of river bed quality and drying up of rivers. Over mining is jeopardizing the health of the river and the environment. This DSR will provide criteria for sustainable sand mining both in stream and off-channel extraction of sand, the theory of sediment transport in rivers, an important factors determining sand replenishment rate together with a discussion of the impacts of river sand mining. The District Survey report (DSR) will contain mainly data published and endorsed by various departments and websites about Geology of the area, Mineral wealth details of rivers, Details of Lease and Mining activity in the District along with Sand mining and revenue of minerals. This report also contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture, Road, Transportation and climate etc.
Sipahijala District is one of the 8 districts of the State of Tripura. It locates to 23 degree latitude (north) ,91 degree longitude (east). Total area of the District is 1043.58 square
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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SIPAHIJALA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
kilomitres and total population is 483687 as per census 2011. There are 03 Sub Divisions, 07 R.D.Blocks, 02 Municipal Councils, 01 Nagar Panchayat (ULBs). Surma Group of rocksare present most of the western part of the district. The Surma Group of rocks are well-exposed here. Litho stratigraphically, the Bhuban formation consists of alternation yellow to yellowish grey, medium tofine grained sandstone with black shale and siltstone.
Disclaimer: - The data may vary due to flood, heavy rains and other natural calamities. Therefore, it is recommended that DEIAA may take into consideration all its relevant aspects / data while scrutinizing and recommending the application for EC to the concerned Authority.
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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SIPAHIJALA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
2. INTRODUCTION
Sipahijala District is a district of Tripura, India. This district was created in January 2012 when four new districts were established in Tripura, taking the number of districts in the state from four to eight. Part of the district was formed from the former district of West Tripura. The principal towns in the district are Bishalgarh, Bishramganj, Melaghar and Sonamura.
Carved out of West Tripura District, Sipahijala District is one of the newly created Districts of Tripura with a total geographical area of 1043.58 Sq. Km. It has been functioning since 13/01/2012. Only about 12% of the District is occupied by small hilly ranges of the Baramura, which is mostly situated in the Jampuijala Sub-Division. The remaining 88% of the area is almost plain, bordering Bangladesh on the west and the south. The District has the International Boundary with Bangladesh for a length of 99.286 Km, out of which 9.2 km is unfenced. The population of Sipahijala District is 4,84,233, comprising2,48,033 males and 2,36,200 females as per the Census 2011. The projected population of the 9 (Nine) ACs spreading within the district, including areas extending into West Tripura
District, isexpected to be 5,58,581, with breakup males – 2,87,734 and females – 2,70,847. The projected population of Sipahijala District alone is 5,33,126, with break-up of males – 2,75,945 and females -2,57,181. Literacy rate of the District is 97.76%. In the District, there are 9 Police Stations and 30 BSF outposts.
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Map 1: Administrative Map of Sipahijala District
Source : Sepahijala District Profile
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3. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT
a)a)a) GENERAL INFORMATION
Geographical Area & Geographical Position: -The Sipahijala has a geographical area of 1043.58 sq km and it was inaugurated on 9.1.2012. The district is divided into 3 Sub Divisions, 7 blocks, 2 Nagar Panchayats, 9 Assembly seats & 3 ADC seats, fallen within West Tripura Parliamentary Constituency. The total population of the district is 517429.
The Sipahijala Wildlife Sanctuary is an important place in the district to visit.
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Map 2: Location map of Sipahijala district
Source : Sepahijala District Profile
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Administrative Divisions (Sub-Divisions, Blocks): -
SUB DIVISION/ REVENEU CIRCLE TEHSIL MAHAKUMA BISHALGARH BISHALGARH NEHAL CHANDRA NAGAR, GOLAGHATI, MADHUPUR, DEBIPUR, GHANIAMARA, BISHALGARH, DAKSHIN CHAMPAMURA BISHRAMGANJ UTTAR CHARILAM, RANGAPANIA, RONGMALA, AAMTALI, BRAJAPUR SONAMURA SONAMURA SONAMURA, BHELUARCHAR, BOXNAGAR, MOTINAGAR, KHEDABARI MELAGHAR MELAGHAR, URMAI, TELKAJOLA, DURLAV NARAYAN, CHAMUHANI, NALCHAR, KAMRANGATALI, TAIBANDAL DHANPUR DHANPUR, KATHALIA, NIDOA, SOBHAPUR JAMPUIJALA TAKAJOLA PATHALIAGHAT, AMARENDRANAGAR, PRABHAPUR, PASCHIM TAKARJOLA, PEKUARJOLA, PURBO TAKAJOLA, SANGKUMABARI, THELAKUM
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(Ref: DISTRICT PROFILE SIPAHIJALA, 2017, GOVT. OF TRIPURA)
Population (As per Census 2011):-
The projected population of Sipahijala District alone is 483687, with break-up of males – 247829 and females 235858. Literacy rate of the District is 84.78%. In the District, there are 9 Police Stations and 30 BSF outposts
b)b)b) CLIMATIC CONDITION
The climate of the District is mostly warm and is characterized by a humid summer and a dry cool winter with plenty of rains during July to October. Rainfall is received from the South -West Monsoon, which normally breaks in the month of May. Hailstorm generally occurs during the month of April & May, occasionally causing damage to the field crops. Autumn and Spring are of very short duration. Average annual rainfall in the district is about 2000 mm and the temperature varies between a maximum of 35.23 and a minimum of 7.43 Celsius. The variation in temperature is much lower during the rains than during any other season.
