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Chemical Process Modeling in Modelica
Chemical Process Modeling in Modelica Ali Baharev Arnold Neumaier Fakultät für Mathematik, Universität Wien Nordbergstraße 15, A-1090 Wien, Austria Abstract model creation involves only high-level operations on a GUI; low-level coding is not required. This is the Chemical process models are highly structured. Infor- desired way of input. Not surprisingly, this is also mation on how the hierarchical components are con- how it is implemented in commercial chemical process nected helps to solve the model efficiently. Our ulti- simulators such as Aspen PlusR , Aspen HYSYSR or mate goal is to develop structure-driven optimization CHEMCAD R . methods for solving nonlinear programming problems Nonlinear system of equations are generally solved (NLP). The structural information retrieved from the using optimization techniques. AMPL (FOURER et al. JModelica environment will play an important role in [12]) is the de facto standard for model representation the development of our novel optimization methods. and exchange in the optimization community. Many Foundations of a Modelica library for general-purpose solvers for solving nonlinear programming (NLP) chemical process modeling have been built. Multi- problems are interfaced with the AMPL environment. ple steady-states in ideal two-product distillation were We are aiming to create a ‘Modelica to AMPL’ con- computed as a proof of concept. The Modelica source verter. One could use the Modelica toolchain to create code is available at the project homepage. The issues the models conveniently on a GUI. After exporting the encountered during modeling may be valuable to the Modelica model in AMPL format, the already existing Modelica language designers. software environments (solvers with AMPL interface, Keywords: separation, distillation column, tearing AMPL scripts) can be used. -
Dewatering of a Biological Industrial Sludge by Electrokinetics-Assisted Filter Press
G Model SEPPUR-10125; No. of Pages 6 ARTICLE IN PRESS Separation and Purification Technology xxx (2011) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Separation and Purification Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/seppur Dewatering of a biological industrial sludge by electrokinetics-assisted filter press Gordon C.C. Yang ∗, Min-Cong Chen, Chun-Fu Yeh Institute of Environmental Engineering & Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan article info abstract Keywords: The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of biological industrial sludge dewatering Filter press by a pilot-scale filter press assisted by electrokinetics (EK). In all experiments the following conditions Biological industrial sludge were kept constant: (1) dry solids content in the sludge feed: 5.0 wt%; and (2) constant electric-current Dewatering mode. Application of 1 A and 4 A of electric current for 45 min for dewatering was capable of yielding Electrokinetics sludge filter cakes with moisture contents of 65.0% and 53.2%, respectively. However, the former would Electroosmotic permeability provide a better compromise between the residual moisture content and the electricity cost. This practice has been shown to be cost-effective. The reduction of sludge moisture content might be ascribed to the mechanisms of mechanical pressure, electroosmosis, and ohmic heating in said dewatering system. The estimated electroosmotic permeability was found to be comparable to that of reported by other researchers. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction developed. It is well known that the flow of water induced by an electrical potential difference is not limited by pore size. -
A Second Life for Reciprocating Compressors Compressor Upgrade and Revamp Index
A second life for reciprocating compressors Compressor upgrade and revamp Index HOERBIGER upgrade and revamp dated compressors in ways that are tailored to the existing and future requirements in your industry. This increases the efficiency, reliability and environmental soundness of your compression system. Simply select the application most appropriate for your industry and we will provide more information to allow you to see the benefit of our services for yourself. Nr Industry Gas Compressor Country Short Description 1 Refinery N2 Nuovo Pignone Germany Manufacture cylinder and install reconditioned compressor 2 Refinery H2 Dresser-Rand Germany Increase capacity and install HydroCOM and RecipCOM 3 Refinery H2 Borsig Hungary Increase capacity 4 Chemical Plant Air Halberg Germany Engineer and manufacture crankcase 5 Refinery Natural gas Borsig UAE Engineer and manufacture crankcase and cylinder 6 Refinery CO2 Nuovo Pignone UK Old cylinder cracked: new cylinder designed / manufactured / installed 7 Chemical Plant H2, N2, Dujardin & France Engineer and manufacture piston and rod CO, CH4 Clark 8 Chemical Plant C2H4 Nuovo Pignone France Upgrade control to HydroCOM 9 Technical Gases N2 Burckhardt Switzer- Solve bearing problems: new crosshead Plant land 10 Natural Gas Plant Natural gas Borsig Germany Convert to new operating/process conditions 11 Refinery H2, CH4 Worthington Italy Install reconditioned compressor 12 Refinery H2 MB Halberstadt Germany Cylinder corrosion problems: new cylinder designed / manufactured / installed 13 Natural Gas -
Process Filtration & Water Treatment
Process Filtration & Water Treatment Solutions for Chemical Production Contents ContentsFiltration for Chemicals ............................................ 3 Simplified Setup at a Chemical Plant ...................... 4 Raw Material Filtration Raw Material Filtration ............................................... 6 Recommended Products ........................................... 7 Clarification Stage Chemical Clarification ................................................. 8 Recommended Products ........................................... 9 Final Filtration Final Chemical Filtration .......................................... 10 Recommended Products ......................................... 11 Process Water and Boiler Feed Setup Process Water and Boiler Feed Setup ................... 12 Chemical Compatibility ............................................ 14 For T&C's, Terms of Use and Copyright, please see www.fileder.co.uk For T&C's, Terms of Use and Copyright, please visit www.fileder.co.uk Filtration for Chemicals Filtration is all important in the market of chemical and petrochemical production, ensuring product quality and lowering production costs. Over 4 decades, Fileder has been working within these industries learning the key challenges and developing a vast product portfolio, able to tackle even the most challenging requirements. Chemicals for Filtration Chemical plants are highly sensitive to contaminants and the quality of raw materials used to produce the desired chemical can influence this. Even the smallest fluctuation in -
Introduction to Separation Processes What Is Separation and Separation Processes ?
