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INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy

numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical

Series / / Age / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age

GSSA

GSSP

GSSP GSSP EonothemErathem / EonSystem / Era / Period GSSP age (Ma) EonothemErathem / EonSystem / Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / EonSystem / Era / Period age (Ma) / Eon Erathem / Era / Period age (Ma) present 145.0 ± 0.8 358.9 ± 0.4 ~ 541 0.0117 Upper 152.1 ±0.9 ~ 635 0.126 Upper Neo- Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 850 1.806 163.5 ±1.0 1000 166.1 ±1.2 2.588 382.7 ±1.6 Middle 168.3 ±1.3 3.600 170.3 ±1.4 1200 Middle 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- proterozoic 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 1400 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 182.7 ±0.7 1600 11.62

Proterozoic Lower 407.6 ±2.6 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 410.8 ±2.8 15.97 199.3 ±0.3 Paleo- 2050

Mesozoic 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 proterozoic 20.44 Pridoli 23.03 ~ 208.5 423.0 ±2.3 2300

Cenozoic Ludlow 425.6 ±0.9 28.1 Upper 427.4 ±0.5 2500 430.5 ±0.7 Neo-

Wenlock 33.9 ~ 228 433.4 ±0.8

Priabonian 2800 38.0 riassic ~ 235 T Llandovery 438.5 ±1.1 Meso- 41.3 440.8 ±1.2 archean Middle ~ 242 443.4 ±1.5 3200 47.8 247.2 445.2 ±1.4 Paleo- 251.2 Archean Lower 252.17 ±0.06 Upper archean 56.0 453.0 ±0.7 3600 254.14 ±0.07 59.2 Eo- 458.4 ±0.9 Phanerozoic 259.8 ±0.4 archean 61.6 Phanerozoic 265.1 ±0.4 Middle 4000 66.0 467.3 ±1.1 268.8 ±0.5 470.0 ±1.4 72.1 ±0.2 272.3 ±0.5 ~ 4600 Lower 477.7 ±1.4 Units of all rank are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary

Permian 283.5 ±0.6 83.6 ±0.2 Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, 485.4 ±1.9 Upper 86.3 ±0.5 including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by 290.1 ±0.26 Stage 10 Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). ~ 489.5 89.8 ±0.3 295.0 ±0.18 Charts and detailed information on ratified GSSPs are ~ 494 available at the website http://www.stratigraphy.org 93.9 298.9 ±0.15 ~ 497 n Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the 100.5 Upper 303.7 ±0.1 ~ 500.5 Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained Paleozoic 307.0 ±0.1 Series 3 numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is provided. aceous t Middle Moscovian ~ 504.5

Mesozoic ~ 113.0 315.2 ±0.2 Stage 5 Numerical ages for all systems except , and ~ 509

ennsylvania Precambrian are taken from ‘A 2012’ by Gradstein Cre Lower

Aptian P Stage 4 323.2 ±0.4 et al. (2012); those for the Triassic and Cretaceous were provided ~ 125.0 Series 2 ~ 514 by the relevant ICS subcommissions. Upper Stage 3 330.9 ±0.2 Lower ~ 129.4 ~ 521 Coloring follows the Commission Middle Visean Stage 2 for the Geological Map of the World. ~ 132.9 http://www.ccgm.org 346.7 ±0.4 ~ 529 ~ 139.8 Lower Chart drafted by K.M. Cohen, S. Finney, P.L. Gibbard ~ 145.0 358.9 ±0.4 541.0 ±1.0 (c) International Commission on Stratigraphy, January 2013

Holocene (0/5/5/0) Tithonian (15/0/0/0) Famennian (5/5/20/0) Ediacaran (0/15/55/0) (0/5/10/0) Upper Neo- Upper (5/10/35/0) Upper (0/5/15/0) (30/0/0/0) Kimmeridgian (20/0/0/0) Frasnian (5/5/30/0) proterozoic Cryogenian (0/20/60/0) (0/30/70/0) Middle (0/5/20/0) Oxfordian (25/0/0/0) Tonian (0/25/65/0) Pleistocene Middle Givetian (5/10/45/0) (0/0/50/0) (0/5/35/0) Calabrian (0/5/25/0) Callovian (25/0/5/0) (5/20/55/0) Eifelian (5/15/50/0) Stenian (0/15/35/0)