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c)c)c) RAINFALL (MONTH-WISE) AND HUMIDITY
MONTH AVERAGE RAINFALL (in cms) JANUARY 2.31 FEBRUARY 2.50 MARCH 2.939 APRIL 7.885 MAY 9.589 JUNE 15.060 JULY 20.460 AUGUST 29.081 SEPTEMBER 26.035 OCTOBER 20.838 NOVEMBER 2.831 DECEMBER 2.642 (ref: JOINT SURVEY REPORT OF SUB-DIVISIONAL MINING ACTIVITY)
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AVERAGE RAINFALL 35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Fig 1: Bar diagram of Average Rainfall, Sipahijala District
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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SIPAHIJALA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
Fig 2: Pie chart of average Rainfall, Sipahijala District
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d)d)d) TOPOGRAPHY & TERRAIN
The district has the similar topography as the state. The percentage of hill area is less compared to that of the total hill area of the state. The physiography is characterised by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The state has five anticlinal ranges of hills running north to south, from Baramura in the west, through Atharamura, Longtharai and Shakhan, to the Jampui Hills in the east. The district is located near of Agartala- Udaipur syncline at east of Baramura Hill range. The small isolated hillocks interspersed throughout the state are known as tillas(small mounds /hillocks), and the narrow fertile alluvial valleys, mostly present in the west, are called lungas. A number of rivers originate in the hills of Tripura and flow into Bangladesh. The main rivers of the district are Bijoy, Gomati etc.
e)e)e) WATER COURSE & HYDROLOGY
The main water course of Sipahijala district is Bijoy and Gomati river. Beside these there are many cherras.
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.
Map 3: River System Map of Sipahijala District
Source : Sepahijala District Profile Prepared by : RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt.Ltd.Howrah, West Bengal. Page 18
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f)f)f) GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT
The Physico-chemical characteristics of ground water are given in the and demand parameters shown in. The pH value varies from 6.8-8.1 indicating ground water is slightly alkaline in nature. Temperature varies from 26 ºC – 30ºC. The levels of total dissolved solids(TDS) vary from 58-132 mg/L, total suspended solids(TSS) vary from 1-29 mg/L, conductivity varies from 111-237 S/cm, total hardness varies from 44 – 60 mg/L, Calcium hardness varies from 16 – 32 mg/L, Magnesium hardness varies from 12 – 32 mg/L, turbidity varies from 5 – 12 NTU, alkalinity varies from 6 – 36 mg/L, Chloride varies from 1 – 46 mg/L, fluoride varies from 0.1 – 0.5 mg/L, sulphate varies from 18 – 45 mg/L, nitrate varies from 1.3 – 3.3 mg/L, phosphate varies from 0.2 - 1.2 mg/L. The values for demand parameters like Dissolved Oxygen(DO) and Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)are in the range of 0.5 – 3 mg/L and <5 – 53 mg/L respectively. Among the metals As, B, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni & Pb are found to be Below Detection Limit(BDL) in all samples. Cu was not detected in any sample but one. Concentration ranges of other metals are as follows Fe (0.50 – 7.90 mg/L), Mn (BDL – 0.82 mg/L) and Zn (BDL – 0.10 mg/L).
Surface Water Based on the analytical data of surface water collected from Sipahijala district, it can be categorized as class ‘C’ (Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection) as per Inland Surface Water Standards, CPCB. Ground Water As per BIS standard: Most of the places of this district exceed the permissible limit of Fe. Goutamnagar exceeds the limit of Turbidity and Melaghar exceeds the permissible limit of Mn. In other blocks water quality parameters in the ground water are within permissible limit. Hence in these blocks the water can be used for drinking purpose after removal of Fe, Mn removal in Melaghar and Turbidity removal in Goutamnagar.
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g)g)g) DRAINAGE SYSTEM (GENERAL)
A few important rivers flowing through the District are Burima / Bijoy, Kachigung and
Gomati.
Gumti/ Gomti/ Gumati/ Gomati is a river flowing through the north-eastern Indian state of Tripura and Bangladesh. A dam has been constructed near Dumbur on the river that has formed a lake covering 40 square km.
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Map 4 : Drainage pattern Map of West Tripura district
Source : Sepahijala District Profile
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h)h)h) DEMOGRAPHY
PARAMETERS NO OF POPULATION
TOTAL POPULATION 483687
MALE POPULATION 247829
FEMALE POPULATION 235858
OVERALL LITERACY RATE (%) 84.78
MALE LITERACY RATE (%) 89.80
FEMALE LITERACY RATE (%) 79.49
FEMALE PER THOUSAND MALES 952
(ref: DIARY 2018, GOVERNMENT OF TRIPURA)
250000 248000 246000 244000 242000 240000
238000 NO OF POPULATION 236000 234000 232000 230000 228000 MALE POPULATION FEMALE POPULATION
Fig 3: Bar Diagram of Population (Male & Female), Sipahijala District
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NO OF POPULATION
MALE POPULATION FEMALE POPULATION
49% 51%
Fig 4: Pie chart of Population (Male & Female), Sipahijala District
i)i)i) CROPPING PATTERN
The main crop cultivated in Sipahijala District is paddy. Seasonal crops like potato, cabbage, radish, potato, vegetables, pulses, oil-seeds, pine apples and other fruits, maize and flours etc. are also cultivated. Cash crops like rubber and tea are grown in many parts of the District.
