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Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes Interim Handbook

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Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes Interim Handbook TCRP Web Document 12 (Project B-12): Contractor’s Interim Handbook Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes Interim Handbook Prepared for: Transit Cooperative Research Program Transportation Research Board National Research Council TCRP Project B-12 Submitted by: Richard H. Pratt, Consultant, Inc. Garrett Park, Maryland and Texas Transportation Institute Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. SG Associates, Inc. McCollom Management Consulting, Inc. March 2000 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and was conducted through the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Research Council. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in the report are those of the research agency. They are not necessarily those of the TRB, the National Research Council, the FTA, the Transit Development Corporation, or the U.S. Government. This report has not been edited by TRB. ii Table of Contents Page Foreword by TRB Staff viii Report Organization ix Author and Contributor Acknowledgments ix TCRP Project B-12 Panel xi 1 — INTRODUCTION 1-1 Genesis and Status of the Handbook 1-1 Scope and Development of the Handbook 1-4 Use of the Handbook 1-7 References 1-17 MULTIMODAL/INTERMODAL FACILITIES 2 — HOV Facilities 2-1 Objectives of HOV Facilities 2-2 Types of HOV Facilities and Treatments 2-2 Analytical Considerations 2-4 Traveler Response Summary 2-5 Traveler Response to Type of HOV Application 2-7 Underlying Traveler Response Factors 2-41 Related Information and Impacts 2-55 Additional Resources 2-73 Case Studies 2-74 References 2-87 3 — Park-and-Ride and Park-and-Pool 3— IN PREPARATION iii Table of Contents, continued Page TRANSIT FACILITIES AND SERVICES 4 — Busways and Express Bus 4— IN PREPARATION 5 — Vanpools and Buspools 5-1 Objectives of Vanpool and Buspool Programs 5-2 Types of Vanpool and Buspool Programs 5-2 Analytical Considerations 5-3 Traveler Response Summary 5-4 Response to Vanpool and Buspool Programs 5-6 Underlying Traveler Response Factors 5-15 Related Information and Impacts 5-23 Additional Resources 5-35 Case Studies 5-35 References 5-43 6 — Demand Responsive / ADA 6-1 Objectives of Demand Responsive/ADA Services 6-2 Types of Demand Responsive Services 6-2 Analytical Considerations 6-4 Traveler Response Summary 6-6 Response by Type of Strategy 6-7 Underlying Traveler Response Factors 6-25 Related Information and Impacts 6-31 Additional Resources 6-40 Case Studies 6-40 References 6-48 7 — Light Rail Transit 7— TO BE PREPARED iv Table of Contents, continued Page 8 — Commuter Rail 8— TO BE PREPARED PUBLIC TRANSIT OPERATIONS 9 — Transit Scheduling and Frequency 9-1 Objectives of Scheduling and Frequency Changes 9-2 Types of Scheduling and Frequency Changes 9-2 Analytical Considerations 9-3 Traveler Response Summary 9-4 Response by Type of Strategy 9-5 Underlying Traveler Response Factors 9-21 Related Information and Impacts 9-24 Additional Resources 9-29 Case Studies 9-30 References 9-37 10 — Bus Routing and Coverage 10-1 Objectives of Bus Routing and Coverage Changes 10-2 Types of Bus Routing and Coverage Changes 10-2 Analytical Considerations 10-3 Traveler Response Summary 10-5 Response by Type of Service and Strategy 10-6 Underlying Traveler Response Factors 10-35 Related Information and Impacts 10-39 Additional Resources 10-55 Case Studies 10-55 References 10-68 11 — Transit Information and Promotion 11— IN PREPARATION v Table of Contents, continued Page TRANSPORTATION PRICING 12 — Transit Pricing and Fares 12-1 Objectives of Transit Pricing and Fare Changes 12-2 Types of Transit Pricing and Fare Strategies 12-3 Analytical Considerations 12-5 Traveler Response Summary 12-6 Response by Type of Strategy 12-8 Underlying Traveler Response Factors 12-34 Related Information and Impacts 12-40 Additional Resources 12-44 Case Studies 12-45 References 12-54 13 — Parking Pricing and Fees 13-1 Objectives of Parking Pricing and Fees 13-2 Types of Parking Pricing Strategies 13-2 Analytical Considerations 13-3 Traveler Response Summary 13-4 Response by Type of Strategy 13-6 Underlying Traveler Response Factors 13-25 Related Information and Impacts 13-36 Additional Resources 13-39 Case Studies 13-40 References 13-46 14 — Road Value Pricing 14— TO BE PREPARED LAND USE AND NON-MOTORIZED TRAVEL 15 — Land Use and Site Design 15— IN PREPARATION vi Table of Contents, continued Page 16 — Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities 16— TO BE PREPARED TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT 17 — Parking Management and Supply 17— IN PREPARATION 18 — Transportation Demand Strategies 18— TO BE PREPARED APPENDIX A — ELASTICITY DISCUSSION AND