,. l : ?' i;1;'-'' ,.'.1 .,\r ,r-'i,ir . &t.'
=} A newgenetic study has added fresh insightsto anarea of Englandrich in Scandinavianfinds and placenames. Steve Harding and MarkJobling describe their dramaticresults below. First, David Griffiths sets the scene
LOOKINGFORVIKINGS IN hfiORTH-WE5TENOLAND
As vou d.ive up the Ar,+oon rhe Velsh in DonesdayBook asd appdently Merciankingdom, we find muchmore facingside ofwir.al - rhepeninsula entkelyEnglish nme, Gravesberie pronouncedinfluence Fom the I.ish boundedbythe esttrdiesofrheDee (srdefebhh, strcnghotdif awood). Sea,with tradingand culru.al conracts mdtheMersey youwil cone to a Upton is Old Englnhfor farmon a hill w€stwdds 3nd nonhvards inro Wal€s. roudaboutvith a signpointing on (Oy'r,,,)- On the lefr, Caldy is a No6e treldd, the IsleofMmmd Scorldd. roweds Meok. Meols(pronounced namewhich is trdslated differendy by Howthes€people be.me the Il€lls) hasbeenthe sourceofan lwo leadingplacenme scholalsas Cold commondcesroB ofnuch ofrhe local e\r.aordinaryrdge of ancientdd Islands or Cold AJse.Nedby aie I rby populationtoday is a profoundly hiitoric arrefacts,exposed by rhe (Old Norse fo. fam of the lrish), fascinariflg srory.Bur who, in the erodingshore and collecred ar leasras Thingwafi(the sire ofthe localNorse nonh-wesr, were the original VikinSs? long aslocal peopl€ took wood fton a a,semblynound),dd Lddicd, a For thiswe needro turn todocumenrs submergedfo.esr fo. their ffres. Brythonic o. Old Welsh nme 01ar- You need look no tu.rher thm the Iead,, chorch ofst Tegd)- roadsign, howeve., to beginto These nmes reveala nixed TheVikings arrive understandthe unosualhistory of this populationof Scddinavi@s,Anglo- The fi.st Viking raids in the wesr were region.Ahead, West Ki.by derives Sdons,Welsh spealdngBritons, od on islandsofftheIrish coastio ^D79t, from rhe Old Norse fo. vilage wirh a immigrdrs from the European two yeds afte. the hmous raid on church (LiAjl-rtr), whne Meols itselfis continent. The hirtory and archaeology Lindisfdne 0',lonhunberland). Semi OId Nose for smd dmes (rrl.). To the ofno.rh wesrEngland srand apan permment settlemenrinIrelddbegan right, Franlby deriYesFon a fton the Danelawtmap,p,ll,where in the late8los in fonifiedcmpsar conbination of Old Enshh (fu,.a, Scandinavidsconrroled nonh and Dublin and elsewhereon the majo. Frenchnm\) and No6e (rjl, fam). easremEngland Fom the lare ninrh .iver systemsdd coastalhavens. In Greasbyisasubsritution of theNorse centu.r'.Heie on\vi.ral,oq thewesr Englmd, Ddes had r€achedYork by iirm nme ,r foi what wasr€corded facingseabord ofthe Anglo-Sdon 867.They over-winrered in l,lei.ia (at
Br trshArchaeologylNovembef December 2008119 codr tufther east,where rh€y English. The.e is a strong chmce that requesredland on which ro serrle from the fmous Barrle of BruM"butb (%7) -4rh€Iflede, the rulerof Mercia.This took placeinvi..ai (although advocatesofothe.possiblelocations The historim FT Wainwright, on the Solwaydd Humber estudies w.iting in the r94os, .onvincingly vigoiouslydispute this). ln this proposedthe nonhen halfofthe dubiouslv-locatedburdramaric clashof !(irral peninsulaas I ngimund's arms,the Englishund€.,4thelstm probablesettlenenr dea. Acrossthe defear€da coalirionof Dublin based ; Merseyestuary,south-vestLancashireVikinSs,Scors and orhe. no.them hasan equally densecluster of fo.c€s.The Wiral locationwd Scmdimvim placenmes, in luding a proposed by the placenameexpen Thing*?