PARAME TERS AREA (in H ectare) Geographical Area 104358 Total Cultivable Land 47456 Net Cropped Area 44855 Gross Cropped Area 93399 Current flow(in hac) 313 (Ref: DISTRICT PROFILE, SIPAHIJALA, 2017)
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Current flow(in hac) 313
Gross Cropped Area 93399
Net Cropped Area 44855
Total Cultivable Land 47456
Geographical Area 104358
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
AREA (in Hactare)
Fig 5: Bar Diagram of Cropping Pattern, Siphajala District
j)j)j) LAND FORM AND SEISMICITY
Physiographically, the area can be divided into two parts, Hill Ranges and bottomed valleys. The trend of the hill ranges is almost N – S. The height of the hill ranges increases from west to east. Earthquake prone Zone-V (based on seismicity).
k)k)k) FLORA
The most important crops that are associated with this north-eastern state of India are paddy, pulses, oilseeds, jute ansd different kinds of fruit and vegetables. (ref: mapsofindia.com)
The forests of Tripura are varied. On the basis of large-scale studies in other North- Eastern States, Deb(1981) considered the classification of forest types suggested by Champion and Seth (1968) as better suited for describing and correlating the forest types in India. Deb’s description of the flora of tripura has been followed here.
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Based on climate (also altitude and longitude), the forests of tripura are treated under tropical forest types. They are grouped and described as follows:
A. Climate Types B. Seral types C. Subsidiary Edaphic types Bamboo brakes widely in character and aspect cover very large areas in Tripura as in Burma and Chittagong. Continuous bamboo forests are interrupted with scattered evergreen treesor deciduous secondary stands. Sheltered hollows and other favourable sites are dominated by bamboo. The vast preponderance of bamboo forest may be the result of activity of man in his practice of shifting favourable for bamboo growth. It is also possible that bamboo holds the ground as a primary edaphic sub-climax.
(ref: biodiversity.tripura.gov.in/flora)
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Map 5: Forest Map of Sipahijala District
Source : Sepahijala District Profile
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l)l)l) FAUNA
Wide variety of wild animals belonging to different groups are found in Tripura. The richness of fauna could be attributed to its unique bio-geographical location and zoo- geographical position. Literature shows that there were large populations of rhinoceros, elephant, tiger, leopard, langurs and monkeys in Tripura (Gupta, 2000).
Of a total of 15 species of non-human Primate in India, 7(46.70%) are documented from Tripura (Gupta, 2000). These also include some of the highly rare, endemic and endangered species, viz., Hoolock gibbon, slow loris, capped langur, Phayre’s langur, stump-tailed macaque and pig-tailed macaque. The other endangered and threatened mammalian species in Schedule 1 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 are elephant, sloth bear, Indian wolf, Binturong, leopard, marbled cat, leopard cat, Chinese pangolin and serrow, etc.
Seven Primate species have been documented in Tripura out of a total 15 found in India. Of these Primates slow loris and stumped tailed monkeys have become rare. Phayre’s leaf monkey (locally known as ‘Chashma Banar’), has a very restricted distribution in India, and is found in Tripura. Hoolock gibbon is the only ape found in India, and its population has been rapidly dwindling in Tripura.
(ref: biodiversity.tripura.gov.in/fauna)
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4. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT
The district has the similar physiography as the state. The percentage of hill area is less compared to that of total hill area. The physiography is characterised by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The state has five anticlinal ranges of hills running north to south, from Baramura in the west, through Atharamura, Longtharai and Shakhan, to the Jampui Hills in the east. The district is located near of Agartala- Udaipur syncline at east of Baramura Hill range. The small isolated hillocks interspersed throughout the state are known as tillas, and the narrow fertile alluvial valleys, mostly present in the west, are called lungas. A number of rivers originates in the hills of Tripura and flow into Bangladesh. The main rivers of the district are Bijoy, Gomati etc.
Elevation (MSL)- 75 m on East and 24 m on West.
Slope Range(%)- Nal, Lunga, Bastu and water bodies are at 0% slope. Slope of Tilla Land i.e. upland ranges between 30% to 50%. There are multi slopes.
