DOCSLIB.ORG

Free City of Danzig Treatment of Polish Nationals And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Free City of Danzig Treatment of Polish Nationals And [Distributed to the Members Official No. :C. 245. 1931. I. of the Council.] Geneva, April 15th, 1931. LEAGUE OF NATIONS FREE CITY OF DANZIG TREATMENT OF POLISH NATIONALS AND OTHER PERSONS OF POLISH ORIGIN OR SPEECH AT DANZIG r e q u e s t f o r a n a d v is o r y o p in i o n f r o m t h e p e r m a n e n t COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE. Note by the Secretary- General : The Secretary-General has the honour to circulate for the consideration of the Members of the Council a copy of a letter from the High Commissioner at Danzig, dated March 31st, 1931 (with two appendices), in which the High Commissioner requests the Council to ask the Permanent Court of International Justice to give an advisory opinion on the legal points upon which the Danzig and Polish Governments differ, regarding the question at present before the High Com­ missioner for decision, as to the treatment of Polish nationals and other persons of Polish origin or speech at Danzig. The respective contentions of the two Governments are set out in the two memoranda attached to the High Commissioner’s letter : (1) Memorandum from the Polish Government (with annex), and covering letter from the Polish diplomatic representative at Danzig, dated March 26th, 1931; (2) Memorandum from the Danzig Government, with a covering letter from the President of the Danzig Senate, dated March 26th, 1931. L e t t e r fr o m t h e H ig h Commissioner t o t h e S e c r e t a r y -G e n e r a l . ['Translation.] Danzig, March 31st, 1931. On September 30th, 1930, the Polish Government communicated to me, under the terms of Article 39 of the Treaty of Paris of November 9th, 1920, a request for a decision concerning the treatment of Polish nationals and other persons of Polish origin or speech at Danzig. The Polish Government bases this request, in particular, on Article 104, paragraph 5, of the Treaty of Versailles and Article 33 of the Paris Treaty concluded in virtue of Article 104. The exchange of documents in conformity with the procedure in force has shown that the views of the two Governments are still sharply divided, particularly with regard to the interpreta­ tion of Article 33 of the Paris Treaty, as had already been noted in Article 229 of the Warsaw Agreement of October 24th, 1921, and Chapter III of the Danzig-Polish Agreement of September 1st, 1923.1 It would serve no useful purpose to examine the numerous concrete points submitted to me for decision in the above-mentioned request of the Polish Government before the legal problems involved have been settled beyond dispute. As I have had occasion to note, the procedure established by the Council on June n th, 1925, to the effect that the High Commissioner may consult experts before giving his decision is of little help in this instance. Owing to the weighty consequences of an interpretation—one way or the other—of the article in question, the party whose arguments are rejected will certainly appeal from my decision to the Council unless my decision is based upon a legal opinion of indisputable authority. In view, therefore, of the decision I am called upon to take, I venture, in agreement with the parties, to draw the Council’s attention to the eminent desirability of asking the Permanent Court of International Justice to give forth- 1 Note by the Secretary- General : See Official Journal, November 1923, pages 1419 and 1420. S.d.N. 525 (F.) 300 (A.) 4/31. Imp. Kundig. with an advisory opinion on the legal points on which the two Governments differ. In view of the possible submission of the question to the Court, each Government has attached a memorandum setting out its arguments (Appendices I and II). (Signed) M. Gravina. Appendix I. C o v e r in g L e t t e r fr o m t h e P o l ish D ipl o m a t ic R epresentative a t D a n z ig t o t h e H ig h Commissioner . [Translation.'] Danzig, March 26th, 1931. With reference to your letter of the n th inst., No. 9/B/116, I have the honour to forward to you herewith a memorandum dealing fully with the arguments in regard to Article 104, para­ graph 5, of the Treaty of Versailles and Article 33 of the Treaty of Paris. (Signed) H enryk St r a s b u r g e r . MEMORANDUM FROM THE POLISH GOVERNMENT. [Translation.] I. Article 102 of the Treaty of Versailles provided for the establishment of the Free City of Danzig in the following terms : “ The Principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake to establish the town of Danzig, together with the rest of the territory described in Article 100, as a Free City. It will be placed under the protection of the League of Nations.” Article 103 of the same Treaty provides that the powers of the organs of the League shall be as follows: “ A Constitution for' the Free City of Danzig shall be drawn up by the duly appointed representatives of the Free City in agreement with a High Commissioner to be appointed by the League of Nations. This Constitution shall be placed under the guarantee of the League of Nations. “ The High