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Biosolids Technology Fact Sheet: Belt Filter Press

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Biosolids Technology Fact Sheet: Belt Filter Press United States Office of Water EPA 832-F-00-057 Environmental Protection Washington, D.C. September 2000 Agency Biosolids Technology Fact Sheet Belt Filter Press DESCRIPTION conditioning zone, gravity drainage zones, low pressure squeezing zone, and high pressure Belt filter presses are used to remove water from squeezing zones. Advanced designs provide a large liquid wastewater residuals and produce a filtration area, additional rollers, and variable belt non-liquid material referred to as “cake”. speeds that can increase cake solids by five percent. Dewatered residuals, or cake, vary in consistency from that of custard to moist soil. Dewatering The general mechanical components of a belt filter serves the following purposes: press include dewatering belts, rollers and bearings, belt tracking and tensioning system, controls and C Reducing the volume, thus reducing storage drives, and a belt washing system. Figure 1 depicts and transportation costs. a typical belt filter press. C Eliminating free liquids before landfill APPLICABILITY disposal. Belt filter presses can be used to dewater most C Reducing fuel requirements if residuals are biosolids generated at municipal wastewater to be incinerated or dried. treatment plants and are a common type of mechanical dewatering equipment. Using C Producing a material which will have mechanical equipment to dewater solids may not be sufficient void space and volatile solids for the most cost effective alternative for wastewater composting when blended with a bulking treatment plants operating at less than about 4 mgd. agent. The selection of dewatering equipment should be based on the results of a site specific biosolids C Avoiding the potential of biosolids pooling management plan which identifies both processing and runoff associated with liquid land and end use alternatives and estimates costs. It may application. be less expensive to haul liquid to an application site or pay a processing facility to dewater and C Optimizing subsequent processes such as process or landfill the dewatered cake. Smaller thermal drying. facilities should also evaluate non-mechanical dewatering methods, such as drying beds or reed A belt filter dewaters by applying pressure to the beds. biosolids to squeeze out the water. Biosolids sandwiched between two tensioned porous belts are ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES passed over and under rollers of various diameters. Increased pressure is created as the belt passes over Advantages and disadvantages of belt filter presses rollers which decrease in diameter. Many designs for dewatering wastewater solids are summarized of belt filtration processes are available, but all below: incorporate the following basic features: polymer Source: U.S. EPA, 1987. FIGURE 1 SCHEMATIC OF A BELT FILTER PRESS Advantages permanganate, to neutralize odor-causing compounds (Rudolf, 1992). Some C Staffing requirements are low, especially if manufacturers offer fully enclosed the equipment is large enough to process the equipment to minimize odors and reduce solids in one shift (USEPA, 1987). vapors in the operating room air (Bain et al., 1999). C Maintenance is relatively simple and can usually be completed by a wastewater C Belt presses require more operator attention treatment plant maintenance crew. if the feed solids vary in their solids Replacing the belt is the major maintenance concentration or organic matter. This cost. should not be a problem if the belt presses are fed from well-mixed digesters C Belt presses can be started and shut down (Henderson and Schultz, 1999). quickly compared to centrifuges, which require up to an hour to build up speed C Wastewater solids with higher (Henderson and Schultz, 1999). concentrations of oil and grease can result in blinding the belt filter and lower solids C There is less noise associated with belt content cake. presses compared to centrifuges (Henderson and Schultz, 1999). C Wastewater solids must be screened and/or ground to minimize the risk of sharp objects Disadvantages damaging the belt. C Odors may be a problem, but can be C Belt washing at the end of each shift, or controlled with good ventilation systems more frequently, can be time consuming and chemicals, such as potassium and require large amounts of water (Henderson and Schultz, 1999). An The gravity drainage zone is a flat or slightly automatic belt washing system and the use inclined belt unique to each model. Solids are of effluent can minimize these costs. dewatered by the gravity drainage of the free water. A 5 to 10 percent increase in solids concentration DESIGN CRITERIA from the original biosolids should occur in this zone (USEPA, 1987). The free water drainage is a Belt