Average Annual soil loss (Tonnes/hectare/year)- 12.4
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Physiographic unit of Tripua
i. Steep ly slopping and slightly dissected high relief structural hills and ridges exemplified by areas like Kailashahar, Panisagar, Baramura, Teliamura, etc. ii. Moderately slopping with moderately dissected medium relief parallel ridges present in north and north eastern part of Tripura. iii. Moderately slopping and highly dissected, low relief structural hills and ridges found in the north-west and southern part of the state. iv. Moderate to gently slopping and moderately dissected flat topped denuded hill occurring in western, central and southern part of Tripura. v. Low lying residual hill with valley represented by Gondacharra area of south eastern part of Tripura. vi. Undulatory plain with low mounds a nd gently slopping valley situated mostly in the western and southern part of Tripura. vii. Moderate to gently slopping inter -hill valley with upland mostly occurring on the northern- eastern and southern part of the state. viii. Moderate to gently slopping inter -hill valleys with alluvial upland plains, represented by Kumarghat-Chailengta area as alluvial deposit of river Manu. ix. Rolling upland common in some pockets of the west and north- western part of Tripura. x. Flood plain s constitute important area and it is formed by rivers of Tripura. Studied area Krishnakishorenagar and Jampuri fall under this group.
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5. LAND USE PATTERN OF THE DISTRICT:
The land use pattern of the district is given below
PARAMETERS AREA COVERED (H ectare)
GROSS CROPPED AREA 93399
NET CROPPED AREA 44855
IRRIGABLE AREA 20464
CURRENT FALLOW 313
AREA UNDER SERICULTURE 110
TOTAL FOREST 25134
UNCLASSIFIED GOVERNMENT FOREST 5218.6
RESERVE FOREST 12632
PROTECTED FOREST 717
(ref: DIARY 2018, GOVERNMENT OF TRIPURA)
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AREA COVERED (Hectare) 100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000
20000 AREA COVERED (Hactare) 10000 0
Fig 6: Bar Diagram of Land use Pattern, Siphajala District
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Map 6: Land use map of Sipahijala District
Source : Sepahijala District Profile
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Map 7: Forest Classification Map, Sipahijala District
Source : Sepahijala District Profile Prepared by : RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt.Ltd.Howrah, West Bengal. Page 33
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6. GEOLOGY:
REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF TRIPURA
The study of rocks of Tripura dates back to 1908 when H.C. Dasgupta first classified the folded sedimentary rocks into 'coal measures' and ' Tripura Groups'. The rocks
encountered in Tripura state range in age from lower Tertiary (40 million years old) to Recent (less than 1 million years old).
The sedimentary rocks of Tripura can be divided into 'Formations', 'sub-Groups' and
'Group' on the basis of their lithological composition, depositional characteristic and structural features.
Geological Succession of Tripura
Group Sub-Group Formation Rock type Recent Recent Unconsolidated silt, and clay with (Unconformity) decomposed vegetable matter and gravels
Dupitila Dupitila Sandy clays, clayey sandstone, ferruginous (Unconformity) sandstone with pockets of plastic clay, silica and laterite. Tipam Tipam Champanagar Sandstone, occasional sandy shale and abundant lumps of fossil wood Manu Bazar Sandstone with laminated layers and lenses of sandy shale, siltstone and mudstone. Surma (Contact Thinly bedded repetition of sandstone, transitional) siltstone/shale, mudstone and ferruginous Boka Bill sandstone. Bhuban Hard compact sandstone, olive shale, sandy shale and siltstone repetitions
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Stratigraphical Succession of Sipahijala
Age Group Formation Holocene Khowai Formation Ghilatoli Formation Teliamura Formation Kalyanpur Formation Quaternary Dupitila Dupitila Formation Upper Pliocene to Pleistocene Tipam Upper Tipam Formation
Lower Tipam Formation
Pliocene Surma Bokabil Formation
Micocene- Lr. Pliocene Upper Bhuban Formation
Middle Bhuban Formation
Upper most Oligocene Lower Bhuban Formation (Not exposed in Tripura)
Seismic surveys in the region reveal the presence of sub-surface flatus. The part of Surma basin in Tripura Mizoram area lies in close proximity to the Shillong plateau in the north and AracanYoma belt to the east. Tripura is therefore located in seismically active zone; because of inherent character of sediments of these areas even the minor shock during earthquake may cause devastating particularly landslides (Mukherjee et.al., GSI, 1999).
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LOCAL GEOLOGY
Surma Group of rock is present most of the western part of the district. The Surma Group of rocks are well-exposed here. Lithostratigraphically, the Bhuban formation consists of alternation yellow to yellowish grey medium to grained sandstone with black shale and siltstone, BokaBil Formation constitutes the medium grained yellow to yellowish grey sandstone-siltstone with bluish grey shale. Recent alluvium and DupitilaGroup is covered eastern boundary & in the central part mainly traversed by Tipam Group of rocks.
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Map 8: Geological Map of Sipahijala District
Source : Sepahijala District Profile
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SEDIMENTATION STUDY
Drainage system is the pattern formed by streams, rivers and lakes in a drainage basin. In a drainage system, streams or rivers always connect together to form networks. Many factors such as topography, soil type, bedrock type, climate and vegetation cover influence input, output and transport of sediment and water in a drainage basin (Charlton, 2008). These factors also influence the nature of the pattern of water bodies
(Twidale, 2004). As a consequence, drainage pattern can reflect geographical characteristics of a river network to a certain extent. There are several types of drainage pattern. So far, much research has been done on the description of drainage patterns in geography and hydrology (e.g. Howard, 1967; Lambert, 1998; Twidale, 2004; Pidwirny, 2006). In addition, sediment transport knowledge is important in river restoration, ecosystem protection, navigation, watershed studies and reservoir management. Bed load represents the lower portion of sediment load in natural rivers. Fluvial sediment load materials are transported by rivers. Sediment load can be divided into bed load and suspended load based on the mode of transport. Bed load is transported close to the bed where particles moved by rolling, sliding, or jumping (Adegbola, 2012). Xlaoqing (2003) explained that bed load transport in natural rivers is a complicated phenomenon. Its movement is quite uneven in both the transverse and longitudinal directions, which vary considerably.