Commissioner will also be entrusted with the duty of dealing in the first instance with all differences arising between Poland and the Free City of Danzig in regard to this Treaty or any arrangements or agreements made thereunder. “ The High Commissioner shall reside at Danzig.” Article 104 of the Treaty of Versailles defines the rights of Poland in Danzig and in regard to Danzig : “ The Principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake to negotiate a Treaty between the Polish Government and the Free City of Danzig, which shall come into force at the same time as the establishment of the said Free City, with the following objects : “ (1) To effect the inclusion of the Free City of Danzig within the Polish Customs frontiers, and to establish a free area in the port; “ (2) To ensure to Poland without any restriction the free use and service of all waterways, docks, basins, wharves and other works within the territory of the Free City necessary for Polish imports and exports ; “ (3) To ensure to Poland the control and administration of the Vistula and of the whole railway system within the Free City, except such street and other railways as serve primarily the needs of the Free City, and of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communication between Poland and the port of Danzig; “ (4) To ensure to Poland the right to develop and improve the waterways, docks, basins, wharves, railways and other works and means of communication mentioned in this article, as well as to lease or purchase through appropriate processes such land and other property as may be necessary for these purposes ; “ (5) To provide against any discrimination within the Free City of Danzig to the detriment of citizens of Poland and other persons of Polish origin or speech ; “ (6) To provide that the Polish Government shall undertake the conduct of the foreign relations of the Free City of Danzig as well as the diplomatic protection of citizens of that city when abroad.” Articles 102, 103 and 104 of the Treaty of Versailles are the realisation of the free and secure access to the sea promised to Poland in Point 13 of the historical speech of President Wilson to Congress in Washington on January 8th, 1918. Danzig was withdrawn from the German Reich because there was no other means of providing this free and secure access to the sea which the Germans had promised to grant (letter from the Peace Conference to the President of the German delegation, June 16th, 1919). — 3 — In their reply to the observations of the German delegation, the Allied and Associated Powers indicated more fully the reasons for the separation of Danzig from the Reich and for the rights conferred on Poland in Danzig : “ The proposed settlement for Danzig has been drawn up with the most scrupulous care, and will preserve the character which Danzig held during many centuries, and, indeed, until forcibly and contrary to the will of the inhabitants it was annexed to the Prussian State. The population of Danzig is and has for long been predominantly German ; just for this reason, it is not proposed to incorporate it in Poland. But Danzig, when a Hansa city, like many other Hansa cities, lay outside the political frontiers of Germany and, in union with Poland, enjoyed a large measure of local independence and great commercial prosperity. It will now be replaced in a position similar to that which it held for so many centuries. The economic interests of Danzig and Poland are identical. For Danzig, as the great port of the valley of the Vistula, the most intimate connection with Poland is essential. The annexation of West Prussia, including Danzig, to Germany deprived Poland of that direct access to the sea which was hers by right. The Allied and Associated Powers propose that this direct access shall be restored. It is not enough that Poland should be allowed the use of German ports ; the coast, short as it is, which is Polish must be restored to her. Poland claims, and justly claims, that the control and development of the port which is her sole opening to the sea shall be in her hands and that the communications between it and Poland shall not be subjected to any foreign control, so that in this, one of the most important aspects of national life, Poland should be put on an equality with the other States of Europe.” The above-mentioned provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, together with the statement of the grounds for their adoption given by the Allied and Associated Powers, allow the following conclusions to be drawn : (1) The creation of the Free City is the result of a compromise between two aims: the principal aim—to ensure for Poland free and secure access to the sea; and the secondary aim—to guarantee to the people of Danzig and of the neighbouring territory a national development of their own.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Oder-Neisse Line As Poland's Western Border