Quaternary Meso- Bathonian (30/0/5/0) Gelasian (0/5/30/0) Middle Emsian (10/15/50/0) proterozoic Ectasian (0/20/40/0) (0/30/55/0) (50/0/5/0) Bajocian (35/0/5/0) Lower Pliocene Piacenzian (0/0/25/0) (10/30/65/0) Pragian (10/20/55/0) Calymmian (0/25/45/0) (0/0/40/0)

Zanclean (0/0/30/0) Aalenian (40/0/5/0) Devonian (20/40/75/0) Lochkovian (10/25/60/0) Statherian (0/55/10/0) Messinian (0/0/55/0) Toarcian (40/5/0/0) Pridoli (10/0/10/0) Paleo- Orosirian (0/60/15/0) (10/0/10/0) proterozoic Pliensbachian (50/5/0/0) Tortonian (0/0/60/0) Jurassic (80/0/5/0) Ludfordian (15/0/10/0) (0/75/30/0) Rhyacian (0/65/20/0)

Lower Ludlow Proterozoic (0/80/35/0) Miocene Serravallian (0/0/65/0) (75/5/0/0) Sinemurian (60/5/0/0) (25/0/15/0) Gorstian (20/0/10/0) Siderian (0/70/25/0) (0/0/100/0) Langhian (0/0/70/0) Hettangian (70/5/0/0) Homerian (20/0/15/0) Wenlock (0/35/5/0) Burdigalian (0/0/75/0) Rhaetian (10/25/0/0) (30/0/20/0) Sheinwoodian (25/0/20/0) (0/40/5/0)

Neogene (0/10/90/0) Upper Aquitanian (0/0/80/0) Norian (15/30/0/0) Telychian (25/0/15/0) (25/40/0/0) (0/50/5/0) Llandovery M e s o z i c (60/0/10/0) Carnian (20/35/0/0) (0/60/5/0) Oligocene Chattian (0/10/30/0) (40/0/25/0) Aeronian (30/0/20/0)

(0/25/45/0) Silurian (30/0/25/0) Rupelian (0/15/35/0) Ladinian (20/45/0/0)

Rhuddanian (35/0/25/0) r e c a m b i n (0/75/30/0) Middle (0/60/0/0) P C e n o z i c (5/0/90/0) (0/20/30/0) (30/55/0/0) Anisian (25/50/0/0) Hirnantian (35/0/30/0) (0/75/0/0) Upper Eocene Bartonian (0/25/35/0) Lower Olenekian (30/65/0/0) Katian (40/0/35/0) (50/0/40/0) (5/90/0/0) (0/30/50/0) riassic (50/80/0/0) Lutetian (0/30/40/0) (40/75/0/0) Induan (35/70/0/0) Archean (0/100/0/0) (10/100/0/0) T Sandbian (45/0/40/0)

Ypresian (0/35/45/0) Lopingian Changhsingian(0/25/20/0) Darriwilian (55/0/35/0) Middle Hadean (30/100/0/0) Thanetian (0/25/50/0) (0/35/30/0) Wuchiapingian (0/30/25/0) (70/0/50/0) Dapingian (60/0/40/0) Paleocene a l e o z i c (40/10/40/0) Selandian (0/25/55/0) Capitanian (0/40/35/0) h a n e r o z i c (40/0/5/0) Floian (75/0/45/0) (0/35/55/0) P Lower P Paleogene (0/40/60/0) Guadalupian h a n e r o z i c (40/0/5/0) h a n e r o z i c (40/0/5/0) (90/0/60/0) CYMK COLOR CODE Danian (0/30/55/0) Wordian (0/45/40/0) Ordovician (100/0/60/0) Tremadocian (80/0/50/0) P P (0/55/50/0) The CMYK color code is an additive model with percentages of Cyan, Maastrichtian (5/0/45/0) Roadian (0/50/45/0) Stage 10 (10/0/20/0) Magenta, Yellow and Black. For example: the CMYK color for Devonian (20/40/75/0) is a mixture of 20% Cyan, 40% Magenta, 75% Yellow and 0% Campanian (10/0/50/0) Kungurian (10/45/40/0) Furongian Jiangshanian(15/0/25/0) (30/0/40/0) Black.