[ assenbly place in West John Dodgson in an influenriai anicle Derby (now part ofliverpool). But as in the SaAaBook of the Vikif,g Society that side ofthe Mesy w6 palt of (r9r7).Bromborough, in sourh+at No.thumbriaat the rime,ir s€€msless Wiral, is the neeest placenme probablerhat it couldl€Sitinately have march: Ba,-r!r, (OE, stronghold of beenpan of Ethelfl ede'sgrmr of lmd. Bzu), md the strategi. position of the Yet it ce.tan y sawsignificat Viking two esrudies is a convin.ing backdrop. serrlenent. Were Vikings alJeady Som€verions of the story poftray rhe Iiving on one, or both sidesof the defeated Anlaf of Dublin fl eeingacrcss Mersey, perhapswelcoming Di"genen - pethapso e ot the I dgimund's folNers s kindred estudies, or den the Irish Seaitsel( migiants f.om distanr Irelmd or Folowing this mo.e seriousViking Scandinavittt is possible, but hed to defeat, the English grip on the area substdriare. Pl.cenmes @ only strengthened.A..ording to the Anglo- datable ro then fist w.itten .ecord, Sdon Chronicle there was dorh€. 6id Repton, DerbFhire), in 8Z-4, before which for here is mostly Donesday on Cheshire by a "nonhem mval force' heading north dd east again.R€pton is Book Go86).AJchaeological evid€nce in 98o,bur rhereafteruntil the onty 6okn from Cheshire,yet our tust does hint at settledent and t.ade in Norman Conquestthe din of wd "confrned sightitrg" of ScandinaviN Winel in the ninth century, but the diminishesin .elationto the moie on the Dee or M€Fy occurs at rhe %st naiority ofYiking naterial found humdrum sound of fomer enemies surprisingly lat€ date of89j. The ther€ dates fron later centuries. making a lMng together. I Anglo-Sqotr Chronicle records thar a Inginund was not satisfied vith his "dese.ted toord in 1840.ll i5 group ofDdes @cupied a lot. Soon aftesads he md his Themateriat tegacy city in Wiftl which is .aled Chester". folowes artacked Chester, hoping to Scandinavianssettled in borh rural dd These included rennants ofa force grab a shde ofits wealth 3nd sFategic urbm areas.Or yplacemes swive under Hestein which had recenrly been imponance.TheCestrianssuccesstu[yfton most rual settlements, but defearedby Alfred on rhe banks ofthe fought back, as rhe Ttuee Fragments ft agmenraryrenains of pre-Norman riv€r Sev€rnat Burrington, tel us,byunleohing sarms of bees buildings have been found in MontgonerFhne. Theywere chased md pouring boiling beer on the exc ations ar I.by md Moreton offinro Wales th€ folowiry yee by the attackeF. Wh.r€ve. rhe rruth ofthese (Wiral). At Meols, a longlived md Me.cims; rhis mayhave been rhe derails (Cheshire people de not noted mcient beach nffker on rh€ ro.rh occaion for the refo.tification ofthe fo. %ting beerl), Ingimmd retreated. wiral coast was revitalised by the der€lict Ron3n defences,although Yet the local Viking settlenents Vikings: wattle buildings discoveredin Chester*B not recorded d an offfcial renain€d as a thom itr rh€ side ofrhe eroding sdd dmes in the rgth century fort;,fied bwb Dtil 9o7. We know ratler more about dother Viking incident. In 9or the Irish €xpelled the Vikirys fron rhen be at Dublin. This causd political upheavals on both sidesofthe Irish Sea,md HiberncNotr imigration into the kle ofMm dd nonh-west Englmd. Welsh[i\ s @tuIer Ca6bide) telhs that in 90, a individual with rhe Otd No6e nme I/32,t (Inginmdr) seizeda Praceon n4& (Angles9 cared Maet RotM.liott. Awholly D^comected e Irish sourcecalled the Three FraAnef,ts ofAmals also mentions Ingimund dd his foloweB: th€y wei€ eiected ftom Wales dd folowed the