    Piotr Eberhardt Piotr Eberhardt 2015 88 1 77 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/ GPol.0007 April 2014 September 2014 Geographia Polonica 2015, Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 77-105 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0007 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl THE ODER-NEISSE LINE AS POLAND’S WESTERN BORDER: AS POSTULATED AND MADE A REALITY Piotr Eberhardt Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article presents the historical and political conditioning leading to the establishment of the contemporary Polish-German border along the ‘Oder-Neisse Line’ (formed by the rivers known in Poland as the Odra and Nysa Łużycka). It is recalled how – at the moment a Polish state first came into being in the 10th century – its western border also followed a course more or less coinciding with these same two rivers. In subsequent cen- turies, the political limits of the Polish and German spheres of influence shifted markedly to the east. However, as a result of the drastic reverse suffered by Nazi Germany, the western border of Poland was re-set at the Oder-Neisse Line. Consideration is given to both the causes and consequences of this far-reaching geopolitical decision taken at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious Three Powers of the USSR, UK and USA. Key words Oder-Neisse Line • western border of Poland • Potsdam Conference • international boundaries Introduction districts – one for each successor – brought the loss, at first periodically and then irrevo- At the end of the 10th century, the Western cably, of the whole of Silesia and of Western border of Poland coincided approximately Pomerania.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
    A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Consular Law and Practice After Regaining Independence in 1918 – the Selected Key Issues of the Interwar Period
    POLISH REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LAW 2020, Vol. 9, Issue 1 Paweł Czubik* Polish Consular Law and Practice after REGaininG Independence IN 1918 – the Selected KEY Issues of the Interwar Period Abstract: The article discusses the selected issues of Polish consular law and practice in the period 1918-1939. The complicated interwar political situation had a direct impact on the practice of Polish consular offices. The consular relations with the Germans were particularly difficult. The enormous scale of the political problems in the Polish-German relations increased particularly during the years 1933-1939. The efficiency of consular intervention in favour of Polish citizens was insignificant. The relations with Soviet Russia were even more difficult. In the interwar period, Poland was the only country to have a consular convention signed with the Soviet state. The convention was considered to be very innovative with regard to immunities and privileges. However, the Soviets did not feel obligated by the treaties signed. As a result, Polish consuls and diplomats had no knowledge of the scale of the tragedy of the Polish population in the Soviet Union i.e. mass genocide committed by the NKVD in 1938. The exercise of consular functions, in this case, was practically impossible. The paper demonstrates that regardless of the difficult experiences with the neighbours, Poland after the rebirth of the statehood constructed a professional consular service, which performed its legal and supportive * Associate Professor, the Head of the Department of International Public and European Law, Cracow University of Economics, Judge of the Supreme Court, Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs, ORCID: 0000-0003-0268-8665.
    [Show full text]
  • I~ ~ Iii 1 Ml 11~
    , / -(t POLIUSH@, - THE NEW GERMAN BODanER I~ ~ IIi 1 Ml 11~ By Stefan Arski PROPERTY OF INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 214 CALIFORNIA HALL T HE NE W POLISH-GERMAN B O R D E R SAFEGUARD OF PEACE By Stefan Arski 1947 POLISH EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D. C. POLAND'S NEW BOUNDARIES a\ @ TEDEN ;AKlajped T5ONRHOLM C A a < nia , (Kbn i9sberq) Ko 0 N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- K~~~towicealst Pr~~ue J~~'~2ir~~cou Shaded area: former German territories, east of the Oder and Neisse frontier, assigned to Poland at Potsdam by the three great Allied powers: the United States, the Soviet Union and Great Britain. The whole area comprising 39,000 square miles has already been settled by Poles. [ 2 ] C O N T E N T S Springboard of German Aggression Page 8 Foundation of Poland's Future - Page 21 Return to the West - Page 37 No Turning Back -Page 49 First Printing, February 1947 Second Printing, July 1947 PRINED IN THE U. S. A. al, :x ..Affiliated; FOREWORD A great war has been fought and won. So tremendous and far-reaching are its consequences that the final peace settlement even now is not in sight, though the representatives of the victorious powers have been hard at work for many months. A global war requires a global peace settlement. The task is so complex, however, that a newspaper reader finds it difficult to follow the long drawn-out and wearisome negotiations over a period of many months or even of years. Moreover, some of the issues may seem so unfamiliar, so remote from the immediate interests of the average American as hardly to be worth the attention and effort their comprehension requires.