presses are sized on the basis of weight or function of wastewater solids type, quality, volume of solids to be dewatered rather than the conditioning, screen mesh, and design of the wastewater flow to the plant. To determine how drainage zone. many presses are needed, the wastewater treatment plant must: The low-pressure zone is the area where the upper and lower belts come together with the wastewater C Determine the amount of primary solids that solids in between. This is sometimes called the will flow through the plant per day. “wedge zone,” because the feed solids are sandwiched between the upper and lower belts. C Determine the amount of waste-activated or The low-pressure zone prepares the biosolids by trickling filter solids produced per day. forming a firm cake which can withstand the forces of the high pressure zone. C Determine the volume of thickened solids to be dewatered per day. In the high-pressure zone, forces are exerted on the solids by the movement of the upper and lower C Estimate the range of dry solids belts as they move over and under a series of rollers concentration in the feed. of decreasing diameter. Some belt filter press models separate from the rest of the unit to increase C Estimate future increases in solids pressure on the biosolids. This produces a drier production. cake, an important factor for plants that incinerate the final product or face high end use or disposal C Anticipate changes in sewer discharges or costs. A biosolids management plan should operation that could change solids quality or evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of a high organic matter content. performance belt filter press. An effective biosolids management plan will An additional design feature is a self-enclosed include the above information. It is important to facility to reduce odors and protect worker health design for excess capacity so that the anticipated (Bain et al., 1999). Workers in the belt press areas amount of incoming solids can be easily dewatered are exposed to aerosols from wash spray nozzles during operating hours. Allowing for excess and pathogens and hazardous gasses such as capacity also ensures that the plant will not hydrogen sulfide. Enclosing the press reduces experience a build-up of solids if a unit is out of visibility to the operators and produces a corrosive service. If only one unit is required, the plant environment for the rollers and bearings, but should have an alternate program to remove solids automating the system can alleviate these problems. in liquid form. The automation of belt presses is the subject of a The polymer conditioning zone can be a small tank, Water Environment Research Foundation project. approximately 265 to 379 liters (70 to 100 gallons) Benefits of automation include optimization of non- located 0.6 to 1.8 meters (2 to 6 feet) from the linear variables which was rarely possible with press, a rotating drum attached to the top of the manual or semi-automated operation, and the ability press, or an in-line injector. The press to produce dewatered cake at a constant rate. manufacturer usually supplies this zone along with Automation generally increases capital costs by 10 the belt filter press (USEPA, 1986). percent. Manufacturers claim that this extra expense is worthwhile because it lowers labor costs, reduces polymer use, and maximizes the solids installations and/or thrash pilot testing. Evaluation content of the cake, reducing disposal and end use of equipment should consider capital and operating costs (Gillette et al., 2000). costs, including polymer, electricity, wash water, solids capture, and ventilation and odor control The choice of dewatering technique and chemical during dewatering and further processing or polymer or salts impacts dewaterability as well as recycling. The operator can ensure system the potential for odor during further processing or integration by requiring that the self-enclosed belt recycling to land. press, ventilation, and polymer system is supplied by a single provider. Since solids characteristics Ancillary equipment for efficient operation of a belt and quantity vary from plant to plant, it is important press includes: to evaluate different weaves, permeability, and solids retention abilities of dewatering belts to C Polymer. ensure optimum performance. Surveys of similar plants or testing of wastewater solids can be helpful C Mixing, aging, feed, liquid feed day tank. in the decision-making process. C Liquid residuals feed pump. Table 1 displays the range of performance of a high pressure belt press on various types of wastewater C Odor control and ventilation. solids. C Conveyor and/or pump to move dewatered Odor Control cake. Odor complaints at wastewater treatment plants and C An enclosed area to load trucks or biosolids end use sites can interfere with containers. implementation of the
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