Lorentz, Korinna

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Lorentz, Korinna MASTERARBEIT im Studiengang Crossmedia Publishing & Management Erfolgversprechende Melodien – Analyse der Hooklines erfolgreicher Popsongs zur Erkennung von Mustern hinsichtlich der Aufeinanderfolge von Tönen und Tonlängen Vorgelegt von Korinna Gabriele Lorentz an der Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart am 08. Mai 2021 zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines „Master of Arts“ Erster Betreuer und Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Oliver Wiesener Zweiter Betreuer und Gutachter: Prof. Oliver Curdt E-Mail: [email protected] Matrikelnummer: 39708 Fachsemester: 4 Geburtsdatum, -ort: 15.04.1995 in Kiel Danksagung Mein größter Dank gilt Professor Dr. Oliver Wiesener für das Überlassen des Themas und die umfangreiche Unterstützung bei methodischen und stochastischen Überlegungen. Ich danke ihm insbesondere dafür, dass er trotz einiger anderer Betreuungsprojekte meine Masterarbeit angenommen hat und somit meinen Wunsch, im Musikbereich zu forschen, ermöglicht hat. Des Weiteren möchte ich meinem Freund und meiner Familie dafür danken, dass sie sich meine Problemstellungen bis zum Ende hin angehört haben und mir immer wieder Inspi- rationen für neue Lösungswege geben konnten. Besonderer Dank gilt meiner Mutter, Gabriele Lorentz, mit der ich interessante Gespräche zu musikalischen Themen führen konnte und mei- nem Vater, Dr. Thomas Lorentz, mit dem ich nächtliche Diskussionen über Markov-Ketten und Neuronale Netzwerke hatte. Ich danke meinen Eltern und meinem Freund, Michael Feuerlein, für die kritische Durchsicht der Arbeit. Kurzfassung In der vorliegenden Masterarbeit wurden die Melodie-Hooklines von Popsongs, die in Deutsch- land zwischen 1978 und 2019 sehr erfolgreich waren, explorativ analysiert. Ziel war, zu unter- suchen, ob gewisse Muster in den Reihenfolgen der Töne und Tonlängen vorkommen, und diese zu finden. Für die Mustersuche wurden Markov-Ketten erster, zweiter und dritter Ord- nung sowie Chi-Quadrat-Anpassungstests berechnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Töne und Tonlängen in den n = 202 Hooklines meist nicht zufällig, sondern in Abhängigkeit von voran- gegangenen Tönen und Tonlängen nach bestimmten Mustern auftreten, p < .05. Auffällige Muster waren die mehrfache Aufeinanderfolge von gleichen Tönen und gleichen Tonlängen. Die gefundenen Muster können Songwriterinnen und Songwriter bei zukünftigen Kompositio- nen inspirieren und eine Grundlage zur Entwicklung einer KI für die algorithmische Komposi- tion bieten. Nach der Mustersuche wurden die Markov-Ketten durchlaufen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte der Computer mithilfe der Markov-Ketten eigenständig Hooklines komponieren. Schlagwörter: Hookline, Hook, Algorithmische Komposition, inhomogene Markov-Ketten, Künstliche Intelligenz, KI, Popsongs Abstract This study analyzed the melody hooklines of pop songs that were successful in Germany be- tween 1978 and 2019. The aim was to investigate whether certain patterns in the sequences of tones and tone lengths occur and to find them. For the pattern search, first-, second- and third- order Markov chains and chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were calculated. The results show that tones and tone lengths in the n = 202 hooklines do not occur randomly, but they depended on previous tones and tone lengths according to certain patterns, p < .05. Conspicuous patterns were the multiple succession of the same tones and the same tone lengths. These patterns may inspire songwriters in future compositions and provide a basis for developing an AI for algo- rithmic composition. After the pattern search, the Markov chains were run. Using the Markov chains, the computer was able to compose hooklines on its own. Keywords: hookline, hook, algorithmic composition, non-homogeneous markov chain, artifi- cial intelligence, AI, pop Inhaltsverzeichnis Symbol- und Abkürzungsverzeichnisse .................................................................................. 1 1 Einführung ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Hooklines erfolgreicher Songs als Vorlage .................................................................... 5 1.2 Algorithmische Komposition von Hooklines ................................................................. 6 2 Theorie und Forschungsstand............................................................................................ 10 2.1 Definition „Pop“ ........................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Definition „erfolgreicher Song“ .................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Produkterfolgsrechnung .......................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Hitlisten ................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.3 Die Offiziellen Deutschen Charts ........................................................................... 16 2.3 Die Hookline im Kontext .............................................................................................. 19 2.3.1 Songformen und Formbausteine ............................................................................. 19 2.3.2 Definition und Typologie der Hookline .................................................................. 23 2.3.3 Wiederholung und Variation von Hooklines .......................................................... 27 2.4 Tonfolgen und Tonlängen ............................................................................................. 28 2.4.1 Diatonische Tonleiter und Stufentheorie ................................................................ 28 2.4.2 Notenwerte .............................................................................................................. 31 2.5 Mustererkennung mit Markov-Ketten .......................................................................... 33 2.5.1 Stochastische Prozesse ............................................................................................ 35 2.5.2 Markov-Ketten erster Ordnung ............................................................................... 36 2.5.3 Markov-Kette z-ter Ordnung ................................................................................... 40 2.6 Aktueller Forschungsstand ............................................................................................ 41 3 Forschungsfragen ................................................................................................................ 43 4 Methode................................................................................................................................ 45 4.1 Untersuchungsdesign .................................................................................................... 46 4.2 Auswahl der Stichprobe ................................................................................................ 47 4.2.1 Genreanalyse ........................................................................................................... 48 4.2.2 Rangliste nach Erfolg .............................................................................................. 50 4.2.3 Bereinigung des Datensatzes .................................................................................. 50 4.2.4 Endgültige Stichprobe ............................................................................................. 51 4.3 Datensuche und -aufbereitung ...................................................................................... 53 4.3.1 MIDI- & Notensuche .............................................................................................. 53 4.3.2 Bereinigung der Noten und Suche der Hookline .................................................... 53 4.3.3 Konvertierung der MIDI-Dateien ........................................................................... 55 4.3.4 Endgültiger Datensatz ............................................................................................. 56 4.4 Datenauswertung ........................................................................................................... 60 4.4.1 Univariate Auswertung ........................................................................................... 61 4.4.2 Modellierung der Markov-Ketten erster Ordnung .................................................. 61 4.4.3 Modellierung der Markov-Ketten z-ter Ordnung .................................................... 64 5 Ergebnisse ............................................................................................................................ 67 5.1 Univariate Verteilungen ................................................................................................ 67 5.1.1 Noten und Stufen .................................................................................................... 67 5.1.2 Tonlängen ............................................................................................................... 69 5.1.3 Zusätzliche Eigenschaften....................................................................................... 70 5.2 Markov-Ketten erster Ordnung ..................................................................................... 72 5.2.1 Markov-Kette erster Ordnung für Tonfolgen.......................................................... 73 5.2.2 Markov-Kette erster Ordnung für Tonlängen ......................................................... 79 5.3 Markov-Ketten z-ter Ordnung .....................................................................................
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