Introduction to Separation Processes What is Separation and Separation Processes ? • Separate (definition from a dictionary) - to isolate from a mixture; [extract] - to divide into constituent parts • Separation process - In chemistry and chemical engineering, a separation process is used to transform a mixture of substances into two or more distinct products. - The specific separation design may vary depending on what chemicals are being separated, but the basic design principles for a given separation method are always the same. Separations • Separations includes – Enrichment - Concentration – Purification - Refining – Isolation • Separations are important to chemist & chemical engineers – Chemist: analytical separation methods, small-scale preparative separation techniques – Chemical engineers: economical, large scale separation methods Why Separation Processes are Important ? • Almost every element or compound is found naturally in an impure state such as a mixture of two or more substances. Many times the need to separate it into its individual components arises. • A typical chemical plant is a chemical reactor surrounded by separators. Separators Products Reactor Separator Raw materials Separation and purification By-products • Chemical plants commonly have 50-90% of their capital invested in separation equipments. Why Separation is Difficult to Occur? • Second law of thermodynamics - Substances are tend to mix together naturally and spontaneously - All natural processes take place to increase the entropy, or randomness, of the universe -
7 Secrets to a Well-Run Plant a Guide for Plant Managers and Operations Staff
WHITE PAPER Making Confident Decisions in Operations: 7 Secrets to a Well-Run Plant A Guide for Plant Managers and Operations Staff Terumi Okano, Aspen Technology, Inc. Have you ever received a call in the middle of the night because of a plant operational crisis? The production engineer responsible for the process is already onsite but they really need your advice and will likely also need support from the process engineering team. You can almost see the lost revenue growing as the plant drifts further from its Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Detailed simulation models are likely already used by the process engineering or modeling team who support your plant in solving these kinds of complex process issues. Your production engineers certainly don’t have the time to learn new software to build detailed models. What you may not know is that sophisticated modeling technology can be accessed by your team through an easy-to- use, Microsoft Excel® interface. Model-based decision-making can apply to plants of nearly every type ranging from ethylene to polymers, fertilizers and specialty chemicals. The following seven secrets explain how building a model-based culture in your plant will bring clarity and continuous improvements to plant operations. Secret #1: Conceptual design models can assist plant operations. Do you know how or where the design work was done for your chemical plant? If you are able to find the conceptual design work that was completed with process simulation software, you’re already one step ahead. If it’s been decades since the plant was built and there is no design work 1to be found, start with asking for simulation models of problematic pieces of equipment or a section of your process that can be unreliable. -
The Recovery and Purification of Fermentation Products the Choice of Recovery Process Is Based on the Following Criteria
The Recovery and Purification of Fermentation Products The choice of recovery process is based on the following criteria: Product intracellular or extracellular Concentration of the product in the fermentation broth. Physical and chemical properties of the desired product Intended use of the product. Minimal acceptable standard of purity. Magnitude of bio-hazard of the product or broth. Impurities in the fermenter broth. Market price for the product. How to reduce purification cost Selection of a micro-organism which does not produce pigments or undesirable metatlolites Modification of the fermentation to reduce the production of metabolites Precise timing of harvesting pH control after harvesting Temperature treatment after harvesting Addition of flocculating agents Use of enzymes to attack cell walls The recovery and purification of many compounds may be achieved by a number of alternative routes. The decision to follow a particular route involves comparing the following factors to determine the most appropriate under a given set of circumstances: Capital and Processing costs Throughput requirements Yield potential and Product quality Technical expertise available Conformance to regulatory requirements Waste treatment needs Continuous or batch processing Automation Personnel health and safety REMOVAL OF MICROBIAL CELLS AND OTHER SOLID MATTER Use of electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis to exploit the charged properties of microbial cells, ultrasonic treatment to improve flocculation characteristics and magnetic separations. FOAM SEPARATION Foam separation depends on using methods which exploit differences in surface activity of materials. The material may be whole cells or molecules such as a protein or colloidal, and is selectively adsorbed or attached to the surface of gas bubbles rising through a liquid, to be concentrated or separated and finally removed by skimming. -
