DOCSLIB.ORG

Frequency and Magnitude Variability of Yalu River Flooding

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Frequency and Magnitude Variability of Yalu River Flooding Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4743–4761, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4743-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Frequency and magnitude variability of Yalu River flooding: numerical analyses for the last 1000 years Hui Sheng1, Xiaomei Xu2, Jian Hua Gao2,3, Albert J. Kettner4, Yong Shi2, Chengfeng Xue1, Ya Ping Wang1, and Shu Gao1 1State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China 2School of Geography and Ocean Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China 3Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China 4CSDMS Integration Facility, INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0545, USA Correspondence: Jian Hua Gao ([email protected]) and Ya Ping Wang ([email protected]) Received: 29 October 2019 – Discussion started: 3 February 2020 Revised: 17 May 2020 – Accepted: 21 August 2020 – Published: 5 October 2020 Abstract. Accurate determination of past flooding character- cies of the Yalu River increased during 1000–1940, followed istics is necessary to effectively predict the future flood dis- by a decrease until the present day. Frequency trends were aster risk and dominant controls. However, understanding the strongly modulated by climate variability, particularly by effects of environmental forcing on past flooding frequency the intensity and frequency of rainfall events. The magni- and magnitude is difficult owing to the deficiency of observa- tudes of larger floods, events with a return period of 50 to tions (data available for less than 10 % of the world’s rivers) 100 years, increased by 19.1 % and 13.9 %, respectively, and extremely short measurement time series (< 100 years). due to climate variability over the last millennium. Anthro- In this study, a numerical model, HYDROTREND, which pogenic processes were found to either enhance or reduce generates synthetic time series of daily water discharge at flooding, depending on the type of human activities. Defor- a river outlet, was applied to the Yalu River to (1) reconstruct estation increased the magnitude of larger floods (100- and annual peak discharges over the past 1000 years and estimate 50-year floods) by 19.2 %–20.3 %, but the construction of flood annual exceedance probabilities and (2) identify and cascade reservoirs in 1940 significantly reduced their mag- quantify the impacts of climate change and human activity nitude by 36.7 % to 41.7 %. We conclude that under intensi- (runoff yield induced by deforestation and dam retention) on fied climate change and human activities in the future, effec- the flooding frequency and magnitude. Climate data obtained tive river engineering should be considered, particularly for from meteorological stations and ECHO-G climate model small- and medium-sized mountainous river systems, which output, morphological characteristics (hypsometry, drainage are at a higher risk of flood disasters owing to their relatively area, river length, slope, and lapse rate), and hydrological poor hydrological regulation capacity. properties (groundwater properties, canopy interception ef- fects, cascade reservoir retention effect, and saturated hy- draulic conductivity) form significant reliable model inputs. Monitored for decades, some proxies on ancient floods allow 1 Introduction for accurate calibration and validation of numerical model- ing. Extreme climate events have increased over the last cen- Simulations match well the present-day monitored tury, threatening human life and property (Cai et al., 2014; data (1958–2012) and the literature records of historical UNISDR, 2015; Winsemius et al., 2015). River floods are flood events (1000–1958). They indicate that flood frequen- the most common and damaging of all natural disasters glob- ally, particularly in intensely developed river basins, deltas, Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 4744 H. Sheng et al.: Frequency and magnitude variability of Yalu River flooding and coastal regions (Field et al., 2012; Jian et al., 2014). basis. The model has proven to be capable of capturing the Globally, flood damage has led to an average annual loss of range of magnitude and return intervals of peak discharge USD 104 billion, which is expected to increase in response