Erosion has been defined as the detachment of soil and rock fragments or particles from their initial resting place by water and other geological agents such as wind, ice, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc. Geological erosion and soil erosion are the two basic terms usually used to describe the erosion process. A third term used in this report is water course erosion which is predominately stream bank or channel erosion and in some cases is a part of both the geological and soil erosion processes. Although man's activities have had their greatest effect on soil erosion and water course erosion, he has suffered and felt the effects of all forms of erosion and deposition of sediments. Geological erosion is the
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erosion that has scarred the earth's surface creating mountains, chasms, flood plains, deserts, and deltas under natural or relatively undisturbed conditions. Weathering is a process of rock disintegration by mechanical and chemical processes and in this report is considered to be a part of the geological erosion process.
GEOLOGICAL EROSION is caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, mudflows, and gullying and has to a varying degree been influenced by man's activities and may require partial control by man.
SOIL EROSION is more closely associated with agricultural land because by definition soil is the unconsolidated mineral or organic material that will support plant growth. Soil particles located on the surface of agricultural lands, forest lands, or grazing lands are detached by rainfall or eroded away by surface runoff. This may take place in the form of sheet erosion with a thin sheet of water flowing down a gentle upland slope. Rill erosion is another form with runoff occurring in well-defined yet small incisions in the land surface. Gully erosion is the dissection of the soil surface with a deep cut in the land channel formed below an uncut reach thus creating a sudden break in surface slope.
WATER COURSE EROSION is the erosion of a stream channel's bank and bed caused by flowing water. A river channel or water course transports or carries sediment that originates from surface runoff in the upland reaches by the erosion processes previously described of geological or soil erosion. The water course's ability to transport its sediment load is dependent on channel velocity or energy. If the upland sediment inflow to the river channel or water course is low then there is unspent energy which will pick up or erode the bank and bed of the channel. A meander pattern may develop with erosive forces active on the bank and bed of the channel on the outside or concave bends in the water course meander. A more spectacular and unusual form of water course erosion is a waterfall with the erosive forces of water acting on a more resistant geological formation.
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DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT is the end product of the sedimentation cycle. Temporary deposition of the rock or soil particle is the most common form that is visible in earth's surface landscape development. As previously described a single particle of sediment may be deposited in a flood plain and wait thousands of years in a stream bank before being eroded away. In considering a river basin of any size, large or small, sediment particles once moved by any of the erosive forces described may be temporarily deposited at any point. Typical depositional environments are mountain valleys, talus slopes along mountain foothills or high plateaus, gravel plains below steeper mountain channels, alluvial fans, flood plains and deltas.
Methodology: The catchment area of river will be analyzed with the help of ArcGIS approach. The mined affected area of the river will be measured through ArcGIS approach and ground based survey by GPS approach. The stretch of the mined area of river is divided in various segments depending on stretch of the rivers. The width (meters) and GPS information at each segment is collected to quantify the total mined area of river. The geo-morphological patters in terms of stream orders were also observed using ArcGIS methodology. Besides, the mined affected area of the river is divided in to various segments to analyze grain size distribution in river bed.
Bed material :- The mixture of sediment that composes a streambed. Bed material is stationary, but particle size is important to sediment transport because as energy level of a stream increases, some bed-material particles are mobilized and become part of the bedload or suspended load. In this report, composition of bed material is defined by particle-size distribution.
Suspended sediment Material:-usually small particles, suspended by turbulence of the flow or existing as colloids, and transported at about the same downstream velocity as the flowing water. Suspended sediment is distributed at all depths in flowing water. In this report, suspended sediment is expressed as concentration in milligrams per liter.
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Suspended-sediment load:- A general term referring to the quantity (weight) of suspended sediment in transport. In this report, annual suspended-sediment load is expressed in tons. Suspended-sediment discharge A computed value of the quantity (weight) of suspended sediment per unit time, also referred to as suspended-sediment transport rate.
Total sediment load :- The sum of bed load and suspended sediment load. In this report, total sediment load is expressed in tons. Total sediment discharges the sum of bed load discharge and suspended-sediment discharge.
7. MINERAL WEALTH/RESOURCES :
Overview of mineral resources
The mineral resources of any state provide an avenue for economic development but the process of mining may have extensive impact on land, soil and water resources. The mining projects have as a consequence become a part of development sector requiring environmental clearance under Environmental Protection Act, 1986, EIA Notification 1994. In Tripura, the mineral resources are mainly glass sands, limestone, plastic clay and hard rock; all of these material are being used to a variable degree. However, the single most important resource in the state is oil and natural gas. ONGC or Oil and Natural Gas Commission has initiated massive exploration programme in the State. Details of clay deposit in Tripura have been dealt in the State of Environment Report for Tripura (1989). The impact of mining and quarrying of mineral resources in Tripura has so far been insignificant.