The Sequential-Clustered Method for Dynamic Chemical Plant Simulation
Con~purers them. Engng, Vol. 14, No. 2. pp. 161-177, 1990 0098-I 354/90 %3.00 + 0.00 Printed an Great Britain. All rights reserved Copyright 6 1990 Pergamon Press plc THE SEQUENTIAL-CLUSTERED METHOD FOR DYNAMIC CHEMICAL PLANT SIMULATION J. C. FAGLEY’ and B. CARNAHAN* ‘B. P. America Research and Development Co., Cleveland, OH 44128, U.S.A. ‘Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ml 48109, U.S.A. (Rrreiwd 28 May 1987; final revision received 26 June 1989; received for publicarion 11 July 1989) Abstract-We describe the design, development and testing of a prototype simulator to study problems associated with robust and efficient solution of dynamic process problems, particularly for systems with models containing moderately to very stiff ordinary differential equations and associated algebraic equations. A new predictor-corrector integration strategy and modular dynamic simulator architecture allow for simultaneous treatment of equations arising from individual modules (equipment units), clusters of modules, or in the limit, all modules associated with a process. This “sequential-clustered” method allows for sequential and simultaneous modular integration as extreme cases. Testing of the simulator using simple but nontrivial plant models indicates that the clustered integration strategy is often the best choice, with good accuracy, reasonable execution time and moderate storage requirements. INTRODUCTION simulator and includes results of tests on simulator performance. Direct numerical comparisons of Two major stumbling blocks in the development alternative integration strategies are given for some of robust dynamic chemical process simulators are: relatively simple test plants. Conclusions and recom- (1) mathematical models for many important equip- mendations drawn from our experiences should be ment types give rise to quite large systems of ordinary of interest to other workers developing dynamic differential equations (ODES); and (2) these ODE simulation software. -
Separation Expertise for Your Success in the Iron Ore Industry
SEPARATION EXPERTISE FOR YOUR SUCCESS IN THE IRON ORE INDUSTRY ASK YOUR SEPARATION SPECIALIST YOUR IDEAS YOUR NEEDS YOUR BUSINESS YOUR SEPARATION SPECIALIST 2 How can we make your iron ore production more profitable? How will your business continue to grow despite changing iron ore prices? What equipment will give you reliable performance with minimal residual moisture? What will it take to boost capacity at the lowest possible cost? A SOLUTION TO IMPROVE EVERY PROCESS YOUR SEPARATION SPECIALIST Having served large producers like Jindal along with For all customers, it’s just a matter of reducing investment smaller operators such as CML Metals and Stoilensky and operating costs for high-throughput applications. GOK, we know the complex challenges you face. Other times, the aim is to reduce wastewater from tailings From difficult ore bodies to boosting availability, each treatment in remote deserts. Whatever the situation, solution demands a unique level of expertise. the core challenge is to find the most efficient, reliable solution for your separation needs. YOUR PARTNER IN INNOVATION To many customers, we’re known as the partner of choice for high-capacity concentrate dewatering with the lowest operating costs. In one case, this meant PRODUCTS increasing throughput to more than 500 t/h per machine, with half the total footprint of traditional solutions. In a different brownfield project, the result was the world’s largest hyperbaric disc filter in iron ore production, with a KNOWLEDGE guaranteed residual moisture content of 7% requested at high throughput and clear filtrate. RESOURCES YOU CAN COUNT ON Whether it’s thickening or filtration, concentrate or tailings, the list of success stories goes on and on. -
Liquid / Solids Separation in Wastewater Treatment & Biosolids Dewatering
LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT & BIOSOLIDS DEWATERING Chemical Products Lab Testing Plant Trials LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION APPLICATIONS Influent Water Clarification Process Water Recycling Primary Wastewater Clarification Secondary Clarification Sludge Thickening Sludge Dewatering LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION UNIT OPERATIONS Clarifiers (Many Types) WATER Filters (Many Types) OR WASTE Dissolved Air Flotation Units WATER Induced Air/Gas Flotation Units Belt Presses Centrifuges SLUDGE Screw Presses DEWATERING Plate and Frame Presses Vacuum Filters (Rotary & Horizontal) LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION PRODUCT TYPES Coagulants (+) Low Mol Wt Organic Inorganic Blended Flocculants (+ , ---, 0 ) High Mol Wt Dry Emulsion Solution OilOil----FreeFree Flocculants COAGULANTS AND FLOCCULANTS Act on Insoluble Particles in Water Oils, Grease, Blood, Insoluble Organics, Clay, Silicates, Metal Oxides/Hydroxides Dirt, Dust, Rust & Metal Filings Can Act on Charged Organic Compounds Anionic Surfactants, Soaps & Dispersants Do Not Act on Most Dissolved Solids Salts, Acids, Nonionic Surfactants, Ammonia or Soluble Organic Compounds such as Sugar, Alcohols, etc. SUSPENSION CHEMISTRY THE KEY TO EFFECTIVE LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION SUSPENDED SOLIDS VARIABLES Surface Charge MOST Charge Density Particle Size IMPORTANCE Composition Particle Density Particle Shape LEAST MICROSCOPIC FORCES ELECTROSTATIC BROWNIAN VAN DER WAALS GRAVITY Colloidal Particle in Water +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ Almost all Particles +++ -
A Review of the Rotary Pressure Filter for the Filtration of a Liquefied Gas Slurry
A REVIEW OF THE ROTARY PRESSURE FILTER FOR THE FILTRATION OF A LIQUEFIED GAS SLURRY Barry A. Perlmutter BHS-Filtration Inc. Barry A. Perlmutter is President and Managing Director of BHS-Filtration Inc., a subsidiary of BHS-Sonthofen GmbH. Barry has over 30 years of technical and marketing experience in the field of solid-liquid separation, filtration, centrifugation and drying. He has published and lectured worldwide and has been responsible for introducing and creating growth for many European companies into the marketplace. He has a BS in Chemistry from Albany State, NY, MS from the School of Engineering at Washington University, St. Louis and an MBA from the University of Illinois. ABSTRACT In the manufacturing of this specialty chemical, the pilot plant examined the process to determine the most effective method for filtration to develop a production process. A study was undertaken, by plant engineering and development, to examine the use of a rotary pressure filter to develop the overall process operations for product quality and production rates. This paper reviews the basics of two alternatives: rotary pressure filter and pressurized drum filters. The technologies are reviewed for the filtration of a liquefied gas slurry. The article continues with the discussion of the process testing in the laboratory and in the field to evaluate the Rotary Pressure Filter. The lab testing used a BHS pressurized pocket leaf filter with 20 cm 2 of filter area while the fieldwork was conducted on a Rotary Pressure Filter with a filter area of 0.18 m 2. The paper discusses test procedures, data collection, filter media selection and other process parameters. -
Brazilian Petrochemical Cluster
Brazilian Petrochemical Cluster Akerele, Toyosi; Barboza, Marden; Faria, Diogo; Gopaul, Lavan; Pares, David. Prof. Laura Alfaro. Harvard Kennedy School / Harvard Business School. May 2017. Rise in Government Debt: Inflation: • From 51% of GDP in 2013 to 70% in 2016 6% (2013) 10% (2016) • Brazilian Bonds downgraded to ”junk” (September 2015) Benchmark Interest Rate: 7% (2013) 14% (2016) Economic interventions (from 2010); • Uncertainty among producer and Industry Confidence Index: investors 58% (2013) 35% (2015) Administered prices (2006 to 2016) • Gasoline prices +44% • Minimum Wage +168% Unemployment: 5.4% (2013) 11.5% (2016) Investigations and corruption scandals: • Accusations against the President and political allies; Economic contraction (∆ GDP): • Public Protests (starting in 2013): 2014 2015 2016 • Dilma impeached (August, 2016) -0.3% -1.9% -2.5% Refineries are chemical plants that transform crude oil into oil products Crude oil Refinery Oil products Raw oil as produced, with Chemical plant with Fuels and chemical varying qualities: varying complexity, feedstocks with varying . Density: lighter oil according to: market values, such as: yield higher valued . Oil quality: lower oil . Diesel products quality can demand more . LPG . Sulfur content: sweet complex refineries . Jet fuel (low sulfur) oil can be . Mix of products: more . Naphtha refined simpler complex refineries can . Fuel Oil refineries yield higher valued . Asphalt products 3 Timeline First First Petroleum Petrobras is Pro Alcohol Refinery in reserve Stablished Program