to events on decadal, centennial, or longer climatic scales for population growth and development of flood-prone regions small- to medium-sized river basins (102–105 km2) (Syvitski (Jongman et al., 2012; UNISDR, 2015). et al., 1998; Syvitski and Morehead, 1999). Predominantly, research has been focused on the phys- The Yalu River is a typical mountainous river that flows ical and statistical characteristics of flood events, estimat- into a macro-tide estuary. Under the impacts of large peak ing flood probability and flooding frequency variability in discharges and tidal jacking, cities of China and North Ko- response to urbanization, climate change, and other factors rea in the lower reaches of the Yalu River severely suffer (Sambrook Smith et al., 2010; Munoz et al., 2015, 2018; Ket- from flood disasters (Zhai et al., 2015). Compared with other tner et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018). However, only short- river systems, the potential for flash flooding in mountainous term (< 100-year) fluvial gauge data exist for most rivers rivers is susceptible to both climatic events and human ac- globally, and the existing observational data are largely af- tivities (Yang and Yin, 2018). Over the past 1000 years, the fected by human activities (Milliman and Farnsworth, 2013). Yalu River witnessed a drier and cooler climatic transition These relatively short records lead to large uncertainties in during the Little Ice Age (LIA). In addition, land reclama- the predictions of future flood disasters and are problematic tion, warfare, reservoir construction, and rapid urbanization in discerning whether changes in flood frequency and mag- have influenced the hydrological characteristics of the river nitude are in response to climate change or human activities (Sheng et al., 2019). Frequent flood disasters, drastic changes (Holmes and Dinicola, 2010; Yang and Yin, 2018). Deter- in the catchment environment, and insufficient research into mining the magnitude and frequency of historical floods can flooding make the Yalu River an appropriate study area for help predict future trends in flood disasters. To date, stud- simulating, reconstructing, and identifying how flood mag- ies have used riverine sedimentological records to identify nitude and frequency have responded to climate change and the frequency and magnitude of historical floods (Gomez et human activities over the past 1000 years. al., 1995; Paola, 2003; Munoz et al., 2018). Large floods In this study, HYDROTREND is applied to numerically can leave distinctive imprints in sedimentary deposits un- reconstruct and investigate the impacts of climate change der relatively stable sedimentary environments (Sadler, 1981; and human activities (deforestation and dam retention) on Paola, 2003). However, sedimentary records are influenced the flooding frequency and magnitude for the Yalu River by a range of flooding magnitudes as well as both fre- over the past 1000 years. Present-day (1958–2012) and long- quent and rare flooding events (Magilligan et al., 1998; Sam- term (1000–1990) climate input data of the Yalu basin were brook Smith et al., 2010). Therefore, it is difficult to accu- obtained from meteorological stations (https://data.cma.cn/, rately discriminate between flood events of different scales last access: 20 May 2019) and the ECHO-G climate model. and to quantify the frequency and magnitude of past floods The climate model ECHO-G that coupled the spectral atmo- using the sedimentary record (Sambrook Smith et al., 2010). spheric model ECHAM4 and the Hamburg Ocean Primitive Numerical modeling provides an alternative to observational Equation global model (HOPE-G) generates monthly precip- or sedimentary record studies and can successfully repro- itation and temperature data of the Yalu River over the last duce basin hydrology over the long term with high accu- millennium (Liu et al., 2009, 2011). Monthly climate out- racy (Syvitski and Morehead, 1999). Consequently, to im- puts from the ECHO-G model are downscaled by the degree- prove the understanding of the main controlling factors of day module and rainfall event module in HYDROTREND, the flooding frequency and magnitude under the impact of and these can be applied to create normally distributed ran- climate change and human activities, the forward hydrologi- dom daily temperatures and synthetic daily rainfall distri- cal model HYDROTREND is applied here. butions within