    [Show full text]
  • German’ Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War
    EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1 The Expulsion of the ‘German’ Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War Edited by STEFFEN PRAUSER and ARFON REES BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOMENICO (FI) All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author(s). © 2004 Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees and individual authors Published in Italy December 2004 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50016 San Domenico (FI) Italy www.iue.it Contents Introduction: Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees 1 Chapter 1: Piotr Pykel: The Expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia 11 Chapter 2: Tomasz Kamusella: The Expulsion of the Population Categorized as ‘Germans' from the Post-1945 Poland 21 Chapter 3: Balázs Apor: The Expulsion of the German Speaking Population from Hungary 33 Chapter 4: Stanislav Sretenovic and Steffen Prauser: The “Expulsion” of the German Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia 47 Chapter 5: Markus Wien: The Germans in Romania – the Ambiguous Fate of a Minority 59 Chapter 6: Tillmann Tegeler: The Expulsion of the German Speakers from the Baltic Countries 71 Chapter 7: Luigi Cajani: School History Textbooks and Forced Population Displacements in Europe after the Second World War 81 Bibliography 91 EUI WP HEC 2004/1 Notes on the Contributors BALÁZS APOR, STEFFEN PRAUSER, PIOTR PYKEL, STANISLAV SRETENOVIC and MARKUS WIEN are researchers in the Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, Florence. TILLMANN TEGELER is a postgraduate at Osteuropa-Institut Munich, Germany. Dr TOMASZ KAMUSELLA, is a lecturer in modern European history at Opole University, Opole, Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Buildings and Urban Planning in Gdańsk/Danzig from 1933–1945
    kunsttexte.de/ostblick 3/2019 - 1 Ja!oda ?a5@ska-Kaczko &ublic .uildin!s and Brban &lannin! in "da#sk/$anzi! fro% 193321913 Few studies have discussed the Nazi influence on ar- formation of a Nazi-do%inated Denate that carried chitecture and urban lanning in "dańsk/Danzig.1 Nu- out orders fro% .erlin. /he Free Cit' of $anzi! was %erous &olish and "erman ublications on the city’s formall' under the 7ea!ue of Nations and unable to history, %onu%ent reservation, or *oint ublications run an inde endent forei!n olic') which was on architecture under Nazi rule offer only !eneral re- entrusted to the Fe ublic of &oland. However) its %arks on local architects and invest%ents carried out newl' elected !overn%ent had revisionist tendencies after 1933. +ajor contributions on the to ic include, a and i% le%ented a Jback ho%e to the FeichK %ono!ra h b' Katja .ernhardt on architects fro% the a!enda <0ei% ins Feich=. 4ith utter disre!ard for the /echnische 0ochschule $anzig fro% 1904–1945,2 rule of law) the new authorities banned o osition .irte &usback’s account of the restoration of historic and free ress) sought to alter the constitution) houses in the cit' fro% 1933–1939,3 a reliminary %ar!inalized the Volksta!) and curtailed the liberties stud' b' 4iesław "ruszkowski on unrealized urban of &olish and 8ewish citizens) the ulti%ate !oal bein! lanning rojects fro% the time of 4orld 4ar 66)1 their social and econo%ic exclusion. 6n so doin!) the which was later develo ed b' &iotr Lorens,3 an ex- Free Cit' of $anzi! sou!ht to beco%e one with the tensive reliminary stud' and %ono!ra h b' 8an Feich.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conflict Between Sean Lester, High Commissioner of the League of Nations and Danzig’S Nazi Senate, 1934-1937
    SYMBOLAE EUROPAEAE POLITECHNIKA KOSZALIŃSKA SYMBOLAE EUROPAEAE STUDIA HUMANISTYCZNE POLITECHNIKI KOSZALIŃSKIEJ nr 9 (1:2016) KOSZALIN 2016 ISSN 1896-8945 Rada Naukowa Andrzej Chodubski (Gdańsk), Peter Garbe (Greifswald), Klaus Hammer (Berlin), Marek Jabłonowski (Warszawa), Jacek Knopek (Toruń), Honorata Korpikiewicz (Poznań), Zdzisław Kroplewski (Szczecin), Iwona Alechowicz-Skrzypek (Opole), Wiesław Wysocki (Warszawa), Diana Etco (Kiszyniów), Natalia Danilkina (Kaliningrad), Przemysław Żukiewicz (Wrocław). Redaktor naczelny Bolesław Andrzejewski Zespół redakcyjny nr 9 Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca Urszula Kosowska Zbigniew Danielewicz Izabela Dixon Redaktor statystyczny Urszula Kosowska Przewodniczący Uczelnianej Rady Wydawniczej Zbigniew Danielewicz Projekt okładki Agnieszka Bil Skład, łamanie Karolina Ziobro © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Politechniki Koszalińskiej Koszalin 2016 WYDAWNICTWO UCZELNIANE POLITECHNIKI KOSZALIŃSKIEJ 75-620 Koszalin, ul. Racławicka 15-17 —————————————————————————————————— Koszalin 2016, wyd. I, ark. wyd. 15,96, format B-5, nakład 100 egz. Druk Spis treści HISTORIA I POLITYKA PAUL McNAMARA ,,A Tragedy of European Concern” – The conflict between Sean Lester, High Commissioner of the League of Nations and Danzig’s Nazi Senate, 1934-1937 .......................................................................................................... 