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Coal Country the Meaning and Memory of Deindustrialization in Postwar Scotland

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Coal Country the Meaning and Memory of Deindustrialization in Postwar Scotland Downloaded from the Humanities Digital Library http://www.humanities-digital-library.org Open Access books made available by the School of Advanced Study, University of London Press ***** Publication details: Coal Country: the Meaning and Memory of Deindustrialization in Postwar Scotland By Ewan Gibbs https://humanities-digital-library.org/index.php/hdl/catalog/book/ coal-country DOI: 10.14296/321.9781912702589 ***** This edition published in 2021 by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, United Kingdom ISBN 978-1-912702-58-9 (PDF edition) This work is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses Coal Country The Meaning and Memory of Deindustrialization in Postwar Scotland EWAN GIBBS Coal Country The Meaning and Memory of Deindustrialization in Postwar Scotland New Historical Perspectives is a book series for early career scholars within the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Books in the series are overseen by an expert editorial board to ensure the highest standards of peer-reviewed scholarship. Commissioning and editing is undertaken by the Royal Historical Society, and the series is published under the imprint of the Institute of Historical Research by the University of London Press. The series is supported by the Economic History Society and the Past and Present Society. Series co-editors: Heather Shore (Manchester Metropolitan University) and Jane Winters (School of Advanced Study, University of London) Founding co-editors: Simon Newman (University of Glasgow) and Penny Summerfield (University of Manchester) New Historical Perspectives Editorial Board Charlotte Alston, Northumbria University David Andress, University of Portsmouth Philip Carter, Institute of Historical Research, University of London Ian Forrest, University of Oxford Leigh Gardner, London School of Economics Tim Harper, University of Cambridge Guy Rowlands, University of St Andrews Alec Ryrie, Durham University Richard Toye, University of Exeter Natalie Zacek, University of Manchester Coal Country The Meaning and Memory of Deindustrialization in Postwar Scotland Ewan Gibbs LONDON ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS Published by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU © Ewan Gibbs 2021 The author has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work. This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/. Copyright and permissions for the reuse of many of the images included in this publication differ from the above. Copyright and permissions information is provided alongside each image. Available to download free or to purchase the hard copy edition at https://www.sas.ac.uk/publications. ISBNs 978-1-912702-54-1 (hardback edition) 978-1-912702-55-8 (paperback edition) 978-1-912702-58-9 (PDF edition) 978-1-912702-56-5 (ePub edition) 978-1-912702-57-2 (.mobi edition) DOI 10.14296/321.9781912702589 Cover image: Auchengeich Mining Disaster Memorial, Moodiesburn. © John O’Hara (2019). Contents Abbreviations vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction: those who walked in the darkest valleys 1 1. ‘Buried treasure’: industrial development in the Scottish coalfields, c.1940s–80s 21 2. Moral economy: custom and social obligation during colliery closures 55 3. Communities: ‘it was pretty good’ in restructured locales 91 4. Gendered experiences 119 5. Generational perspectives 155 6. Coalfield politics and nationhood 187 7. Synthesis. ‘The full burden of national conscience’: class, nation and deindustrialization 225 Conclusion: the meaning and memory of deindustrialization 251 Appendix: biographies of oral history participants 259 Bibliography 267 Index 293 v List of figures Tables 1.1 Male employment in Lanarkshire. 24 1.2 Female employment in Lanarkshire. 24 1.3 Unemployment in Lanarkshire. 25 1.4 Scottish Coal employment. 25 5.1 Generation, temporality and employment structure in the Scottish coalfields. 157 Figures 0.1 RCAHMS, Map of the Scottish coalfields (2005). xi 3.1 Auchengeich Mining Disaster Memorial, Moodiesburn. 108 6.1 Bob Starrett, ‘Phase 3’, Scottish Marxist, vi (1974), 24. 207 6.2 Miners’ Gala Day 1969. 215 6.3 Gala Day 1969, featuring Joan Lester (Labour MP), Lawrence Daly, and Vietnamese Federation of Union representatives. 217 6.4 1988 Gala poster. 