Artinskian (10/50/45/0) Upper Santonian (15/0/55/0) Cisuralian Paibian (20/0/30/0) The CMYK values are the primary reference system for designating the (35/0/75/0) official colors for these geological units. Coniacian (20/0/60/0) (5/65/60/0) Sakmarian (10/55/50/0) Guzhangian (20/5/30/0) (5/75/75/0) Series 3 The CMYK color code gives the official values only for Cyan (C), Magenta (M) Turonian (25/0/65/0) Asselian (10/60/55/0) (35/5/45/0) Drumian (25/5/35/0) and Yellow (Y). Cenomanian (30/0/70/0) Gzhelian (20/10/15/0) Upper Stage 5 (30/5/40/0) Users may adapt the codes to other purposes by adjusting the K (grayness) Albian (20/0/40/0) (25/10/20/0) Kasimovian (25/10/15/0) value to obtain a modified hue. This option allows a flexible use of this Series 2 Stage 4 (30/10/40/0) reference system. (25/0/45/0) Middle Moscovian (30/10/20/0) (40/10/50/0) (35/10/20/0) Stage 3 (35/10/45/0) The conversion from the reference CMYK values to the RGB codes utilizes (40/10/20/0) a l e o z i c (40/10/40/0) Lower Adobe® Illustrator® CS3’s color function of “Emulate Adobe® Illustrator® 6.0” Lower Barremian (30/0/50/0) Bashkirian (40/10/20/0) Stage 2 (35/15/45/0) P (45/10/20/0) Cambrian (50/20/65/0) Terreneuvian (menu Edit / Color Settings / Settings). (45/0/70/0) Upper (45/15/55/0) Hauterivian (35/0/55/0) (30/15/55/0) Serpukhovian(25/15/55/0) Fortunian (40/15/50/0) Cretaceous (50/0/75/0)

M e s o z i c (60/0/10/0) Middle Visean (35/15/55/0) Valanginian (40/0/60/0) (40/15/55/0) Lower Carboniferous (60/15/30/0)

Berriasian (45/0/65/0) (60/25/55/0) Tournaisian (45/15/55/0)

Mississippian (50/15/55/0)

Holocene Tithonian 217/241/247 Famennian 242/237/197 Ediacaran 254/217/106 254/242/224 254/242/236 Upper Upper Neo- Upper 255/242/211 Kimmeridgian 204/236/244 241/225/157 Frasnian 242/237/173 proterozoic Cryogenian 254/204/92 179/227/238 99 254/179/66 191/231/241 Pleistocene Middle 255/242/199 Oxfordian Middle Givetian 241/225/133 Tonian 254/191/78 255/242/162

Calabrian 255/242/186 Callovian 191/231/229 203/140/55 241/200/104 Eifelian 241/213/118 Stenian 254/217/154 Quaternary

249/249/127 Meso- Bathonian 179/226/227 Gelasian 255/242/174 Middle Emsian 229/208/117 247/53/ proterozoic Ectasian 253/204/138 Lower 253/180/98 Pliocene Piacenzian 255/255/191 52/178/201 128/207/216 Bajocian 166/221/224 Pragian 229/196/104 Calymmian 253/192/122 229/172/77 255/255/153 Zanclean 255/255/179 Aalenian 154/217/221 Lochkovian 229/183/90 Statherian 248/117/167 Devonian Pridoli Messinian 255/255/115 Toarcian 153/206/227 230/245/225 Paleo- Orosirian 247/104/152 103/197/202 230/245/225 247/67/112 proterozoic Pliensbachian 128/197/221 Tortonian 255/255/102 Jurassic Ludfordian 217/240/223 Rhyacian 247/91/137

Lower Ludlow Proterozoic 247/67/112 255/230/25 Miocene Serravallian 255/255/89 66/174/208 Sinemurian 103/188/216 191/230/207 Gorstian 204/236/221 Siderian 247/79/124

242/249/29 255/255/0 Langhian 255/255/77 Hettangian 78/179/211 Homerian Wenlock 204/235/209 Neoarchean 250/167/200