201Eritish Arhaeotogy Noember December 2008 weredesc.ibed as 'lorg nar.owsheds" - posibly a .efereoceto the longhouse g?e of buildingcommonir Vikirg Dublin,and also found at Llanbedrgoch,Anglese!. The erosion of Meolsledto thediscoveryof nuft erousViking artefacts,including rinSedpin5 of Hiberno-No6e npc, andothcr smalldress uemsbea.ing Vikingan swles.Ag.oup ofiron weaponsfound in r877mav havc comc from a Vi-king grave,perhaps sinild to abetter re.ordedempl€ found in rell in sanddunesar Talacre,on rhe Vekh sideofthe Dec estuarv. Chesrer.the maintown andharbou. in the region,nelersuccumbed ro VikiflSconrrol,unlike York or Dublin, apartfrom rharbnef incjdcntin 891-+. Yci it becanca tradingpowe.housein the roth cenrury,ed itsprorpe.i$ was nrnhlinked to the Irish SeaViking rvorld.Local Chesrerware pott€ry's cohnon inboth Chesterand Dublin. andVikinganeiacrs such as rhc Borc/ hadop to loo Anglo Sdon, Viking !ctivid andculrural asimilation. Jell'n8e style broocb excavatcd at York dd continentalcoi.r. Chcster's As elsewhc.cin oo.rhe.nEnglmd Hunrer Sr.cetschool in r98r.rinSed nintwls the morproductive in andrhe Islcofltlan, theparternof pins,andotherpios aod dress items, Englardin theearlv r o th cenrury:irs lo.dshipis markedbv stonesculpture, point rowrds the Anglo Scandinarid issuesdominatccoins in Irish hoa.dsof heremostlvin the dea\characterisric cultlr.l mixwithin the ciry. redsandstone x lo.al aftisricrradirion The Vikingswere master IIo.c rcccntdiscovc.ics underline adaptedbr the descendantsofrhe metalworkers,dd silv€rwasthei. tbe importanccoasilvc.irthcViking eeiiest Viking seftlers to helpp.omote prefe.redm€di!m ofwealth.The pcriodcconomv. ,{ hoardincluding,o theiro$n iegitidlcr. Scenrsfrom rhe Clerdalehodd from the bdks of the arm-ringsof Hiberno'No.se$pe wrs paganVikingp,st areofte. juxtaposed .ir. Ribble,deposited inc 9ot and discove.edat Huxl€r, solth exstof rvith Chrisriansmbolism. Wi.ral hasa .cdiscoveredin r81o,remains rhe Chester,in ,o o+,doring the first fes pa.ricularlydcnse clusrer of sculprure. la.gestsilve.hoa.d in the Vikingwo.ld. minutesofa meral-derecrinB.allv. Ar q ith smallerg.oops in Chesterand Over 8,too fragmentsof siller dd nearbvEcclcston. a smallcrhoard of northrast Vatei, aithough coinspoint toconta.ts asir afieldas hacksilve.$?s foundio ,oo,. surprninglvlitdeis knoM from sourh I raqdd Afghmistan.Not f& fron the I ndividualdiscove.ies emphasise westLdcashire- St BridgeCschu.ch, ho&d find spot,nerPreston, aq?icJ Vikinglinks: suchas asilverpennyof Wesr Kirbr, hasone ofthe nosr Viking leadweight with interlace AflIaaGuthfrirhson,King of York inp.essn.eerravs, ivirh cnclc-head "hogback" deco.atioflhas.ecendy been iound. (919 4t, foundon the edgeofthe Dee c.osse5and a recumbent Cuerdalewas a highlyunusual estlfy xt Nestoni. root..ot far from Sravc-markcrof a n?e wel known ''political" treasure,but otherho&ds in the Endsporot a sihrr ingotand a elsewherein northernEngland. I n the r€on showthegradoalffdsition ninrhcerturv F.ankishcoin both 1oo4a superblyde.oratedbur in the lo..l