FORMULAE A-1 vii FOREWORD By Staff, Transportation Research Board TCRP Web Document 12, Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes, Interim Handbook The Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes Handbook provides comprehensive, interpretive documentation of how travel demand and the usage of transportation facilities and services are affected by various types of transportation system changes. It will be of interest to transit and transportation planning practitioners; educators; and researchers across a broad spectrum of transit operating agencies, MPOs, local, state and federal government agencies, and educational institutions. This Interim Handbook makes available the seven topic areas that were completed under TCRP Project B-12, which are ready for dissemination. Ten additional topics are being analyzed and will be completed under the current TCRP Continuation Project B- 12A. This Interim Handbook covers the following seven topics: • HOV Facilities, • Vanpools and Buspools, • Demand Responsive/ADA, • Transit Scheduling and Frequency, • Bus Routing and Coverage, • Transit Pricing and Fares, and • Parking Pricing and Fees. Travel demand and related impacts are expressed using such measures as usage of transportation facilities and services, elasticity measures, before-and-after market shares and percentage changes, and feasibility indicators of scale. Up-to-date information on how travel demand is affected by transportation system changes is essential to support planning and evaluation of alternative facilities and services, and for planning operational and policy changes to urban transportation systems. Information on the use of various types of transportation facilities and services is a fundamental input to many transportation planning activities. The findings in this Handbook are not intended to replace regional and corridor-specific travel demand forecasts and evaluations, but rather to aid in development and preliminary screening of alternatives, as well as quick turn-around preliminary assessments. The findings can also complement model-derived demand estimates for specific transportation system changes. The Second Edition of the handbook "Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes" was published by USDOT in July 1981, and it has been a valuable tool for transportation professionals, providing documentation of results from different types of transportation actions. However, in the past 20 years, there have been extraordinary changes and advancements in the field. The handbook is being expanded and updated under TCRP Project B-12 and the Continuation Project B-12A, and the product will be considered the Third Edition. The Third Edition of the Handbook will cover 17 topic areas, including essentially all of the nine topic areas in the 1981 edition, modified slightly in scope, plus eight new topic areas. viii This Interim Handbook contains the seven topics that are completed and available for use now, and it has been published as TCRP Web Document 12. To access the document, select "TCRP, All Projects, B-12" from the TCRP website: http://www4.national-academies.org/trb/crp.nsf. A team led by Richard H. Pratt, Consultant, Inc. is conducting TCRP Project B-12 and the Continuation Project B-12A. If you have relevant new information pertaining to the travel demand effects of any of the topic areas covered by this TCRP project, please contact Richard H. Pratt, email: [email protected], with a copy to Harvey Berlin, TCRP Senior Program Officer, email: [email protected]. REPORT ORGANIZATION The Interim Handbook, organized for electronic publication, treats each chapter essentially as a stand-alone document. Each chapter includes text and self-contained references and sources on that topic, as if it were a separate publication. For example, the references cited in the text of Chapter 6, "Demand Responsive/ADA," refer to the Reference List at the end of that chapter. Use of one chapter at a time is thus facilitated. Note that there are some references to complementary material among topic areas. As this is organized as an interim electronic publication, gaps in chapter and corresponding page numbering serve as placeholders for the chapters in preparation. The complete outline of chapters is provided in the "Table of Contents" and also in Table 1-1 of Chapter 1, "Introduction"; both show which chapters are in this Interim Handbook and which chapters are in preparation. AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This Interim Handbook was prepared under Transit Cooperative Research Program Project B-12 by Richard H. Pratt, Consultant, Inc. in association with the Texas Transportation Institute; Cambridge Systematics, Inc.; Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.; SG Associates, Inc.; and McCollom Management, Inc. For the Project Continuation
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