Burdigalian 255/255/65 Rhaetian 227/185/219 179/225/182 179/225/194 Sheinwoodian 191/230/195 249/155/193 Upper Norian 214/170/211 Telychian Neogene Aquitanian 255/255/51 191/230/207 Mesoarchean 189/140/195 Llandovery 248/129/181 Chattian 254/230/170 M e s o z i c Carnian 201/155/203 Aeronian 179/225/194 247/104/169 Oligocene 154/217/221

153/215/179 240/4/127 153/192/141 253/192/122 Silurian Rupelian 254/217/154 Ladinian 201/131/191 Rhuddanian 166/220/181 r e c a m b i n

129/43/146 Middle Paleoarchean

P 246/104/178 154/217/221 154/217/221

C e n o z i c 177/104/177 Priabonian 253/205/161 Anisian 188/117/183 Hirnantian 166/219/171 244/68/159 Upper Eocene Bartonian 253/192/145 Olenekian 176/81/165 Katian 153/214/159 Lower 127/202/147 Eoarchean 230/29/140 riassic Archean 253/154/82 253/180/108 Lutetian 152/57/153 Induan 164/70/159 218/3/127 252/180/130 T Sandbian 140/208/148 0/146/112 Ypresian 252/167/115 Lopingian Changhsingian 252/192/178 Darriwilian 116/198/156 Middle Hadean 174/2/126 Thanetian 253/191/111 251/167/148 Wuchiapingian 252/180/162 77/180/126 Dapingian 102/192/146 Paleocene a l e o z i c P 253/167/95 Selandian 254/191/101 Capitanian 251/154/133 h a n e r o z i c Lower Floian 65/176/135 P Paleogene Guadalupian h a n e r o z i c h a n e r o z i c Danian 253/180/98 Wordian 251/141/118 26/157/111 Tremadocian 51/169/126 RGB COLOR CODE Ordovician P P 251/116/92 The RGB color code is an additive model of Red, Green and Blue. Maastrichtian 242/250/140 Roadian 251/128/105 Stage 10 230/245/201 240/64/40 Furongian Campanian 230/244/127 Kungurian 227/135/118 Jiangshanian 217/240/187 Each is indicated on a scale from 0 (no pigment) to 255 (saturation of this 179/224/149 pigment). For example: “Devonian (203/140/205)” indicates a mixture of Santonian 217/239/116 Artinskian 227/123/104 86 Paibian 204/235/174 203 Red, 140 Green and 205 Blue. Upper 153/192/141 Cisuralian 166/216/74 Coniacian 204/233/104 239/88/69 Sakmarian 227/111/92 Guzhangian 204/223/170 The conversion from the reference CMYK values to the RGB codes Permian Series 3 utilizes Adobe® Illustrator® CS3’s color function of Turonian 191/227/93 Asselian 227/99/80 Drumian 191/217/157 “Emulate Adobe® Illustrator® 6.0” (menu Edit / Color Settings / Settings). 166/207/134 127/160/ 103/197/202 For color conversions using a program other than Adobe® Illustrator®, it is 127/198/78 Cenomanian 179/222/83 Gzhelian 204/212/199 179/212/146 Upper Stage 5 necessary to conserve the reference CMYK, even if the resulting RGB 191/208/186 values are slightly different. Albian 204/234/151 Kasimovian 191/208/197 Series 2 Stage 4 179/202/142 /165/153 Aptian 191/228/138 Middle Moscovian 179/203/185 153/192/120 Stage 3 166/197/131 103 166/199/183

a l e o z i c Lower 153/194/181 Lower Barremian 179/223/127 Pennsylvanian Bashkirian 153/194/181 Stage 2 166/186/128 P 140/190/180 Cambrian Terreneuvian Color composition by J.M. Pellé (BRGM, France) 2008 140/205/87 Hauterivian 166/217/117 Upper Serpukhovian 191/194/107 140/176/108 Fortunian 153/181/117 179/190/108 Technical review by C. Vinnemann (BGR, Germany) Cretaceous

M e s o z i c Middle Visean Valanginian 153/211/106 153/180/108 166/185/108 Lower Carboniferous 103/143/102 Berriasian 140/205/96 Mississippian 128/171/108 Tournaisian 140/176/108