e.onony fton w& boot_yto p.obablyassociated with Viking unusu.llyift all hogbackwirhSripping "bears"at t.adeand currency. Cheste.hrs folr activiry.Ileok hasproduced ovcr lo eitherendsurfa.ed fron rhc hodds, theediestofwhich (atSt pre-Normancoins, including rwo gdden rockeNofa lbrhr.dcaragc of John\ chur.h) had€ight St Petels H ibcrno-Norseimitarions, which led St Osw.ld schurch, Bidsron, wi.ral penceofYo.k 0inksre .onfirned by a IIa.k Blackburnto slggestiher€ nay This stunningdiscovery confi rms that coin impressionin leadfou.d at evenhave beenaVikingnint herefo.a thearcbaeological scarch fo. Vikingsin Coppergare,Yo.k.vhich bearsa short time in the edly rrth cenrurr'. rbe no.th-wesrisvcr far ftom overl Cheste.minr sign$ure).The la.Sesr An increasinglyprosperous dd is rheCasrle Esplanade hoardofc settledAnglo Scddinxvid elite Dr"il Gifith' n re&turia archuolag at 96t, rediscoveredin rgio,which had esmblisheditself in the prishes of oxfod Uni!6itJ, buyd in Caktitu,"g tto coinsand r.1s pieces of Wir.l, south wesrLancarhire, and ro E.lucatia,.Sd tleol!: TbeArcbaeolw of (cut hacksilver up metalwo.k).A a lesserextentin thchinterlandof tbe Norrh Vitrl Coan,4 D Gtifrtb!, hoedfoundin16rr at the Hdkirke, Chcstc.andoo.th eastFlintshire. B! RA Phibott c G Esdn (OxIrd hi!t!i4 Litde Crosby,south west the late roth .entury dy lingering s.boolof,l4haeotos, ,oa7: tef) atu{"A l,ancashi.e.is nowlosr.bura rTth hopesof resisiingEngli5h authoriq ninittu. vih;ng tge bogbd.hfron thl centu.veng.aviog surives, and hadlargelv vanished. and thc sron Witul . bt R Bdilq .4 V/bdlet, writren evidencesuggesrs it p.obably heqcefor.his oneofcconomic 1n I iqu rietJ oxtu | I 6 (1oo0, Jat-t6
BnlrshArchaeotogyNovember0e.ember?008 2i Awide-rangingteam of specialistg wonderedif a strong Vikingpresence in Wirral andwest Lancashirecoutd be seenin the genesof e-L locaIpeople today.
;t:-- SteveHarding and MarkJobting describewhat they found
Thc archacologicalfinds and historical .eco.ds the stofl of lnginund, for eunple point to the driv.l dd aner presenceofvikings in north $est Norske Englandoler d nillennion ago.The coastalregion lrom the riverDeeto tbc i Liverpool rirer Sohra\dso hdsa{eatth of ph.endes$ith Scandinavianor l.sh 5cmdinNian origins.I n EnBIand, hoseYe.,onlY Nr;ral and$ cst Eilrnssofi urlro Lancashnepo$e$ definitc examples fib,H, ofthe nameThing$ all (f.om OId $affiSfrfly HOectGdSoor Nobey'/ta rr7t, neaningasembly *EiF*' r -4f-r- :s,a'---s: ueld).indicating scrrlenenrs of sufficientdensitland autonomv to s"..ant thei. ovnpa.liaments(the nearestrelated placenaftes ee Tu*ald in the Isleoflld and fl€\EI=+i Tin$ atdin south $est Scotland). Moreorer,minor placenme +1=.S-7=t=_E'- / elementsin thn areaindicarethe =liE=-= L-:L_--= =H.::= persistenceof a S.andinavian- influenceddialect rbrough rhe centu.ies.Forexamplc, Wnral has nearlvr oo examplesof the elenent ".ale" (Old Norse rr'l) {.hi.h becamea dialectword forlane,overto examples of"ca.." (old NorseVdr) meding marshlando. bog$, ldd orergros n wrth brushwood,dd,aexmples of ''holm" (Old Norser,/ua islandord.v grolnd in amdshydea). Brconr.ast, thereis almosta complereabsence of the.o(esponding E.81ishnamcs elenentssuch ar z.^. (narsb)and .g (drvgrohd in!mdsh)-for rhesame