the month using the Monte Carlo technique HYDROTREND is a climate-driven hydrological water (Syvitski et al., 1998). Morphological characteristics (hyp- balance and transport model that simulates the daily time sometry, drainage area, slope, and latitude) and hydrologi- series of water and sediment discharge as a function of cli- cal properties (lapse rate, groundwater properties, canopy in- mate trends and drainage basin characteristics (Syvitski et terception effects, and saturated hydraulic conductivity) are al., 1998; Kettner and Syvitski, 2008). The model creates collected and processed based on the guidebook of the HY- daily water discharge at a river mouth based on a classic wa- DROTREND
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Empires in East Asia
    DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Module 3 Empires in East Asia Essential Question In general, was China helpful or harmful to the development of neighboring empires and kingdoms? About the Photo: Angkor Wat was built in In this module you will learn how the cultures of East Asia influenced one the 1100s in the Khmer Empire, in what is another, as belief systems and ideas spread through both peaceful and now Cambodia. This enormous temple was violent means. dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Explore ONLINE! SS.912.W.2.19 Describe the impact of Japan’s physiography on its economic and political development. SS.912.W.2.20 Summarize the major cultural, economic, political, and religious developments VIDEOS, including... in medieval Japan. SS.912.W.2.21 Compare Japanese feudalism with Western European feudalism during • A Mongol Empire in China the Middle Ages. SS.912.W.2.22 Describe Japan’s cultural and economic relationship to China and Korea. • Ancient Discoveries: Chinese Warfare SS.912.G.2.1 Identify the physical characteristics and the human characteristics that define and differentiate regions. SS.912.G.4.9 Use political maps to describe the change in boundaries and governments within • Ancient China: Masters of the Wind continents over time. and Waves • Marco Polo: Journey to the East • Rise of the Samurai Class • Lost Spirits of Cambodia • How the Vietnamese Defeated the Mongols Document Based Investigations Graphic Organizers Interactive Games Image with Hotspots: A Mighty Fighting Force Image with Hotspots: Women of the Heian Court 78 Module 3 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Timeline of Events 600–1400 Explore ONLINE! East and Southeast Asia World 600 618 Tang Dynasty begins 289-year rule in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Gu Yuxuan, Shijiazhuang Foreign Language School Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China China, Factor 6: Sustainable Agriculture
    Gu Yuxuan, Shijiazhuang Foreign Language School Shijiazhuang, HeBei Province, China China, Factor 6: Sustainable Agriculture China: Sustainable Land Use on Sanjiang Plain Located in the northeast corner of China, Sanjiang Plain is in the administrative divisions of Heilongjiang Province. Amur River, Ussuri River and Songhua River joining together, with their waves impacting the soil, formed this flat and fertile alluvial plain whose total area is 108,900 square kilometers. The surface is wet and always has surplus water because of the broad and flat terrain. The cold and wet climate condition causes heavy precipitations in summer and autumn. Rivers run slowly with sudden flood peak periods. Seasonal freezing-thawing soil covers the whole plain. All those account for large areas of swamp water and vegetation which involves 2.4 million hectares of swamp and marsh soil, ranking China’s largest swamp area. Ten wetland nature reserves were set up, attracting many international ecological and environmental protection organizations. The region, which is covered with 10 to 15 cm of water and the total quantity is 18.764 billion cubic meters, is home to many first-class national protected animals. For instance, the red-crowned cranes in the IUCN (World Conservation Union) red list, the Chinese merganser and the Siberian tiger all find their habit in this plain. Sod layer soils are thick, generally 30 to 40 cm. In the area lies the most fertile black earth in China, and it’s one of the three black earth terrains in the world. High in organic matter, the organic matter is 3% to 10%.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Situation in China – Crisis Or Business As Usual?
