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MODIFIED FIELD TEST for DETERMINING the SPECIFIC ENDURANCE in RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS Maria Gateva National Sports Academy „Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria

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MODIFIED FIELD TEST for DETERMINING the SPECIFIC ENDURANCE in RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS Maria Gateva National Sports Academy „Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria JOURNAL of Applied Sports Sciences 01/2019 MODIFIED FIELD TEST FOR DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC ENDURANCE IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS Maria Gateva National Sports Academy „Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria ABSTRACT Several attempts have been made in the past years to create adequate tests in order to de­ terminate the fitness level of the athletes in the gymnastics disciplines. Considering the high- intensity movements and the total routine time, we hypostatized that anaerobic metabolism is a determinant for rhythmic gymnastics performance. Based on the physiological indicators of a competitive routine the aim of this study was to create a reliable and valid specific field test to measure the fitness level (specific endurance) of the rhythmic gymnasts competing at national and international level. 12 high level gymnasts aged 15.7 ± 2.1 were involved in this study. The testing was done twice – once in the preparatory and second time in the competitive period. Two tests were performed in the field – the specific anaerobic test and a competitive routine. The heart rate and the blood lactate were recorded during and after the load. Specific endurance gymnastics field test is a sim­ ple routine including specific but very basic rhythmic gymnastics exercises from each body group – steps; waves; balances; pivots; leaps and acrobatic elements with very low level of difficulties. The maximal blood lactate concentration levels recorded in both tests and periods did not show any significant difference and varied between 7.2 to 8.4 mmol/l. All of the heart rate values after the loads indicated high work intensity – above 185 bpm. There were significant differences in both exercises (specific test & routine) between the preparatory and the competitive routine. The heart rate clearly showed adaptation of the cardiovascular system towards the load when tapering into the peak performance period. The suggested test is a standard field test suitable for active, mid to high level rhythmic gymnasts aged above 12 years which can measure the current specific endurance of a gymnast and compare it with her previous testing or gymnasts. Key words: rhythmic gymnastics, specific endurance, field test, blood lactate, heart rate INTRODUCTION intensity of a typical AG competition. Several attempts have been made in the Sleeper et al. (2012) applied a whole bat- past years to create adequate tests in order to tery of tests in order to measure the fitness determinate the fitness level of the athletes in level in women’s artistic gymnastics. There is the gymnastics disciplines. There is a field test no doubt that strength, flexibility, mechanical in aerobic gymnastics, for example, that mea- and anaerobic powers are the primary factors sures the anaerobic metabolism performance in artistic gymnastics performance (Jemni et known also as Borelli’s test (Alves et al., al., 2011). Some authors (Marina, Rodríguez, 2015). It consists of specific gymnastics ele- 2014), though, suggested that modern female ments performed in maximal repeated sprint competitive gymnastics imposes higher car- fashion, during a total timeframe of 80–90 sec dio-respiratory and metabolic demands than which aims at simulating the total duration and previously supposed. Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 3 2019, Vol. 1, pp. 3-12 ISSN 2534-9597 (Print), ISSN 2535-0145 (Online) MODIFIED FIELD TEST ... M. Gateva Several authors have tried to identify the study was to create a reliable and valid specific volume of internal load during the competi- field test to measure the fitness level (specific tive program (routine) of rhythmic gymnasts endurance) of the rhythmic gymnasts compet- (Gateva, 2014 & 2015; Fernández-Villarino et ing at national and international level. al., 2018). A statistical approach highlights the significance of aerobic and anaerobic metabo- METHODS lism (high energy phosphate and glycolysis) Subjects for successful performance in rhythmic gym- 12 high level gymnasts (some in the Bul- nastics (Douda et al., 2008). The same authors garian National team) aged 15.7 ± 2.1 were recorded significant (high) correlation between involved in this study. The competitors were the maximal oxygen consumption and the sport category “elite” from Levski Triaditsa sports result as continuous maximal exercise for 60 club in Sofia, training 30 to 35 h per week. The to 90 seconds required aerobic metabolism. In testing was done twice – once in the prepara- concordance, Guidetti et al. (2000) found that tory period and second time in the competitive the most taxed energy source during the ball period. Two tests were performed in the field routine was