Place.amesaho indicarethrt mmv ofthe Norsemencrme to Wirral from I.ehnd, andbrought l.irh peoplesirh them.prominent I ri\h namesinclude Liscdd (Okl I rish 1td ,r' .?ryr'lgs,halt at the rock) rnd N-ocrorum (m,.c l,tu,
22lBritsh Ar.haeotogy November Dec€mber2008 Theoriqinal Mr crcmblehotme Bollon a. : ST LANCASHIRE
5l L : F ' LEO ddCdc d c r L4ddd
E 0i . ---,t1.""' TTTAAAAAAA+AArJl..lAr WoodchLi.rh RRAL De.endanGtoday sharin9 surmme and Y chromosomatype
"modern- Right: ajor sc.ndin.n:n ptacen.ne5i. Wirral andwe5t Lanca5hire, wilh 0xl MlD snplinq [email protected] abovelo.ares lhis deiai(3nd rhe DaneLw S CHESHIRE
Abor.: Coinh.ritanceol 3!rn.me .nd Y .hrono$ne type,lor a hyDotheti hi! that\ dn).Irbvn fron the Old DNA samplesare rakeo usiogsimple surnane or at lealt 5incerhe rlrh Norselrd ryr, meaningse lementof houth srvabs.and staoda.d labo.atory centun,whenthe pit.ilineal wstemoi the lrish orsettlementofNorsemen techniques a.e used ro characre.ise surndes be.aftecoftmon in many comingfron Ireldd. This Irish haplog.oupaod haplonpe. The Y p.rts ofthe BritisbIdes. Saoplingmen influenceJso helpsevlain thenane chromosomalvariarion s ithin a with p,rticubJ surnamesknown to Drgdr?.2, the siteof rheBrttle oa popularionand the differen.es havebeen p.esent in wir.al andwest Brunanbu.hdesc.ibed in the AnSlo bcrqeenpopulations are then studied Lancashnein medievaltimes, maygne Srron Cbronicleentrv for aoq;;. Ir was usingstatisrical nethods. us a 'medieval"sample ofY suSgestedin 2oo4that it meaosIhc In probingViking ancestft ie ch.omosomcs,relativelv unaffected bv "Thingimere" thewedmdor Iinkiogoldgenes with modern post-Vikjog inrmigration. marshland(Old Norre zzr) associarcd geographv a majorobstdclehrs been 1r.irhthe Thing.Ourgenetic scudv rcccntpopulation movement. ln tbe basedon mcn irom old iamiliesappea.s Wirral dd westLdclshi.e this is Fo. both Wiralandwest Ldcarhire. to confirmthis strongVikinglegac!. erpecidlvd.ute, because rheregion has t*o setsofvolunteers$€re used. The undergonea maior,. flux ofpeople first !et (providing"modern" smples) s'ncc rhc indu(.ial revolution. I n the sere thosepeoplewho passed the llodern geneticnethods dos.prodde caseoiwir.al fo. exampleits standardtuo gene.atiorresidence test us$ith a cofuesponding$.dvof p.obing populationhasgro$o ove.;o lbld (parc..alg.andfather fiom rhatdea), mcestrvbased on DNA. parti.ularlv beNren rt+t andrq2r -almost ro but aloiding rhehi8hlyu.banised usetulhere hasheen the dde'5peci6c rimesthe nationalxverage increase.In Lire.pool andBirkenhead. The second Y chromosomewhich is passedalmosr conventionrlsampling strategier. set('nedievat ' smples) {€re people unchangedfrom farherto son. ! herets o generationsofresidence in who prssedthe tvojeneration A man'sY-chromosomal DNA is andexisusu ryregddedas suftlcicnr criterionbut in additionposessed a chalacte.isedin tuo wavs.One isbv to qurli6 a DNA donor for su.nanepresenr in rheregion priorto the an.lvsisolspecirlc DNA sitesthat participarionin a srudy,anvsign.l from It7, (or a surnametharwasderived di ife. bct$ cenindividuals, which place Vikinginfluenceis likelvto be Fom a localpla.ende)i also.as far as ir irto a b.oadgroupwithinrhe lamilv we,lened bythe noiseofmore rccenr thevkne\r, their oldesrpaternal rreeoahumao Ychromosomes. These popuhnon noleftent. dcestor$as from the region. ErcDpsarc called baplogro"p!,Md te Our rece.tly publishedsrudy (see Listsofslrnames 'n Virralcame