220 Abbreviations ANC African National Congress BSR Birmingham Sound Reproducers CB Coal Board CCC Colliery Consultative Committee CEGB Central Electricity Generating Board COSA Colliery Officials and Staff Association CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCB National Coal Board NMMS National Mining Museum Scotland archives, Newtongrange, Midlothian NRS National Records of Scotland NUMSA National Union of Mineworkers Scottish Area ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography SCDI Scottish Council (Development and Industry) SCEBTA Scottish Colliery, Enginemen, Boilermen and Tradesmen’s Association SNP Scottish National Party SSEB South of Scotland Electricity Board SSHA Scottish Special Housing Association STUC Scottish Trades Union Congress TNA The National Archives of the UK UCS Upper Clyde Shipbuilders UMS United Mineworkers of Scotland WTFU World Federation of Trade Unions vii Acknowledgements This book is the outcome of research that almost spanned a decade. Although I am solely responsible for its contents, others assisted me. First, I owe a great deal of thanks to the men and women who kindly gave up their time to discuss their life stories and family histories. In most cases, they did so with someone who was previously entirely unknown to them. I am also indebted to those who put me in touch with others. Thanks especially to Brendan Moohan and Willie Doolan who have become good friends since I interviewed them. I also owe thanks to patient archivists who made documents available to me at the National Records of Scotland, The National Archives and the National Mining Museum Scotland. Staff at Historic Environment Scotland helped me to obtain licences for the images reproduced in this volume. Carole McCallum of Glasgow Caledonian University archives assisted by providing a licence for the Bob Starrett cartoon used in chapter 6. John O’Hara very generously donated the picture of the Auchengeich Mining Disaster Memorial which is included on the cover. Jackie Kay kindly sent me her poem and Jim Monaghan allowed me to reproduce part of his. I was given financial support from a Royal Society of Edinburgh small grant, which enabled me to visit The National Archives. An Institute of Historical Research Scouloudi publication award supported the cost of image licensing. I began the work behind this book as a master’s student and then as a PhD candidate within the Economic and Social History subject area at the University of Glasgow. Jim Phillips and Duncan Ross were an excellent and good-humoured PhD supervision team. They supported my development as an independent-minded researcher while challenging me to explain the importance and relevance of my approach and findings. Other colleagues have provided guidance on my research as it developed: thanks to Jim Tomlinson, Ray Stokes and Jeff Fear for commenting on papers that have informed this work. Many thanks to Keith Gildart, Bill Knox and Catriona MacDonald, who examined full versions of the book as it progressed from thesis to monograph. Their insights have improved the completed manuscript. The findings presented in this book were honed through several conferences and seminar papers and benefited from questions from audience members. Thanks especially to those who attended panels at the Business History Conference in 2015, the Economic History Society in 2016 ix Coal Country and the Political Studies Association in 2017. Additionally, thank you to the Scottish Oral History Centre for offering me the privilege of delivering seminars on my research project in 2016 and 2019, and to the University of the West of Scotland Society, Politics, Governance and Justice Hub, the Yunus Centre and the University of Edinburgh’s Scottish History seminar series for doing the same in 2017, 2019 and 2020. The Institute of Historical Research and the Royal Historical Society have also been of great assistance to a first-time author. Thank you to Simon Newman, Jane Winters, David Andress and Philip Carter for their guidance. Between my time at Glasgow, UWS and meeting academics from other institutions, I have felt part of a supportive research community. Thank you to Andy Clark, Rory Scothorne, Felicity Cawley, Andrew Perchard, Dominic Reed, Ewan Kerr, Tom Montgomery, James Bowness, Diarmaid Kelliher, Henry Bell, Claire Harkins, Stephen Mullen, Duncan Hotchkiss, Christopher Miller, Scott Hames, Valerie Wright and Julie Clark for your friendship and collegiality. Thanks also to Nathan Blondel for helping me devise the title of this book. Thanks to my mother and father, Maria and Neil Gibbs, for decades of support which made this possible. Last but certainly not least. Thank you to Laura Dover, whose uncles Iain and Jimmy worked at Cardowan
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