7 KAROL OSSOWSKI Dlaczego na przełomie XIII i XIV wieku doszło do upadku jarmarków szampańskich? ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Gorecki, Joe Title: National Identity and Experiences of Nationalism in Germany’s ‘Lost Territories’ Danzig/Gdask and Kattowitz/Katowice, 1919-1930 General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. National Identity and Experiences of Nationalism in Germany’s ‘Lost Territories’:
    [Show full text]
  • Ustrój I Status Prawnomiędzynarodowy Wolnego Miasta Gdańska (1920–1939)
    InternetowyPrzegląd Prawniczy TBSP UJ 2015/4 ISSN 1689-9601 Konrad Purzycki* Ustrój i status prawnomiędzynarodowy Wolnego Miasta Gdańska (1920–1939) Abstract Free City of Danzig was established as a result of the provisions of The Treaty of Versailles. It was a compromise between Poland’s need to have an access to the sea, and the interests of major population of Gdansk which was german-speaking. Free City was not sovereign subject of international relations. It was connected in a specific way with League of Nations and it was under the administrative protectorate of Poland. International position of Gdansk and its political system based on: The Treaty of Versailles, The Constitution of The Free City of Danzig and agreements concluded by the authorities of the Gdansk with Polish government. Political system of Gdansk based on the separation of power between: the legislative body in the form of the People’s Assembly (Volkstag), Senate as an executive and independent judiciary. Constitution of The Free City of Danzig guaranteed civil and political rights including freedom of speech and religion. Gdansk by the actions of the German government became the subject of the so-called actual anschluss. It consists in changing political system of Gdansk to 3rd Reich pattern in an informal way and gradual coordinating policies of Berlin and Gdansk. Lack of firm resistance * Autor jest absolwentem prawa na Wydziale Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. 229 of international community to German action led to the outbreak of II World War and finally to inclusion of Gdansk to Reich. Streszczenie W wyniku postanowień Traktatu wersalskiego z 28 VI 1919 r.
    [Show full text]
  • East Prussia Danzig
    INFORMATION NOTES EAST PRUSSIA AND DANZIG Issued by THE· POLISH MINISTRY OF PREPARATORY WORK CONCERNING THE PEACE CONFERENCE The following Notes are prepared by experts and are desigr give the basic facts essential to the settlement of Polish post-war pror They are primarily intended for the use of students and writ. international affairs. They may be obtained direct from The Ministry of Preparatory Work Concerning the Peace Con 73. Portland Place, London, W.l. Any opinions expressed in this publication are not necessariC of the Polish Government. April, 1944 Printed at Barnard and Westwood Ltd. London, W.J CONTENTS PAGE _;iECURITY OF POLAND AND THE PEACE OF EUROPE 5 1-JISTORICAL AND ETHNICAL fACTS . • . 6 f-CONOMIC UNITY OF POLAND, DANZIG AND EAST PRUSSIA 7 . !RELATIONS Of GERMANY TO EAST PRUSSIA 8 ,,E ATTITUDE OF POLAND II :oNCLUSIONS 13 \NNEXES: \REA AND POPULATION 15 (a) Eas1 Prussia (b) Fr<-e City of Danzig (c) Number of Households in East Prussia in 1933 EMIGRATION FROM EAST PRUSSIA 15 INCREASE OF POPULATION AND MIGRATION IN lllE COUNTIES OF EAST PRUSSIA DURING THE PERIOD FROM 1925-1933 16 NATIONAUTIES IN EAST PRUSSIA 17 (n) Poles h) Lithuanians c) Foreign Workers .J) Gernnanizarion re) Plebiscite .IAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF EAST PRUSSIA .. 23 (a) Occupations (b) Social Structure (c) lndusrry and Crafts (d) Agrarian System (e) Participarion in the National Income of Germany (f) Participation in Income Tax (g) Wages (h) A British View ·sr PRUSSIA AS A SoURCE OF MILITARY MAN POWER " 25 i>) Narural Increase of Population (b) Children under 15 according to 1933 Census (c) Recruitment of Soldiers ·oME VIEWS CoNCERNING THE PoLISH OIJTLET TO rnE SEA .