gilo namesprefL\ed s ith lettersofthe end.ote). bv an inrerdisciplinarytem irom tbe Henr\.III subsidyrolls alphabet,such as E, I, andRra. of scientistsfrom thc Unive6itiesof (bouseholdspaving rdet, c.iminal The secondis bv rhedalrsis of Lriceste.,Norr' nShamand UCL reco.dr(tbe Chcshire Trailbaston severalshortsegments ofDNA that togetherwith hisrorical,placename. proceedings)andalehouse records. For larv in lengthbeween men(the kind surnde andlocaleve.rs, has sest Lancashne.names came flom a oiDNAvdiarion that is usedin circumrcntedtbs problemby using large1is! of peoplecont.ibuting forensicprofi ling), vielding r seriesof rheclose relarionship betsren Y rosardsrhe stipendofrhe priest of nunbersthat cm be conpared chromosomal DNA and paterrullr- OurLad!at Ornskirk. To avoid bets eenindividuals. Combinarions of innerit€dsrmmes. Studieshave biasingthe data,duplicate surnames lhcsenumbec arecalled r,p/ot46, dd sho{,nthat it is.or onlva man\ Y s erealoided. Volunteer recruitnent canbe usedro exploledive.siN\rithin chrodosomerhar hasbeeo passed $as madcpossiblewith the helpof alonSbispate.nal line, but.lsohis localorganisatioos suchas the Wert Ertish ArchaeoloqylNovember December 2008123 I K'rR| I, lF. lfta I E3b I Rrb3 "modern' sampres "medieva[' sampres Abde: 0trl $mpL.5 wer.l.k.n lreh v.tunt..ri in lvirrat.nd Lancashife HerirageAssociation, the sinilaritv of \girral dd west wesi larcEhire,with m.diehrpmli!*dLtingui.h.dlrcm ''modern Wirral council,BBC RadioLancashire. La..ashiretoexch other noronly bysurn.helseelenlioth.rrodenempllsare BBC RadioI{erseysidc, the Liverpool todavbut i. nedievaltides. It also n.tped [email protected]$n. Pie(h.rl se.torsarepr.portional to Daily Post,Wir.rl News,Wi.ral appca6ro ofie. rhepromise thar h.ptoqrouplequen 24 Br tishArchaeology Novenber0ecember200S '.i,rh!rrLrhrr ''.. , 'rl '..rrL(in.if ,, Lf,, .,(,1i,,.Ll ,,:.,f. rr, \',i, {iil^ : :r r! lr'. , \!.r trrf( r, rI(1l \',., l l r lit:: . | l,n,t.'-t .l l t,h':j ,tl , I r;: rt/r ,,r\'rli,rr/'.,, /1. i,,, ,,rr",,r 11,/./l: j/'l ri.nr(//.,r1.r.. I ',t,;.1,1{r,.\.,/i \{i.1r r,/,r.r'r,1 t, . t:!| t | \\ t,.tl.,rl t,..t l..ta./.1i. /.r'!.ii :.:. i. ,rrl/,i(/,,,.r ,{ ir,rf:f \ l.r i i,l lir! t .t \\, lIrn, t n't \)tin :,ti 1. 'i t.f i [),an,ii ti"r)t,.ttl .,,,r,,r,',,r(f ,r.r,r.,.r1/'. { rr:.,.rr,,r i , ,t,1 llt i ",uth,t "i llt,t tn i :, t),tn|.ttt|;,t,ti.j t )ti1ir l.ri,t,: r , .. /, i/,.,r',r,/ \,i.,r., r,,'rr \,. r ) t! r,.trnt ltlrrtnt rtt tlr, t\ ' :. ,.. i.,- l .,rritt)! l'. (f,frr. l!.rl '.i.. I 1j,r. ,r,r,i i:..,r /,r/i,./l/11 I il ii i- l.t: l)ll,ti,tr,jk I I ^/rt]| ,/1i.,)t,.1;1t t,, t,1,.),:!\\itu r li,,'i'.i \/l'r'.,r. l'1\ .rt, .1-it,t tl j )t, \lt,ll,rr,i \/ //.,J,/r -_ \l ) i ,ir)t! \1,,i,,11,,lii,l,t:i : l: ', ,Jrirr''\r r,r i .nl ' . , .' tr | \.1!)it;ittttL tr,lll,,,Ln! . .,t..,,)!t:i Irr..tt.1.tt..t \!, t, \. '; :t.t \,r,it t1!.!t,lt trlt,t. l,,1.,! i,,,1\,,1 :,, !, ttlti:,,1 :,'j: r'l:.r'..rr,',t,ltrl:)r!t)ttl,t! )t'.tl ri t;,i \lt tt! I i.tlr,t Below:Norsean(eslry. lltheWi.ralandwestLan(ashires.mples ar€tr€at€d as mixlu.es of Brilish/lrishand Nor5e popuLations, lhen rheproportion otNorsean.€slry isq.€.ter in the medrev.l"lh.n inrhe'modern samptes:rhetorfierwereapproximateLythesame astor modern Orkney 1.50o/" Xorseadmirlurel a t...-'/' medievat samples 'r .,rLri. '|. rli. ll .:rri. :rlii 25