    Water Situation In China – Crisis Or Business As Usual? Elaine Leong Master Thesis LIU-IEI-TEK-A--13/01600—SE Department of Management and Engineering Sub-department 1 Water Situation In China – Crisis Or Business As Usual? Elaine Leong Supervisor at LiU: Niclas Svensson Examiner at LiU: Niclas Svensson Supervisor at Shell Global Solutions: Gert-Jan Kramer Master Thesis LIU-IEI-TEK-A--13/01600—SE Department of Management and Engineering Sub-department 2 This page is left blank with purpose 3 Summary Several studies indicates China is experiencing a water crisis, were several regions are suffering of severe water scarcity and rivers are heavily polluted. On the other hand, water is used inefficiently and wastefully: water use efficiency in the agriculture sector is only 40% and within industry, only 40% of the industrial wastewater is recycled. However, based on statistical data, China’s total water resources is ranked sixth in the world, based on its water resources and yet, Yellow River and Hai River dries up in its estuary every year. In some regions, the water situation is exacerbated by the fact that rivers’ water is heavily polluted with a large amount of untreated wastewater, discharged into the rivers and deteriorating the water quality. Several regions’ groundwater is overexploited due to human activities demand, which is not met by local. Some provinces have over withdrawn groundwater, which has caused ground subsidence and increased soil salinity. So what is the situation in China? Is there a water crisis, and if so, what are the causes? This report is a review of several global water scarcity assessment methods and summarizes the findings of the results of China’s water resources to get a better understanding about the water situation.
    [Show full text]
  • In Koguryo Dynasty the State-Formation History Starts from B
    International Journal of Korean History(Vol.6, Dec.2004) 1 History of Koguryŏ and China’s Northeast Asian Project 1Park Kyeong-chul * Introduction The Koguryŏ Dynasty, established during the 3rd century B.C. around the Maek tribe is believed to have begun its function as a centralized entity in the Northeast Asia region. During the period between 1st century B.C. and 1st century A.D. aggressive regional expansion policy from the Koguryŏ made it possible to overcome its territorial limitations and weak economic basis. By the end of the 4th century A.D., Koguryŏ emerged as an empire that had acquired its own independent lebensraum in Northeast Asia. This research paper will delve into identifying actual founders of the Koguryŏ Dynasty and shed light on their lives prior to the actual establishment of the Dynasty. Then on, I will analyze the establishment process of Koguryŏ Dynasty. Thereafter, I will analyze the history of Koguryŏ Dynasty at three different stages: the despotic military state period, the period in which Koguryŏ emerged as an independent empire in Northeast Asia, and the era of war against the Sui and Tang dynasty. Upon completion of the above task, I will illustrate the importance of Koguryŏ history for Koreans. Finally, I attempt to unearth the real objectives why the Chinese academics are actively promoting the Northeast Asian Project. * Professor, Dept. of Liberal Arts, Kangnam University 2 History of Koguryŏ and China’s Northeast Asian Project The Yemaek tribe and their culture1 The main centers of East Asian culture in approximately 2000 B.C. were China - by this point it had already become an agrarian society - and the Mongol-Siberian region where nomadic cultures reign.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing Population Movements in Ancient East Asia Through the Linguistics and Archaeology of Textile Production
    Evolutionary Human Sciences (2020), 2, e5, page 1 of 20 doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.4 REVIEW Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production Sarah Nelson1, Irina Zhushchikhovskaya2, Tao Li3,4, Mark Hudson3 and Martine Robbeets3* 1Department of Anthropology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA, 2Laboratory of Medieval Archaeology, Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of Peoples of Far East, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 3Eurasia3angle Research group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany and 4Department of Archaeology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Archaeolinguistics, a field which combines language reconstruction and archaeology as a source of infor- mation on human prehistory, has much to offer to deepen our understanding of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Northeast Asia. So far, integrated comparative analyses of words and tools for textile production are completely lacking for the Northeast Asian Neolithic and Bronze Age. To remedy this situation, here we integrate linguistic and archaeological evidence of textile production, with the aim of shedding light on ancient population movements in Northeast China, the Russian Far East, Korea and Japan. We show that the transition to more sophisticated textile technology in these regions can be associated not only with the adoption of millet agriculture but also with the spread of the languages of the so-called ‘Transeurasian’ family. In this way, our research provides indirect support for the Language/Farming Dispersal Hypothesis, which posits that language expansion from the Neolithic onwards was often associated with agricultural colonization.
