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A Jihad Called Heavy Metal

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A Jihad Called Heavy Metal east29 Pp 36-39 ingle 30-03-2010 16:05 Pagina 36 A Jihad SOCIAL TRENDS Called Heavy Metal Musician and social historian Mark LeVine, author of “Heavy Metal Jihad,” is convinced rock music has a major role to play as a Middle East peacemaker. G While Iran continues to ban music and root out rock, Lebanon and Egypt Why has heavy metal music become such an important part of the Islamic world? have gradually grown more tolerant. G Even For two reasons primarily. First, heavy metal music be- came a kind of independence music, if not at a political some Islamic clerics have stopped seeing the level then certainly at a personal one — like reggae or rap or 1960s music. At first glace it might seem that ex- cross-pollination of musical trends as a treme metallica, especially death metal, is nihilistic and death-obsessed. But plenty of Middle East metal-heads threat. G by Farian Sabahi have told me that for them music about death actually affirms life. It’s cathartic. It represents what people live. I also think of what Reda Zine told me. He founded the Moroccan metal-head scene and now lives in Bologna. “ n a way, music and Islamic radicalism are two sides “We play heavy metal because our lives are heavy met- of same coin, because the anger and frustration you al.” He’s an amazing musician, director and activist. When IIput into playing a guitar or shooting an AK-47 exist you live in a place where it’s hard to hope for a better fu- on the same plain. I met a number of young Islamic ex- ture and where corruption, oppression and war are the tremists who grew up as metal-heads, and as they got norm, heavy metal becomes the perfect music for young older they channeled their anger and rebellion into people. It’s not just relief or resistance, but also helps more normal avenues, such as religious activism. While bring together young people in a community setting that violent religious beliefs are ultimately nihilistic and isn’t monitored by police or co-opted by state and moral negative, the music itself is positive and transforma- entities, which happens with other forms of rock. tional. In that sense, music is jihad in the best sense.” Secondly, metal is a global phenomenon. If you be- American scholar Mark LeVine teaches Middle East come a metal-head in Egypt or Iran you’re suddenly part history at the University of Irvine (California). LeVine, of a global tribe. It’s what Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maid- widely considered a “new generation” historian, is the en once told me: “Our fans are a big family even though author of the acclaimed “Heavy Metal Islam: Rock, Re- they’ve never met.” This is crucial in countries where sistance and the Struggle for the Soul of Islam,” pub- young people are marginalized and feel like they don’t lished in 2008, which explores the relationship between belong to anything but their music. heavy metal, hip-hop, rock and punk musicians and in the context of the religiously conservative Muslim world. How would you characterize regional government response? “The Economist” magazine has praised LeVine’s unusu- In the 1990s and the beginning of this century Satanism al mixing of history and cultural anthropology, saying d a m a his work provides such “a wealth of statistical detail that The lead vocalist of Pakistani rock band Janoon, S . J / s even the most gung-ho advocates of IMF and World Bank Ali Azmat (center), performs during a July 2005 e g a m programs must pause for thought.” Islamabad concert marking International Music Day. I y t t e G / p f A 36 east . europe and asia strategies 37 east29 Pp 36-39 ingle 30-03-2010 16:05 Pagina 38 came up often. Musicians and fans were arrested and in greater openness and democracy. The idea isn’t to leave of the barrier between the public and private sectors. Can the proliferation of music in the region some cases tried and sentenced as Satan worshippers. but to stay and help build a better future. Naturally, Obviously a lot has changed since the recent presiden- help build a better future? The accusations were absurd, but to some extent under- when government crackdowns get bad, some opt out, tial elections and the wave of protests that followed, First, the music makes us understand that the “us”- standable given the reputation metal-heads had in the at least temporarily. which changed the national mood. It’s hard to foresee “them” divide isn’t as wide as we think. I called my book West, linked to sex, drugs, drinking. At the same time, the Iranian metal-heads scene re- what’s ahead for