    [Show full text]
  • Poland's Postal Service in Danzig
    50 Years Ago in Stamps: Poland’s Postal Service in Danzig by Edward Nowak, Sr. (From STAMPS Magazine, Feb. 21, 1959, with images added) According to reg- istered philatelic facts, the Polish postal service at Gdansk (Danzig) was inaugurated in 1654 by John Casimir, King of Poland. The mail service, from its inception, waged constant battle with postal services of Prussia, due to the insistence of that coun- try on maintaining service through Poland, especially Danzig 1921, registered cover to U.S. with 1920 2 between the two Prussias. mark on 35pf, Sc. 27, and 1920 20pf, Sc. 66 The second partition of Poland in 1793, and the resultant Prussian absorption of Gdansk, was the cause of liquidation of After special agreements arrived at between representatives Poland’s postal service in that region of Europe. The last Polish of Poland and authorities of the Free City of Gdansk, a second postmaster to serve was A. Stanislawski. post office was opened (April 14, 1923) in the Main R. R. Sta- On the strength of the Versailles Treaty (January 10, 1920) tion in Gdansk. This post office (#2) was assigned to maintain Poland again began to organize its own postal department in contacts with the post office in “Port of Gdansk” and to supervise the newly created “Free City of Danzig” and the Polish cor- the inter-Polish postal service, mail trucks, and correspondence ridor to the sea. on trains arriving at Gdansk. Pursuant to laws arrived at during the Convention of Paris Neither post office number (November 9, 1920), Poland not only was given a free hand in one nor two was open to the establishing a postal service in the “Free City of Gdansk” and public.
    [Show full text]
  • German People`S List – the Outline of the Issue in Historic and Legal Perspective
    CONFRONTATION AND COOPERATION 1000 YEARS OF POLISH–GERMAN–RUSSIAN RELATIONS V OL . I(V)/2019: 45–67 DOI: 10.2478/conc-2019-0006 Dorota Zając Jagiellonian College in Toruń, Poland German People`s List – the outline of the issue in historic and legal perspective. Part I Key words: World War II, Poland, Germany, Germanization of Poles, Volksliste Introduction tasks in this field were to be realized by party leaders of NSDAP, Gauleiters, appointed by Hitler himself, who The article aims at presenting the issue of German were in charge when it came to the success of his plans. People`s List (Deutsche Volksliste, DVL) as the means of And so: Albert Forster was responsible for West Prussia conditioning the process of Germanization on the ter- (Reichsgau Danzig Westpreussen), Erich Koch-East Prus- ritories incorporated to the Third Reich as well as the sia (Provinz Ostpreußen), Kraj Warty(Reichsgau Warthel- area of General Government (GG) between 1939 and and or Warthegau) was taken by Artur Greiser, whereas 1945. The main objective of the study is to introduce the Province of Upper Silesia (Provinz Schlesien) was the meaning of activities undertaken by the occupant governed by Josef Wagner and later on by Fritz Bracht2. authorities and present the legal grounds consistent The above mentioned General Government (General- with the Nazi national policy. gouvernement) was managed by Hans Frank3. The study has been created basing on the broad ref- After the annexation of Polish lands along with his erences concerning the issue, and even though the topic appointed Statthalters, Hitler`s desire was to Germanize has been analyzed frequently, the study consolidates, completely the population of recently invaded territo- orders and presents the issue in one work in a synthe- ries.
    [Show full text]