    [Show full text]
  • 4-1 China Ex-Post Evaluation of Japanese ODA Loan Project Jilin
    China Ex-Post Evaluation of Japanese ODA Loan Project Jilin Song Liao River Basin Environmental Improvement Project External Evaluator: Kenji Momota, IC Net Limited 1. Project Description Project Site Sewage Treatment Plant in Jilin City 1.1 Background Since the 1978 adoption of the Economic Reform Policy, the Chinese economy has been making steady growth, and the country’s development in economic aspects has been phenomenal. In parallel, however, the advancement of industrialization has brought about an impending challenge: solving environmental problems including deteriorating quality of river water caused by increased household and industrial wastewater, and air pollution caused by increased use of coal. At the time of appraisal of the project in question (1998), the basin of Songhua River (total length: ca. 2,308 km) that runs through Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces and Liao River (total length: ca. 1,390 km) that runs from Hebei Province/Inner Mongolia, through Jilin Province to Liaoning Province is home to a large number of state-owned petrochemical and other companies and has achieved solid economic growth. The economic prosperity, however, brought with it aggravation of water environment deterioration, because the increases in household sewage and industrial wastewater generation far exceeded the available capacity of sewage and wastewater treatment facilities. Against this background, the Province of Jilin was faced with the urgent need to implement control-at-source measures and improve the sewer system. 1.2 Project Outline The objective of this project is to improve water quality by implementing environmental 4-1 pollution control projects in Songhua/Liao River Basin, a region faced with serious problems of water and air pollution as a result of rapid economic growth, thereby contributing to improved standard of living and health of the local residents.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Prominent Problems in Huai River Basin, China
    International Journal of Hydrology Review Article Open Access Overview of prominent problems in huai river basin, China Abstract Volume 2 Issue 1 - 2018 Water resources problem issues have been the focus of increasing international concern Ayele Elias Gebeyehu,1 Zhao Chunju,1 Zhou and discussions. Water resources are the main economic background of a country. 1 2 In recent years, the amount of renewable water resources in the world decreased by Yihong, Santosh Pingale 1Department of Hydraulic Engineering, China Three Gorges the increasing number of population and water demand, climate change, pollution, University, China deforestation and urbanization. These problems are still prominent issues in Huai 2Department of Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering, River basin. Generally, the main problems faced in the basin are climate change effect, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia flooding, water shortage and water pollution. The rate of those problems in Huai river basin is higher than other river basins of China. Since the area is highly productive Correspondence: Zhao Chunju, Department of Hydraulic but the amount of water resources does not satisfy the demand for different purposes. Engineering, College of Hydraulic and Environmental To solve those problems researchers and stakeholders must find a long-term solution Engineering, China Three Gorges University, China, Tel by identifying the affected areas. This paper presents the overview of water resources +251937613782, Email [email protected] problem of the basin for future study, action plan, and work. Received: November 29, 2017 | Published: January 08, 2018 Keywords: water resources, climate change, flooding, drought, pollution Introduction total river basin area of 270,000 km2 and the total annual runoff of 62.2 billion cubic meters.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011
    37 Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 FAO WATER Irrigation in Southern REPORTS and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 37 Edited by Karen FRENKEN FAO Land and Water Division FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2012 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107282-0 All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the State of the Environment in China 2016
    2016 The 2016 Report on the State of the Environment in China is hereby announced in accordance with the Environmental Protection Law of the People ’s Republic of China. Minister of Ministry of Environmental Protection, the People’s Republic of China May 31, 2017 2016 Summary.................................................................................................1 Atmospheric Environment....................................................................7 Freshwater Environment....................................................................17 Marine Environment...........................................................................31 Land Environment...............................................................................35 Natural and Ecological Environment.................................................36 Acoustic Environment.........................................................................41 Radiation Environment.......................................................................43 Transport and Energy.........................................................................46 Climate and Natural Disasters............................................................48 Data Sources and Explanations for Assessment ...............................52 2016 On January 18, 2016, the seminar for the studying of the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth CPC Central Committee was opened in Party School of the CPC Central Committee, and it was oriented for leaders and cadres at provincial and ministerial
