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Phd the University of Edinburgh 2009 WELFARE POLITICS AND SOCIAL POLICY OF COAL WORKERS’ PNEUMOCONIOSIS IN BRITAIN AND SOUTH KOREA BUMSANG YOO PhD The University of Edinburgh 2009 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is of my own composition, based on my own work, with acknowledgement of other sources, and has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Bumsang Yoo i Thesis Contents DECLARATION.....................................................................................................i List of Tables......................................................................................................iii List of Figures ....................................................................................................iii List of Abbreviations .........................................................................................iv ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................v Chapter 1. CWP and Questions .........................................................................v 1. Comparative Social Policy between Britain and Korea............................1 2. Significance of CWP in Social Policy and Welfare Politics.....................7 3. Study Object and Research Question......................................................11 Chapter 2. Theory and Methodology...............................................................17 1. Previous Studies......................................................................................17 2. Theory and Perspective...........................................................................32 3. Methodology...........................................................................................50 Chapter 3. Miners and CWP in Britain and Korea ..........................................65 1. Mining Industry and Working Conditions in Britain and Korea ............65 2. Miners’ Organisation and Compensation Politics around CWP in Britain and Korea........................................................................................80 3. Discovery of CWP and Ex-Miners with CWP in Britain and Korea....100 4. Compensation System for Ex-miners with CWP in Britain and Korea114 5. Ex-Miners with CWP in Britain and Korea: Similarity and Difference ...................................................................................................................135 Chapter 4. Compensation Politics around CWP in Britain..........................140 1. Development of Industrial Injuries Compensation and CWP...............140 2. Post-war Consensus and Welfare Politics around IIA 1946.................144 3. Social Contract and Compensation Politics around CWPS 1974.........171 4. Summary and Implication.....................................................................207 Chapter 5. Compensation Politics around CWP in Korea ...........................214 1. Development of Industrial Injury Compensation System.....................214 2. Legitimacy Politics and IACI ...............................................................218 3. Pressure Group Politics and APPPPW 1984 ........................................245 4. Characteristic and Implication ..............................................................281 Chapter 6. Conclusion....................................................................................285 1. Similarity and Difference......................................................................285 2. Findings and Implications.....................................................................296 Reference ........................................................................................................304 APPENDICES...................................................................................................323 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1 Trade Union Density in Korea and Britain................................................5 Table 1- 2 Compensation Institutions of CWP in Britain and Korea........................12 Table 3-1 Accidents in British Coal Mining (a) ......................................................71 Table 3-2 Death Rate from Accidents per 1,000 in Leading Coal-producing Countries, 1896-1912.....72 Table 3-3 Fatal Accidents in 1932..........................................................................73 Table 3-4 Nominal Weekly Working Hours in Britain, early 1890s.........................74 Table 3-5 Power Loaded Output and Mechanisation...............................................75 Table 3-6 Labour Intensity According to Industry ..................................................77 Table 3- 7 Workers’ Deaths by Industrial Disaster, per million ...............................79 Table 3-8 Mortality per million tonnes in Coal Industry (unit: person)....................79 Table 3-9 Deaths Due to Occupationally-related Lung Disease in Britain............. 111 Table 3-10 Annual Examination of Pneumoconiosis............................................. 112 Table 3-11 Number and Ratio (%) by Age Groups ............................................... 113 Table 3-12 Classification of UK Sources of Support in Old Age, Including Benefits in Kind........... 116 Table 3-13 Social Security for Miners in Britain (1978) ....................................... 118 Table 3-14 Benefits and Services for Older People in Korea.................................121 Table 4- 1 Members of WGIRF ...........................................................................191 Table 5-1 Section and Member of Standing Committee........................................228 Table 5-2 Associations of Pneumoconiosis Patients..............................................264 Table 6- 1 Difference between Britain and Korea.................................................287 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Components of Data Analysis: Flow Model and Interactive Model...........57 Figure 2 British Social Welfare System................................................................ 115 Figure 3 Social Welfare System in Korea.............................................................120 Figure 4 IACIA Benefits and Process of Compensation........................................131 Figure 5 Compensation Politics for the CWPS in Britain .....................................291 Figure 6 Compensation Politics for the APPPPW in Korea...................................293 Figure 7 Comparison: Welfare Politics of Welfare System of Britain and Korea ...296 iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AKPP Association of Korean Pneumoconiosis Patients APP Association of Pneumoconiosis Patients APPPPW The Act on the Prevention of Pneumoconiosis and Protection etc. of Pneumoconiosis Workers ASPP Association of Simple Pneumoconiosis Patients ASWT Association of Social Welfare in Taeback BACM British Association of Colliery Management CIE Coal Industrial Examination CWP Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis CWPS The Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis Scheme FKCWTU Federation of Korean Coal Workers' Trade Union FKTU Federation of Korean Trade Union HPPs Hospitalized Pneumoconiosis Patients IACI(A) Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (Act) IIS or IIB Industrial Injuries Scheme (or Benefits) KCTU Korean Confederation of Trade Unions MFGB Miners’ Federation of Great Britain MOHSA Ministry of Health and Social Affairs MOL Ministry of Labour NACODS National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers NCB National Coal Board NUM Nation Union of Mineworkers The 1979 Act Pneumoconiosis etc. (Workers’ Compensation) Act 1979 SCNR Supreme Council for National Reconstruction SPPs Simple Pneumoconiosis Patients SSIC Social Security Investigation Committee TUC Trade Union Congress WCA Workmen’s Compensation Act WGIRF Working Group on Industrial Relations Framework iv ABSTRACT This objective of this thesis is to explore welfare politics and welfare policy in Britain and South Korea (hereafter Korea) focusing on ex-miners with coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (hereafter CWP) and laws and institutions concerned (the IIA in 1946 and the CWPS in 1974 in Britain, and the IACI in 1964 and the APPPPW in 1984 in Korea). The reason to choose this group is that they stand at complex conjunction of circumstances - the elderly, the poor, the disabled and the persons injured at work. In addition, the reason to examine laws and institutions concerned is that they contain more general issues of welfare politics. The theories adopted in this thesis are historical institutionalism and power resources theory which together give an important insight about institutions, politics and welfare state. Based on these theories, this thesis defines welfare politics, its determinants and why it may be deficient. The major elements of welfare politics can be characterized as class politics as exemplified in the role of trade unions, social democracy as a basic ideology and social corporatism as a type of political participation and policy-making. Generally there are three major variables in welfare politics; the organization of trade unions and control of their members; left-wing political parties and solidarity between trade unions and the parties; and the institutionalization of social dialogue and social policy. From the above determinants, the concept of ‘the deficiency of politics’ can be defined. Firstly, it is a weakness or extinction of class politics through the exclusion of the labour movement. Secondly, it can be explained by the weakness of progressive political parties in state politics or the lack of solidarity between labour unions and political parties resulting
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