Mineral Resource of Tripura
Mineral Location Uses
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Mineral Location Uses Hard Rock Jampui Hills Road metals
Longatari Hill Limestone Sakhan&Jampui Range Not suitable Cement
Manpui area Suitable for inferior quality of Lime (990,000 t. reserve) Puzzolana mix. Clay All over the State generally in river Sanitary ware bank deposit Stone wares Good clay deposit in West and South region. Sewerage pipes
Total 1.73 million ton deposit in four Electric insulator zone out of six zones* Refractory grade [* Mohanpur-Bamutia- Kamalghat; Bisramganj-Bagma; Champamura-Baldakhal- Jogendranagar; Khowai-Teliamura- Ampi; Shantirbazar-Udaipur; Kumarghat and Baidyathakurpara- Anadanagar- Maheshkhola-Dukli- Sonamura area] Glass Sand Bishramganj (160,000t) Many uses
Old Agartala (16,000t)
Jogendranagar (3627t)
Sekerkota (80,000t)
Dasharambari (5330t)
Mohanpur (97,875t)
Baidyathakurpara- Anadanagar Maheshkhola and Dukli (NA)
Total Reserve 3,62,832 tonnes
[Source: GSI Report 1982, 1999]
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Of the total geographical area of Tripura, 76% can be marked as of “Tertiary” origin and 24% belong to Quaternary period; none of these contain any major mineral resource. A GSI Report of 1982 provides a list of Non-metallic and metallic mineral vis- a-vis their location or otherwise in Tripura indicating the poor profile.
Mineral Resource potential in Tripura
Sl. No. Mineral Status A. Non-metallic 1. Limestone Commodity not located or absent 2. Dolomite Commodity not located or absent 3. Coal Commodity not located or absent 4. Clay Commodity not located or absent 5. Refractories Commodity not located or absent 6. Glass sand Good reserve, low grade 7. Graphite Commodity not located or absent 8. Fertilizer Commodity not located or absent 9. Gravel, sand, silt Good reserve, low grade 10. Building stone Commodity not located or absent B. Metallic 11. Ferrous Commodity not located or absent 12. Non-ferrous Commodity not located or absent 13. Noble metals Commodity not located or absent
[Source: GSI Report 1982] The current production of natural gas is estimated at one million cubic meters per day. The available figure for 1990-91 to 1997-98 shows a fast increasing rate of production from 70 million tonnes per year in 1990-91 to 2.7x in 8 years reaching 196 million tonnes in 1997-98.
(A) SAND AND OTHER RIVER BED MINERALS:
(i) Drainage System
a) Drainage system with description of main rivers/Cherras
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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SIPAHIJALA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
S.N Name of the River Area Drained % area Place of or Stream approx (sq km) drained origin
JAMPUIJALA SUB -DIVISION
1 CHINAI 0.16 70 Baramura Hill
2 BIJOY 0.030 15 Baramura Hill
3 RANGAPANIA 0.050 20 Jampuijala CHERRA
BISHALGARH SUB -DIVISION
1 BIJOY 0.15 95 Baramura hill
SONAMURA SUB -DIVISION
1 THE KACHIGUNG 16 km (length in 45.17 Killa (Near the sub-division) Udaipur)
2 GOMATI 28 km (length in 16.86 Dumbur lake the sub-division)
(Ref: SUB DIVISIONALDIVISIONAL SURVEY REPORT OF MINOR MINERALS- SDEAC & JOINT SURVEY
REPORT OF SUB-DIVISIONAL MINING ACTIVITY)
b) Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams/Charras:
Sl.N Name of the River Total length in Place of Origin Altitude at origin o. or Stream the District (in (in meter) km) 1 Gomati 28 km (Length Tirthamukh(Raim 24m in the sub- a from division) Longatharai and Sharma from Atharamura) of
Dumbur Lake
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(ii) Annual deposition of riverbed minerals
Annual Deposition
Portion of the Length of area Average width Area Minerable river or recommended of area recommended mineral stream for mineral recommended for mineral potential (in recommended concession (in for mineral concession (in metric for mineral concession (in tonne) kilometer) hectare) (60% of concession Meter) total mineral
potential
BISHALGARH SUB -DIVISION
From 15 -20 (approx) 230 -300 0.15 (approx) 35000 cum downstream of (approx) (approx) confluence with Bijoy river to Gopinagar
JAMPUIJALA SUB -DIVISION
From 17 (approx) 200 -250 1.8 -2.0 (approx) 60000 cum downstream of (approx) (approx) confluence with Bijoy river to Gopinagar
(ref: SUB DIVISIONAL DIVISIONAL SURVEY REPORT OF MINOR MINERALS- SDEAC)
(iii) Riverbed Mineral Potential
Sand Total Mineable Mineral Potential (Cubic metre) (Cubic Metre)
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BISHALGARH SUB -DIVISION 30000 -35000 / year 35000 /year
JAMPUIJALA SUB -DIVISION 60000/year 60000/year
Evaluation based on following parameters: a) Geomorphological studies i. Place of origin of Gomati River: Tirthamukh of Dumbur Lake, 24m above MSL. ii. Catchment area of Gomati River: 2492 sq.km. iii. General profile of Gomati River/Stream: iv. Annual deposition factor: It depends on load carrying capacity of the flowing river along withthe competency and capacitance of river. Provenance of sediment, mode of transport, quantity of suspended load and bed load, rate of sedimentation,settling velocity of sediments all together enhance the process of sedimentation giving high yield value of sand. v. Replenishment : Replenishment of the sand takes place during monsoon season every year.
