Darlith Caerwyn 2015 Proflen Derfynol
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Arfau'r Beirdd 1
Pennod 1: Cyflwyniad 1.1 Arfau a‘r Bardd Yn y gynharaf o‘r llawysgrifau sy‘n cynnwys y Gramadegau barddol a briodolir i Einion Offeiriad a Dafydd Ddu, sef llsgr. Peniarth 20, dywedir y dylid moli arglwydd o’y gedernyt, a’y dewred, a’y vilwryaeth. Daw hyn ar frig rhestr o nodweddion eraill, gan gyfeirio hefyd at allu ar wyr a meirch ac arueu, ac adurnyant gwisgoed ac arueu a thlysseu.1 Er bod y ‗Gramadegau‘ wedi eu hysgrifennu rai degawdau ar ôl y cerddi diweddarach a ystyrir yn yr astudiaeth hon, adlewyrchant yn deg bwysigrwyddd arfau fel rhan o ‗arfogaeth‘ lenyddol y beirdd drwy‘r Oesoedd Canol: caiff arfau eu defnyddio wrth foli gwrhydri a milwriaeth, ac fel rhan o ddarlun arwrol o wrthrych cerdd a awgrymai harddwch personol, cyfoeth a statws yn ogystal â rhinweddau milwrol.2 Nid i ganu mawl i arglwyddi yr oedd arfau‘n gyfyngedig, ychwaith, – fe‘u gwelir mewn cerddi i osgorddion ac i swyddogion, ac mewn cerddi mawl a cherddi ymffrost sy‘n darlunio‘r bardd ei hun fel rhyfelwr. Ac fe‘u defnyddid yn symbolaidd, yn ffigurol neu‘n drosiadol mewn amrediad eang o genres gan gynnwys canu crefyddol a cherddi i wragedd yn ogystal â chanu mawl i wrthrychau gwrywaidd. Nid yw‘n syndod fod y beirdd wedi gwneud defnydd mor helaeth o arfau yn eu cerddi. Mae croniclau megis Brut y Tywysogion yn tystio i hollbresenoldeb brwydro drwy gyfnod y Tywysogion, a‘r tywysogion eu hunain, fel llywodraethwyr canoloesol eraill, yn aml yn defnyddio dulliau arfog wrth adeiladu neu amddiffyn eu teyrnasoedd.3 Mynegwyd y ffaith 1 G.J Williams and E.J. -
Cyflwyno-Beirdd-Cymreig-Introducing
Cyflwyno Beirdd Cymreig / Introducing Welsh Poets Parallel.cymru/poets Croeso i ‘Cyflwyno Beirdd Cymru’. Yn yr adnodd hwn byddwch yn dod o hyd i wybodaeth am feirdd sy’n ysgrifennu yn y Gymraeg, neu sydd wedi ysgrifennu am y wlad. Dylanwadwyd ar y beirdd yn y cyflwyniad hwn gan bob agwedd ar Gymru, yn cynnwys traddodiadau barddol Cymraeg, a hanes, tirwedd a diwylliant Cymru. Yma byddwn yn dathlu lleisiau Cymreig, yn cynnwys rhai cyfarwydd, a rhai sy’n llai adnabyddus. Efallai y byddwch yn synnu nad yw rhai enwau cyfarwydd wedi’u cynnwys yn yr adnodd hwn. Roeddwn yn credu ei fod yn bwysig i ddangos yr amrywiaeth sy’n bodoli ym myd barddoniaeth Gymraeg, yn cynnwys y gwahanol arddulliau, o’r traddodiadol i’r arbrofol, sydd wedi bodoli trwy hanes Cymru. Dyma adnodd addysgol rhad ac am ddim, ar gyfer y rhai sydd â diddordeb yn y Gymraeg, ac yn hanes a barddoniaeth Cymru. Mae wedi’i ysgrifennu er mwyn helpu pobl i ddysgu am feirdd Cymru yn y ffordd hawsaf posib, ac felly mae’n cynnwys dolenni i lyfrau ac erthyglau. Ynglŷn â’r wybodaeth am bob bardd, mae’r lluniau wedi’u cysylltu â gwefannau, ble fyddwch chi’n gallu dod o hyd i rai o’r llyfrau y mae sôn amdanyn nhw yn y cyflwyniad hwn. Mae’r awdur wedi manteisio ar wybodaeth academyddion, haneswyr a beirdd Cymreig blaenllaw wrth greu’r dudalen hon. Ymunwch â ni i ymchwilio i feirdd Cymru drwy hanes y wlad ac i ddarganfod pam mai un enw ar Gymru yw Gwlad frwd y beirdd. -
Arthurian Personal Names in Medieval Welsh Poetry
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aberystwyth Research Portal ʹͲͳͷ Summary The aim of this work is to provide an extensive survey of the Arthurian personal names in the works of Beirdd y Tywysogion (the Poets of the Princes) and Beirdd yr Uchelwyr (the Poets of the Nobility) from c.1100 to c.1525. This work explores how the images of Arthur and other Arthurian characters (Gwenhwyfar, Llachau, Uthr, Eigr, Cai, Bedwyr, Gwalchmai, Melwas, Medrawd, Peredur, Owain, Luned, Geraint, Enid, and finally, Twrch Trwyth) depicted mainly in medieval Welsh prose tales are reflected in the works of poets during that period, traces their developments and changes over time, and, occasionally, has a peep into reminiscences of possible Arthurian tales that are now lost to us, so that readers will see the interaction between the two aspects of middle Welsh literary tradition. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 3 Bibliographical Abbreviations and Short Titles ....................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1: Possible Sources in Welsh and Latin for the References to Arthur in Medieval Welsh Poetry .............................................................................................. 17 1.1. Arthur in the White Book of Rhydderch and the -
Adar Yng Ngwaith Y Cywyddwyr