aerobic, which enabled athletes to – the specific anaerobic test and a competitive perform high-intensity rhythmic gymnastics routine. Parental permission and informed routines and also pointed out the importance of consent were obtained from all participants. anaerobic metabolism. Training sessions and The collected data were used in two ways programs require gymnasts to have endurance – to check the validity of the test compared to in force production in rhythmic gymnastics other test as well as to determinate the sensibil- (Polat, Günay, 2016). The routines have a short ity of the test (comparing the values between duration and the exercise intensity is maximal preparatory and competitive period to see if at some moments (Batista et al., 2018). The the positive changes from tapering in peak per- load during the competitive routine in rhyth- formance are determined by the test). mic gymnastics has very high demands on the Instruments anaerobic system (Manos, et al., 2012) – blood Heart rate was recorded by POLAR RCX3. lactate concentration after a group routine is The recording started at rest and continued un- up to 12.2 mmol/l. Similar and even higher til 10 min post exercise (recovery period). A results were obtained with the Bulgarian na- drop of blood sample was taken from the fin- tional team (Nikolov, Katelieva, 2004). gertip to measure blood lactate using an Ac- Wingate test is used in artistic and aerobic cutrend Plus Roche. Lactate was taken before gymnastics to measure the anaerobic power of and at the 3rd, 5th and the 9th min during the the athletes. In rhythmic gymnastics, though, recovery period. this test is not adequate because it is designed towards more power orientated specific sports. Study design VO2max is not appropriate either, as it mea- Specific endurance gymnastics field test is sures the aerobic capacity. Considering the a simple routine including specific but very ba- high-intensity movements and the total routine sic rhythmic gymnastics exercises from each time, we hypostatized that anaerobic metabo- body group – steps; waves; balances; pivots; lism is a determinant for rhythmic gymnastics jumps & leaps and acrobatic elements with performance. Based on the physiological indi- very low level of difficulties. We investigated cators of a competitive routine the aim of this if the load during the test would match the ef- 4 JOURNAL of Applied Sports Sciences 01/2019 fect of performing a real gymnastics routine performed on the standard RG carpet 13 x 13 m. regarding the HR and blood lactate values The presented 21 exercises in table 1 are 59 sec from both executions in both periods (prepa- long and in order to perform them in tempo the ratory & competitive). song „We Will Rock You” by Queen was played (84 bpm). The route is repeated twice to reach Warm up the target time of 2 min. (1.58 min). It is com- The test was carried out at the beginning of posed of typical basic exercises for rhythmic the training sessions after a 30 min warm up, gymnastics where the order of the performed followed by a 10 min specifi c warm up prior elements is based on the choreographic deci- to each of the two routines. After the comple- sions and alternation of the elements from the tion of the fi rst test the gymnasts were given a different body groups. All of the specifi c exer- passive recovery period for 10 min. The next cise groups are displayed in this routine with fi eld test was done after 20 min. low level of diffi culty and structure close to the Description of the test (Author test) – spe- competitive one. The aim of the test is to achieve cifi c endurance rhythmic gymnastics fi eld test. the closest possible dynamics and kinematics of The total duration of the routine is 1.58 min the rhythm in a gymnastics routine. Table 1. Description of the specifi c endurance rhythmic gymnastics fi eld test 1. 4 chassé 8. Vertical & 15. Chaîné with the star jump right & left 2 times (in leg one place) 2. Vertical 9. Backwards 16. Cart- jump with walkover wheel 360° turn to squad 3. Split leap 10. Side split 17. Pike dive with leap on jump forward roll hands 4. Passé 11. 3 split 18. Back- balance leaps in a wards roll (with body chassé) wave 5. Two 12. Side roll 19. 360° en chaînés dehors passé pivot 6. Body wave 13. Forwards 20. 3 turning forwards walkover cat leaps 7. 2 illusions 14. Ara- 21. 360° en besque dedans balance passé pivot 5 MODIFIED FIELD TEST ... M. Gateva Figure 1. Directions and illustration of the specifi c endurance rhythmic gymnastics fi eld test Statistical analysis periods – preparatory & competitive period. Descriptive statistics was used to charac- The level of signifi cance of p < 0.05 was ad- terize the physiological reaction during and af- opted in all cases. ter applying the tests and routines in rhythmic RESULTS gymnastics. The values of heart rate and blood lactate Pearson’s correlation coeffi cient mea- concentration measured during and after the sures the relationship between the competitive specifi c endurance test on the fi eld and the routine and our specifi ed fi eld test (routine) competitive gymnastic routines in both peri- based on the heart rate and blood lactate re- ods are summarized in the fi gures and tables sults.
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