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Shrinking German Cities -The Cases of Halle and Gelsenkirchen

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Shrinking German Cities -The Cases of Halle and Gelsenkirchen Master Thesis Shrinking German cities -The cases of Halle and Gelsenkirchen- Author: Nora Kaminski Supervisor: Jan-Evert Nilsson Tutor: Alina Lidén Submitted to Blekinge Tekniska Högskola for the Master of European Spatial Planning and Regional Development on the 13/04/2012 Abstract The thesis researches the reasons of shrinking cities, especially the impact of deindustrialisation, in Germany using the example of Halle and Gelsenkirchen. Additionally, the policy response towards this phenomenon in terms of urban consolidation in the cities is posed. For doing that, the economic history of the towns is investigated and simultaneously the development of population and of unemployment is researched, as they are closely connected to the economy. With an analysis of the proportion of employees in the different economic sectors in the course of time the structural change becomes more obvious. A shifting has taken place: both cities engage currently more people in the tertiary sector and less people in the secondary sector as twenty years ago. Concluding all indicators it can be said that a deindustrialisation took place. However, also other influences on shrinking, as for example migration, are described and their impact on both cities is explained. With investigating the consolidation areas of the programme Stadtumbau Ost and Stadtumbau West in Halle and Gelsenkirchen the possible course of action by the policy is presented and those areas in Halle and Gelsenkirchen are identified, which have the biggest population decline and the highest vacancy rates. Critique about the Stadtumbau programme is given at the end of the research. The result of the analysis is that deindustrialisation can explain big parts of the shrinking process in both cities. Thought, it has to be taken into consideration that the collapse of the German Democratic Republic has been speeding up the process of deindustrialisation in Halle and also other influences like migration and the demographic change affect the growth or shrinking of cities. The urban consolidation in the cities is a mean to alleviate the urgent consequences of shrinking and to retrieve especially the big housing societies from insolvency. However, the applied modification measures cannot alter the causes of shrinkage. ii iii Table of contents 1 Shrinking as a problem...................................................................................1 2 Shrinking - a new type of urban development?..............................................3 2.1 What are shrinking cities?.........................................................................3 2.2 Reasons of shrinking.................................................................................6 2.3 Deindustrialisation as a reason for shrinking............................................8 3 Halle and Gelsenkirchen...............................................................................11 3.1 Introduction of the cities..........................................................................11 3.1.1 Halle.................................................................................................11 3.1.2 Gelsenkirchen..................................................................................14 3.2 History until the 1970s.............................................................................16 3.3 Development from the 1970s until 2004.................................................18 3.4 Current situation 2005 until 2009 ...........................................................22 3.5 Manifestation of shrinking.......................................................................28 3.5.1 Demographic consequences...........................................................28 3.5.2 Physical consequences: infrastructure and vacancy......................36 4 Handling shrinking cities...............................................................................41 4.1 Urban consolidation................................................................................41 4.1.1 “Stadtumbau Ost” in Halle...............................................................43 4.1.2 “Stadtumbau West” in Gelsenkirchen.............................................51 4.2 Criticism on urban consolidation.............................................................55 5 A process with several faces........................................................................56 References..........................................................................................................I iv List of figures Fig. 1: Location of Halle/Saale in Germany.....................................................12 Fig. 2: Location of Gelsenkirchen in Germany................................................15 Fig. 3: Development of population in Halle 1971-2009...................................24 Fig. 4: Development of population in Gelsenkirchen 1975-2009....................26 Fig. 5: Population pyramid of Gelsenkirchen in 2006 and 2025.....................29 Fig. 6: Population pyramid of Halle in 2006 and 2025....................................31 Fig. 7: Groups of age 2006-2025 in Halle (in %).............................................32 Fig. 8: Groups of age 2006-2025 in Gelsenkirchen (in %) .............................34 Fig. 9: Localisation of “Halle-Neustadt” in Halle..............................................40 Fig. 10: Districts of Urban Consolidation in Halle............................................44 Fig. 11: “Kleine Ulrichstraße” in „Nördliche Altstadt“ in Halle..........................46 Fig. 12: Housing estates in “Silberhöhe” in 2005............................................49 Fig. 13: Concrete slab buildings in “Halle-Neustadt”.......................................50 Fig. 14: Districts of Urban Consolidation in Gelsenkirchen.............................52 Fig. 15: “Kopernikusstraße” in “Tossehof”.......................................................53 Fig. 16: Empty commercial premise in “Gelsenkirchen-City”..........................54 v Nomenclature list BBSR Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung = Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development BMVBS Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung = Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development ed. Editor f. following page fig. Figure FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) GDR German Democratic Republic (East Germany) Ibid. ibidem n.d. No date (reference had no available year) p. Page Vol. Volume vi 1. Shrinking as a problem 1 Shrinking as a problem Shrinking cities in Germany have become an up to date topic within the last years. The discussion is connected to the ongoing debate about the demographic change, since the German population is assumed to decline by 2,6% between 2008 and 20201. This means that the growing of one region must come along with the shrinking of another. Since the Middle Ages the shrinking of cities was always a possible type of urban development, for example due to wars, catastrophes or epidemics2. Thus, why is it important to research shrinking and what is new about this process? Since the growth period of the big European cities in the 19th and 20th century due to industrialisation urban development is connected to growth3. For this reason, the current shrinking processes in several German cities are often seen negatively and are hardly accepted by local politicians and municipalities4. Shrinking also causes different problems, for example in social and technical infrastructure, population structure or the cityscape (see chapter 3.5). Additionally, it is a process that will hardly turn into recurring growth in the affected municipalities, due to the lasting population decline that cannot be compensated through immigration5. These aspects underline the importance of researching this process and of showing ways to deal with a declining population as well as handling arising problems. The aim of the thesis is to analyse deindustrialisation as a reason for shrinking in Gelsenkirchen and Halle and its contribution to the shrinking process. Additionally, the manifestation of shrinking in the two cities should be researched. The thesis that should be discussed is that the relocation of industry from cities, thus the deindustrialisation, promoted the decline of population in both cities. For doing this, at first the process of shrinking in Germany is introduced. It is 1 Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland, 2010 2 Benke, 2005 3 Ibid. 4 Gatzweiler; Meyer; Milbert, 2003 5 Ibid. 1 1. Shrinking as a problem defined what shrinking cities are and which reasons there are for explaining shrinking. Subsequently, one of the reasons, deindustrialisation, is explained in more detail. In the next step, the study cases Halle and Gelsenkirchen are presented. These two cities were chosen because they currently have a similar number of inhabitants and similar declining rates. Furthermore cities from both parts of Germany were taken as it is expected that due to the iron curtain and thus a separation of Germany into two parts, there were two different ongoing processes of shrinkage in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) before and after the reunification. After visualising their location and introducing facts about the population structure, the cities' history in reference to their economic development is briefly described. Furthermore the development of several indicators, population, labour force and economic sectors, is analysed in the course
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