Iran. One thing’s certain: Iranian au- “Heavy Metal Islam” because people just can’t imagine But the metal bands that typified that kind of behav- mains among the richest in the region, notwithstanding thorities are more repressive than ever. Muslims liking metal. But they do. They also like other ior, for example Motley Crue and Poison, never really bans. The artists there aren’t just imitating or copying forms that are considered part of Western culture. became popular in the Middle East. Bands with more American and European sounds but also create amazing In Pakistan, terrorism and extremism Second, when you think the origins of heavy metal you “political” overtones took off instead: Cannibal Corpse, hybrids that are producing metal subgenres. Who knows, are two extremely serious ongoing problems. come to realize it has roots in the Islamic world. Just think Death, Napalm Death, Slayer, and so on. They were pop- maybe the next Black Sabbath or Led Zeppelin will come Tell us about the music scene there. of the Blue. That music came from African slaves, most ular because their music was more serious and skillful. out of Tehran, Cairo or Karachi! In Pakistan, music is jihad in the best sense of the word, of them Muslim. Blues melodies are intertwined with Is- Same with hip-hop, where artists such as 2Pac got a fol- as my friend Salman Ahmad wrote in his new book lamic prayer calls. There’s also the influence of Dick Dale, lowing, while “bitches and ho’s” and the “gangsta rap” Tehran and Beirut are capitals of two Shiite-majority “Rock’n’Roll Jihad.” He’s the founder of the Pakistani the Lebanese-American who’s considered the father heavy movement went nowhere because it was completely dis- countries. How do you see their similarities and differences? rock band Junoon [Junoon is a Sufi rock band from La- metal guitar. He created the so-called surf-rock sound, connected from local lives and culture. Good question. The difference responses to rock mu- hore, that Ahmad founded in 1990]. the reverb twang; he played the electric guitar like an sic by the Lebanese Hezbollah and the Iranian regime Music isn’t strictly forbidden in the Koran, and the Oud, applying Middle Eastern and Arab riffs. Sooner or What about more recently? is proof positive that in discussing religion and culture majority of the hadith (sayings of the Prophet) that are later you come to realize that music can unite people. Governments have gradually become more tolerant to- it’s foolish to generalize. In Lebanon, Hezbollah is com- used to suggest there’s a ban are unreliable. Young peo- I remember attending the Rock for Peace Festival in ward heavy metal, even in Saudi Arabia. They don’t see pelled to operate in a pluralistic context when it comes ple who love all forms of music should challenge the Istanbul (Barisarock). There was a fantastic Iranian pro- the music as a threat to public order, morality and reli- to politics and culture. Starting several years ago its mistaken belief that Islam bars music. They need to adopt gressive metal band fronted by guitarist Farzad Gol- gion. They have other headaches. Consider Egypt, where leadership decided to be tolerant toward influences from a more critical and open attitude toward religion. That’s payegani. The percussionist was an Iranian Azeri who the government's busy trying to keep the Muslim Broth- other cultures. important both for Islam and for other cultures. At the told me his dream was to see Muslims, Christians and erhood at bay. They’re less interesting in chasing down You can walk through a neighborhood controlled by same time, Pakistan is full of paradoxes. The best record Jews working together to bid for peace. When the 22- young people on cultural issues. Even Islamic religious Hezbollah in southern Beirut and see scantily-clad women store in the country is Peshawar, the northwest provin- year-old bass player opened up a blues funk jam, 35,000 extremists figured it out. Until a decade ago, radicals without headscarves, which surprises my Egyptian cial capital controlled by the Taliban. The reality is a lot people went wild. I can’t even begin to explain it. That’s challenged metal-heads in Egypt, Morocco and Lebanon. friends. Not to mention the fact that Hezbollah even has more complex than we think! the power of music. It brings people together and cre- Now, they’ve more or less backed away from trying to its own orchestra that produces and performs music. In ates solidarity. Afro-beat legend Fela Kuti once said, “Mu- regulate musical interests. general terms Hezbollah’s policy is that if music isn’t ex- sic is the weapon of the future.” He was right.
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