vi. Total potential of minor minerals in river bed: 95000 cubic metre. b) Geological studies i. Lithology of catchment area: Sandstone, Siltstone, Clay, Shale, Alluvium. ii. Tectonics and structural behavior of rocks: Seismicity prone zone-V. Linear narrow anticline and syncline folding form long arcuate belt: strike faulting, conjugate shear fractures with strike slip movement also present. c) Climatic Factors i. Intersity of rainfall: Average rainfall 2000mm. ii. Climate zone : Tropical monsoon climate. iii. Temperature variation : Maximum temp. 35.23degree celsius and minimum temp. 7.43celsius.
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8. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT
(a) General overview
Bishalgarh Sub-division- The main source of sand under Bishalgarh sub Division is Bijoy River that flows from Jampuijal side to across Bishalgarh region. Rangapania cherra under Charilam Block in minor source of natural sand. Under Bishalgarh RD block, the main spot of sand mining arefound at Laxmibill village, Baidyardighi
region, Kalkalia Village, Gopinagar area, Santirbazar area, Chanbaria area.
The main source of sand under Jampuijala sub-division is Chenai River, Bijoy river
and Rangapania Cherra that flows mainly in 3 regions like Gabordi, Takarjala, Dayarampara and Pathaliaghat/Promodenagar respectively. The main source of sand under Sonamura sub-division is Gomati river but potentiality is low.
(b) List of existing mining leases of the districts with location, area, period for each minor mineral.
Attatched later
(c) Detail of production of sand and other minor minerals during last three years.
SUB - DIVISION 2015 -16 2016 -17 2017 -18
BISHALGARH SUB - 14759.45 CUM 28600.00 CUM 19658.00 CUM DIVISION
JAMPUIJALA SUB - 47922.00 CUM 51283.00 CUM 50082.00 CUM DIVISION
SONAMURA SUB - 52262.51 CUM 39299.11 CUM 33672.43 CUM DIVISION
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9. DETAILS OF REVENUE GENERATED FROM MINERAL SECTOR DURING LAST THREE YEARS.
YEARS 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
MINERAL NAME SAND SAND SAND
REVENUE in Cum. 39 , 03,944 /- 40 , 19,596 /- 34 , 86,929 /-
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10. TRANSPORT
NH 44 (8) is the main transport facility at the district. Beside this rail line connecting
Bishalgarh railway station is the railway transport facility also.
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Map 9: Transportation Map of Sipahijala District Source : Sepahijala District Profile
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11. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of District Survey report (DSR) "identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area". The District Survey report (DSR) will contain mainly data published and endorsed by various departments and websites about Geology of the area, Mineral wealth details of rivers, Details of Lease and Mining activity in the District along with Sand mining and revenue of minerals. This report also contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture, Road, Transportation and climate etc.
In tripura, the mineral resources are mainly glass sands, limestone, plastic clay and hard rock; all of these materials are being used to a variable degree. However, the single most important resources in the state is oil and natural gas. ONGC has initiated massive exploration programme in the state.
In general, it is an area of subdued macro-relief compared with the eastern sector of the Indo-Burman Ranges bordering Mizoram. One prominent north-south trending ridges namely Baramura. The maximum and minimum elevations are around 300 m and 10 m above mean sea level (AMSL), respectively.
There is a gap of feeling which might be attributed to the factors of immediate benefit as the very question of subsistence is involved particularly when the majority of the people in Tripura are below poverty line. Exploitation and not extinction should be the way of life. If that be the case the forest resources which are national wealth should be preserved in such a way that they are exploited and not extinct. Else danger is inherent in expressing their displeasure. The signs of danger, are apparent when we see erosion of soils due to indiscriminate felling of trees. There is uneven rainfall. Water flows merry- go-round. It carries sands which turns into deposits causing heavy damage to fertile lands which are going to be scarce particularly when the population is increasing in geometrical progression.
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APPENDEX A
SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE SAND MAINING
Sl. No. STATE SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE SAND MAINING
1. While attempting to prepare a model Guideline/Policy for the State,. 2. For environmentally sustainable sand mining a strict and comprehensive sand mining policy need to be framed . 3. To ease the process of EC granting, SEIAA may have benches across the state with each bench having a SEAC under it. Time bound clearance with ease of access and grant. 4. Working cum Environment Management Plan has been Made 01 TRIPURA mandatory. The mining activities are allowed after submission of environment clearance. 5. Compliance Report is mandatory every 6 Month. (ie July, Dec.) Every 2 Year's Revised Mining Plan submit are mandatory. 6. Mining should be done in accordance with an approved mining plan. 7. EC Should be valid for settlement Periode subject to ceiling of five years. 8. Sand mining operation has to carried out between 6 am to 7 PM. 9. River width are between 30 meter to 90 meter, so 10% width river can be restricted for mining activities from the river bank.