    [Show full text]
  • The Water Balance of China and Its Large River Basins
    Hydrology for the Water Management of Large Riva- Basins (Proceedings of the Vienna Symposium, August 1991). IAHS Publ. no. 201, 1991. THE WATER BALANCE OF CHINA AND ITS LARGE RIVER BASINS LIU GUOWEI AND GUI YUENG Nanjing Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources China ABSTRACT The Yangtze River, Yellow River and other five large river basins are the largest ones in China, with a total area amount­ ing to about 4 333 687 km2 and covering both humid and arid/semi- arid regions. Based on the computation of atmospheric vapour transport, precipitation, évapotranspiration and runoff, water bal­ ance models for the whole country and its seven large river basins have already been developed. Through analyses with the models, some characteristics of hydrologie cycles in the river basins, includ­ ing the origins and routes of atmospheric moisture flux, the water circulation coefficients, etc., have been determined. The results provide a hydrologie basis for water resources assessment and management in China. INTRODUCTION China is located in the East Asian monsoon region, where the hydrologie cycle presents a monsoon climate regime. Every year in May, with the monsoon onset, the rainy season begins in the region south of 25 °N in China. During June to July, the rain band advances to the south of 35°N, and in the whole country the rainy season has developed by August. From November to March of the next year, it is a dry season, and there is a transient season from April to September. The whole country can be divided into three hydrologic-climatic zones: humid, semi-arid and arid zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths
    Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths August 2019 The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH a non-profit, federally owned enterprise, implementing international cooperation projects and measures in the field of sustainable development on behalf of the German Government, as well as other national and international clients. The German Energy Transition Expertise for China Project, which is funded and commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), supports the sustainable development of the Chinese energy sector by transferring knowledge and experiences of German energy transition (Energiewende) experts to its partner organisation in China: the China National Renewable Energy Centre (CNREC), a Chinese think tank for advising the National Energy Administration (NEA) on renewable energy policies and the general process of energy transition. CNREC is a part of Energy Research Institute (ERI) of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Contact: Anders Hove Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH China Tayuan Diplomatic Office Building 1-15-1 No. 14, Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing 100600 PRC [email protected] www.giz.de/china Table of Contents Executive summary 1 1. The Three Norths region features high water-stress, high coal use, and abundant grasslands 3 1.1 The Three Norths is China’s main base for coal production, coal power and coal chemicals 3 1.2 The Three Norths faces high water stress 6 1.3 Water consumption of the coal industry and irrigation of grassland relatively low 7 1.4 Grassland area and productivity showed several trends during 1980-2015 9 2.
    [Show full text]
  • ICARM) in the NOWPAP Region
    NOWPAP POMRAC Northwest Pacific Action Plan Pollution Monitoring Regional Activity Centre 7 Radio St., Vladivostok 690041, Russian Federation Tel.: 7-4232-313071, Fax: 7-4232-312833 Website: http://www.pomrac.dvo.ru http://pomrac.nowpap.org Regional Overview on Integrated Coastal and River Basin Management (ICARM) in the NOWPAP Region POMRAC, Vladivostok 2009 POMRAC Technical Report No 5 МС TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary...................................................................................................................................................4 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................6 1.1 Introduction to Regional Seas Programme and NOWPAP Region.............................................................6 1.2 Brief introduction of Integrated Coastal and River Basin Management in the NOWPAP Region...........................................................................................................................7 1.3 Importance of ICARM procedures for the Region and necessary ICARM strategy in the NOWPAP Region...............................................................................................7 1.4 Geographical scope of NOWPAP area....................................................................................................9 1.5 Institutional arrangements for developing this overview..........................................................................10 2 Part I.
    [Show full text]