Adar yng Ngwaith y Cywyddwyr Arthur Howard Williams Traethawd a gyflwynir am radd PhD Prifysgol Aberystwyth 2014 CRYNODEB Yn y traethawd hwn astudir yr ymdriniaeth â’r adar yn y farddoniaeth Gymraeg gaeth a luniwyd rhwng tua 1300 a 1600. Yn bennaf, gwaith y Cywyddwyr a ystyrir ond cymerir peth sylw o feirdd y bedwaredd ganrif ar ddeg nad oeddent yn cyfansoddi cywyddau. Ar ôl rhagarweiniad byr rhennir y traethawd yn bum prif bennod. Ym Mhennod 2 ystyrir y ffyrdd yr edrychid ar y byd naturiol trwy Ewrop, yn enwedig ar y syniadaeth a etifeddwyd o’r Oes Glasurol ac ar fydolwg Cristnogol y cyfnod, a hwnnw’n anochel lywodraethol. Ymwna Pennod 3 â chywyddau gofyn a diolch am adar a genid o 1450 ymlaen, am elyrch, peunod, ffesantod ac yn enwedig adar hela. Mae Pennod 4 yn ymdrin â swyddogaethau adar o sawl math fel llateion yn y canu serch ac, yn yr unfed ganrif ar ddeg, fel negeswyr a yrrid at noddwyr, cyfeillion a pherthnasau i’w hannerch. Edrychir hefyd ar rôl adar a gynghorai’r bardd ei hunan. Ym Mhennod 5 troir at gerddi lle erys yr adar yn eu cynefin naturiol, yn bennaf at rôl yr adar bychain yn y canu serch a luniwyd gan Ddafydd ap Gwilym a’i olynwyr ond hefyd at gerddi am adar nad ystyrid mor glodwiw, megis y cyffylog ac yn enwedig y dylluan. Yn y bennod sylweddol olaf (Pennod 6) ystyrir y defnydd o adar i greu trosiadau ym mhob genre yn y canu. Mae hyn yn cwmpasu nid yn unig y darluniadau o’r uchelwyr fel adar ysglyfaethus o bob math ond hefyd y defnydd o beunod, elyrch a gwylanod at ddibenion y canu mawl. -
Historical Writing in Medieval Wales
Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Historical writing in medieval Wales Jones, Owain Award date: 2013 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 HISTORICAL WRITING IN MEDIEVAL WALES OWAIN WYN JONES Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Bangor University 2013 I SUMMARY This study focusses on the writing of history in medieval Wales. Its starting-point is a series of historical texts in Middle Welsh which, from the second quarter of the fourteenth century, begin to appear together in manuscripts to form a continuous history, termed the Welsh Historical Continuum. The central component of this sequence is a translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s influential history of the Britons. The main questions of the first part of the thesis are when and why these historical texts were first combined, and to what degree this Welsh historiographical phenomenon reflects broader European trends. -
I Am No Frivolous Minstrel”: the Welsh Bards and King Edward I
"I AM NO FRIVOLOUS MINSTREL”: THE WELSH BARDS AND KING EDWARD I A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Diane Ney, B.S. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April 1, 2014 Copyright 2014 by Diane Ney All Rights Reserved ii “I AM NO FRIVOLOUS MINSTREL”: THE WELSH BARDS AND KING EDWARD I Diane Ney, B. S. Mentor: Stefan Zimmers, Ph.D. ABSTRACT After his military and economic defeat of the Welsh in 1282, King Edward I of England realized the most effective means of controlling Wales was by undermining the efficacy of its culture. This thesis argues the definitive role of the Welsh bardic tradition in the historical context of Edward’s understanding that cultural domination was as vital to the total sublimation of the Welsh as were their military and economic defeats. While many historians have examined Edward’s military and economic campaigns against the Welsh, few have concentrated on his understanding that dominating thirteenth-century Welsh cultural coherence was Edward’s most important methodology. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research and writing of this thesis would not have been possible without the exceptional support, patience, and guidance of Anne Ridder, Dr. Richard Hewlett, and most especially my thesis mentor, Dr. Stefan Zimmers. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS COPYRIGHT…………………………………………………………………………...ii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………………………..iv -
Rightly, the Political Histories of Medieval Wales Devote Much Time to the Constant Changes of Welsh Society, Contributing To
Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The uxorial lifecycle and female agency in Wales in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Messer, Danna Award date: 2014 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 THE UXORIAL LIFECYCLE AND FEMALE AGENCY IN WALES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES DANNA R. MESSER Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy School of History, Welsh History and Archaeology Bangor University 31 July 2014 ABSTRACT The political, social and cultural histories of Wales before 1282, which focus on themes associated with the evolution of nationhood — namely conquest, co- existence and change — are incomplete because treatments of a collective Welsh identity fail to address women’s experiences. This thesis examines the sources largely associated with Wales during the Age of Princes, analysing how married women are identified and what types of agency are associated with them. -
Re-Thinking Thirteenth-Century Powys
9 Re-Thinking Thirteenth-Century Powys David Stephenson The first major task in any study of medieval Powys is to answer a seemingly simple question: ‘Where was it?’ A legend current in the twelfth century, but perceptible in much earlier poetry, told how Powys had once been a substantial kingdom extending through central and north-eastern Wales and into the land that was later to become Shropshire, with a chief court at Pengwern, which was identified as Shrewsbury.1 But when Powys emerges into the historical record it appears as a diminished polity, confined to lands west of Offa’s Dyke. We hear of kings of Powys or the Powysians in the early ninth century in the Welsh chronicles, while the Pillar of Eliseg near Valle Crucis abbey in the Dee valley close to Llangollen records something of their eighth-century achievements in driving back encroaching Anglo-Saxon forces.2 That first Powysian kingdom appears to have collapsed in the mid-ninth century, and its territory was occupied principally by the rulers of Gwynedd. In the tenth and eleventh centuries rule over Gwynedd implied rule over Powys. But in the early twelfth century descendants of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn recreated a Powysian realm.3 That realm was almost certainly the creation of Maredudd ap Bleddyn (d. 1132), but it was under Maredudd’s son Madog that the kingdom of the Powysians attained its greatest extent.4 His court poet, Gwalchmai ap Meilir, described Madog’s realm as extending from the summit of Pumlumon to the gates of Chester, and from the forested borders of Meirionnydd to the church of Bangor is Coed.5 Much later, probably at the close of the thirteenth century, the Powysian kingdom in the reign of Madog was described by the author of Breuddwyd Rhonabwy as having extended from Gwanan in the furthest uplands of Arwystli to Porffordd.6 Gwanan 1 Gerald of Wales identified Pengwern as Shrewsbury and located it precisely at the spot where the castle stands: Giraldi Cambrensis Opera VI: Itinerarium Kambriae et Descriptio Kambriae, ed. -
The Role of Marriage Between Welsh and Anglo-Norman Aristocratic Families in the Welsh Struggle for Autonomy, 1066-1283
WITTENBERG UNIVERSITY LIVING LINKS: THE ROLE OF MARRIAGE BETWEEN WELSH AND ANGLO-NORMAN ARISTOCRATIC FAMILIES IN THE WELSH STRUGGLE FOR AUTONOMY, 1066-1283 AN HONORS THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH HONORS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ABIGAIL CENGEL SPRINGFIELD, OHIO APRIL 2012 1 Introduction Wales and England in the High Middle Ages were each their own political entities, and each had their own cultures, as represented through their respective languages, laws, and customs. The Welsh and the Anglo-Normans clashed directly after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 when the Normans began an aggressive campaign of conquest throughout the entire island of England – thus, both groups had to find ways to cope with each other. One method that was frequently used as a political tool by both of these peoples was marriage between their respective aristocratic families. These marriages were utilized by the Welsh in their attempts to preserve their political identity and autonomy against the incursions of the Anglo-Normans, as well as to gain advantages over their Welsh rivals. The Anglo-Normans, in turn, used the marriages to gain land and influence in Wales. In other words, these marriages were meant to bridge the gap and serve as living links between two regions that were frequently at odds during the High Middle Ages. The purpose of this study is to determine the ultimate role these marriages played in the Welsh struggle to retain autonomy from 1066 to 1283. In this process, the political, historical, literary, and legal background in which marriages between the Welsh and the Anglo-Normans were made will be examined in order to discover how much of an effect the marriages had in the Welsh political struggles against the Anglo-Normans.