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APPENDEX A
SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE SAND MAINING
Sl. No. STAT E SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE SAND MAINING
10. . Since the most of the main rivers of Tripura are of Perennial origin (i.e., water remains all through out the year) hand mining is not a suitable methodology. In this case, recovery of sands is not possible manually from river bed. To trigger the mining of sands & other minor minerals mechanised mining methods are to be adopted applying modern mining tools. Needless to say, in the case of river bed mining of perennial river, necessary arrangements for avoiding accidents/fatal are to be taken into 01 TRIPURA account on priority basis: otherwise it may cause a huge loss of human property and the concerned mining project which ultimately will jeoperdise the economic viability of the entire project. So, mechanised mining may be allowed.
11. As per Guideline of SUSTAINABLE SAND MINNG GUIDELINE (Page No 85-92) Some State (Like Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, UP etc.)allowed Some Mechanised/Semi-mechanised Mining Process.
2
Sl. Sand Area Area RESERVE River Name Mouza Name No Block (Ha.) (Sqm.) (in Cft.)
1 SPHL-01 0.25 2500 BIJOY RIVER Gajaria 176573.5 2 SPHL-02 0.46 4600 BIJOY RIVER Gajaria 324895.24 3 SPHL-03 0.22 2200 BIJOY RIVER Bishalgarh 155384.68 4 SPHL-04 0.27 2700 BIJOY RIVER Bishalgarh 190699.38 5 SPHL -05 0.14 1400 BIJOY RIVER Laxmibill 98881.16 6 SPHL-06 0.11 1100 BIJOY RIVER Laxmibill 77692.34 7 SPHL -07 0.15 1500 BIJOY RIVER Gapinmagar 105944.1 8 SPHL-08 0.11 1100 BIJOY RIVER Gapinmagar 77692.34 9 SPHL-09 0.18 1800 BIJOY RIVER Gapinmagar 127132.92 10 SPHL-10 0.21 2100 BIJOY RIVER Gapinmagar 148321.74 11 SPHL-11 0.3 3000 BIJOY RIVER Gapinmagar 211888.2 12 SPHL -12 0.23 2300 BIJOY RIVER Mohanpur Pakurjala 162447.62 13 SPHL-13 0.26 2600 BIJOY RIVER Shyamnagar 183636.44 14 SPHL-14 0.1 1000 CHINAI RIVER Pravapur 70629.4 15 SPHL-15 0.17 1700 CHINAI RIVER Pramodenagar 120069.98 16 SPHL -16 0.28 2800 CHINAI RIVER Pramodenagar 197762.32 17 SPHL-17 0.22 2200 CHINAI RIVER Kanchanmala 155384.68 18 SPHL -18 0.28 2800 CHINAI RIVER Kanchanmala 197762.32 19 SPHL-19 0.19 1900 CHINAI RIVER Pravapur 134195.86 20 SPHL-20 0.17 1700 CHINAI RIVER Pravapur 120069.98 21 SPHL-21 0.37 3700 CHINAI RIVER Pravapur 261328.78 22 SPHL-22 0.21 2100 CHINAI RIVER Pravapur 148321.74 23 SPHL -23 0.32 3200 CHINAI RIVER Pravapur 226014.08 24 SPHL-24 0.27 2700 CHINAI RIVER Ratanpur 190699.38 25 SPHL -25 1.45 14500 GOMOTI RIVER Sonamura 1024126.3 26 SPHL-26 2.63 26300 GOMOTI RIVER Ghrantali 1857553.22 27 SPHL-27 2.15 21500 GOMOTI RIVER Ghrantali 1518532.1 28 SPHL-28 0.10 1000 CHINAI RIVER Pravapur 70629.4 29 SPHL-29 0.11 1100 CHINAI RIVER Pravapur 77692.34 30 SPHL -30 0.11 1100 CHINAI RIVER Ratanpur 77692.34 31 SPHL-31 0.10 1000 RANGAPANIA CHHARA Barjala 70629.4 32 SPHL-32 0.10 1000 RANGAPANIA CHHARA Barjala 70629.4 33 SPHL-33 0.10 1000 RANGAPANIA CHHARA Amtali 70629.4 34 SPHL -34 0.10 1000 RANGAPANIA CHHARA Pathalia Ghat 70629.4 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SEPAHIJALA DISTRICT)
" To illustrate my meaning and intention more plainly, I would compare the relationship existing between forestry and agriculture to that which exists in ordinary life between husband, dark, stern and strong, but protecting and cherishing; agriculture, bland benignant and bountiful, may, in my parable, be described as the wife. Deprived of the aid and resources derived from the forest, agriculture pines and languishes and becomes barren and unfruitful" G.K.B Indian Forester XV-330, Sept. 1889