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Policing in the UK: a Brief Guide

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Policing in the UK: a Brief Guide Policing in the UK: A Brief Guide 1 What do the Police do? How do we police? Neighbourhood policing and the Peelian Principles are the heart and soul of the British model. This is the aspect of policing that most people relate to and evidence points to increases in public confidence directly linked to visibility of police officers and staff. Public confidence underpins police legitimacy and has practical benefits. These include gaining intelligence about criminal activity within communities, opportunities for engaging with neighbourhood groups and boosting recruitment of those either wishing to volunteer or join through the Special Constabulary. Peelian Principles 1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. 2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions. 3. Police must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. 4. The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force. 5. Police seek and preserve public favour not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. 6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient. 7. Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence. 8. Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary. 9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it. Cutting Crime The Office of Constable Home Secretary Theresa May has said “I think for too long, too many people Every sworn police officer in England that the mission of the police is to cut have seen crime as a strict Home Office and Wales is a ‘Constable’ regardless of crime, no more and no less. In a speech to definition of recorded crime. When I talk rank. It is from the Office of Constable the Police Superintendents’ Association about fighting crime, I do not mean a that each officer derives their powers. she expanded on this theme, saying: narrow category of activity. The Office of Constable means a police officer has the additional legal powers “Cutting crime isn’t just about the number “Cutting crime means catching criminals of arrest and control of the public given of arrests which are made, the number but it also means preventing crime. And to him or her directly by a sworn oath of incidents responded to or the number preventing crime means intervening and warrant. These are not delegated of successful prosecutions. In fact, I am early in domestic disputes to prevent powers simply because they have been quite clear that it does mean a range of escalation, it means supporting the employed as an officer. Police officers activity […] vulnerable person who could become a are not employees, but office holders. victim of crime, it means tackling anti- Each police officer has personal liability “Let me be clear. Some domestic disputes social behaviour, it means providing for their actions or inaction. The chief are crime and all incidents of domestic effective public order policing.” officer of the force to which each violence are crime. Early intervention is constable is attached also has a level of crime fighting. Preventing crime is part of corporate responsibility. cutting crime. 2 Organising the police service The term ‘constable’ dates back almost to the Norman conquest, and acquired the characteristics of a local officer with recognised responsibility for keeping the King’s peace over centuries. The modern police service is still founded on this concept of the Office of Constable, subject to the rule of law, independent and impartial, tasked with upholding and enforcing the law. The first ‘modern’ police force in England may have been the Bow Street Runners, formed with volunteers walking the streets in 1748. It was not until 1829 that the Metropolitan Police Act was passed, which began the development of what we know today as the paid police. Over the past 180 years the British Police Service has evolved to be one of the best, if not the finest, police service in the world. The structure of policing within the oversight. From November 2012, 41 As well as regionally based police forces, United Kingdom is complex. There of the geographic forces will have there is also British Transport Police are 44 geographic forces in England, elected Police and Crime Commissioners with responsibility for policing the rail Wales and Northern Ireland, each led by (PCCs) responsible for discharging network, and specialist police forces a Chief Constable who under statute local democratic oversight. The two such as the Ministry of Defence Police has authority of ‘direction and control’ exceptions are City of London Police, which serves MoD establishments, and of the force. Each Chief Constable and the Police Service of Northern the Civil Nuclear Constabulary, which is accountable to law, to the Home Ireland. In London, the PCC role is protects nuclear sites. Secretary for national efficiency and undertaken by the Mayor’s Office for effectiveness, and to local democratic Policing and Crime (MOPAC). Police Force Boundaries in England, Wales and Northern Ireland 1. Avon & Somerset 26. Norfolk 2. Bedfordshire 27. Northamptonshire 3. Cambridgeshire 28. Northumbria 4. Cheshire 29. North Wales 5. City of London 30. North Yorkshire 6. Cleveland 31. Nottinghamshire 7. Cumbria 32. South Wales 8. Derbyshire 33. South Yorkshire 9. Devon & Cornwall 34. Staffordshire 10. Dorset 35. Suffolk 11. Durham 36. Surrey 12. Dyfed-Powys 37. Sussex 13. Essex 38. Thames Valley 14. Gloucestershire 39. Warwickshire 15. Greater Manchester 40. West Mercia 16. Gwent 41. West Midlands 17. Hampshire and Isle of Wight 42. West Yorkshire 18. Hertfordshire 43. Wiltshire 19. Humberside 44. Police Service of Northern 20. Kent Ireland 21. Lancashire 22. Leicestershire 23. Lincolnshire 24. Merseyside 25. Metropolitan Police Service 3 UK Police Service - a complex structure British Transport Police (BTP) is the national police force for the railways providing a policing service to rail operators, their staff and passengers throughout England, Scotland and Wales. Every day it polices over six million passengers and 400,000 tonnes of freight over 10,000 miles of track. Accountability is to the British Transport and set out powers to members of the Police Authority (BTPA), made up of 15 Civil Nuclear Constabulary. The CNPA members representing passengers, the operates under the strategic direction of rail industry, Scotland, England and Wales, the Department for Energy and Climate appointed by the Secretary of State for Change (DECC). Members of the CNPA are Northern Ireland Transport. The BTPA is charged with appointed by the Secretary of State and The Police Service of Northern Ireland securing the maintenance of an efficient the organisation is a non-departmental is overseen through a system of and effective police force, and unlike the public body. The function of the accountability structures including the geographic Home Office forces, is also CNPA is to maintain the efficiency and Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland charged with defraying the expenses of effectiveness of the CNC. The role of the and the Northern Ireland Policing the police force to the rail industry. The CNPA is to ensure that the Constabulary Board. The Policing Board takes its annual net revenue budget for the force is meets the policing requirements of powers from the Police (Northern just over £200 million. primary stakeholders in the nuclear Ireland) Act 2000 and has 19 members industry. in total, including a Chair and a Vice The Civil Nuclear Constabulary (CNC) Chair. The work of the Board covers has a very exclusive role, providing oversight of the PSNI, human rights, protection for civil nuclear licensed sites Scotland community engagement, police and (e.g. power stations) and safe-guarding In Scotland, the eight territorial forces, community safety partnerships and nuclear materials, nuclear site operators, Scottish Police Services Authority and police pensions and administration. policing and nuclear regulators as well Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement as interlinking with Home Office forces. Agency are currently integrating into The Energy Act 2004 created the Civil a single service. The Police Service Nuclear Police Authority (CNPA) for Scotland (PSS) will be the largest police service in the UK after the Metropolitan Police Service, comprising more than 17,000 officers and 6,500 The job of the Ministry of Defence operates one of the most advanced staff serving Scotland’s population of Police (MDP) is to provide constabulary police analytical systems in the world. more than five million people and a policing on the Defence Estate, to In partnership with Action Fraud (the budget of around £1.4bn. The Police enable the MOD and the Armed Forces UK’s national fraud reporting centre), the and Fire Reform (Scotland) Bill 2012 to carry out their role with security and bureau has processed over 2.25 million was passed by the Scottish Parliament confidence. Formed in 1971, the MDP’s reports of confirmed fraud. Analysis of its on 27 June 2012. The Chief Constable jurisdiction is defined in the MOD Police data has identified thousands of criminal will be accountable to the Scottish Act 1987.
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