M Tech Project Report on “Drinking Water Security” a Conceptual Framework for Policy Assessment Tool of Rural Drinking Water Supply Schemes at Taluka Level
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M Tech Project Report On “Drinking Water Security” A Conceptual Framework for Policy Assessment tool of Rural Drinking Water Supply Schemes at Taluka level By Vishal Mishra (Roll. No. 113350004) Under the guidance of Prof. Milind A. Sohoni Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA) Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay 2013 Certificate This is to certify that the project report titled “Drinking Water Security” A Conceptual Framework for Policy Assessment tool of Rural Drinking Water Supply Schemes at Taluka level, submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Technology and Development of the IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400 076 is a record of bonafide work carried out by Vishal Kumar Mishra, Roll No. 113350004 under the supervision and guidance at Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA), IIT Bombay. Prof. Milind A. Sohoni Examiner (Project Guide) ii Abstract Drinking Water Security has become a challenge for the country, specifically in rural areas. With ever growing population demand is bound to grow and in recent times climate change has aggravated the problem more. Recognising the gravity of situation and considering the “common pool resource” nature of water, governments have stepped in to ensure the drinking water security to their subjects. This has led to evolution of policies and several paradigm shifts in policy formulation. One of them is from supply driven to demand driven. But our own experience and also stated by many others suggests that there is always huge gap between policy and implementation. This gap is mainly due to absence of regular Assessment, Evaluation and Monitoring in current practice. In this backdrop the project was formulated. The objective was to develop a conceptual framework for taluka level assessment and evaluation of “drinking water security”. An important consideration was that it should be cost effective, repeatable and can be executed on regular periodical basis by local institutions. During the project a thorough literature survey was done to understand the current and previous paradigms of the sector and to get familiarised by the key concepts. This was followed by rigorous secondary data analysis at district level. The district chosen was Thane, Maharashtra. Afterwards an assessment protocol using a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods was developed and tested in Shahapur Taluka in Thane. The assessment revealed gross in discrepancy between government data and data collected from the field. It found more than half of the piped water schemes in the sample to be non-functioning. The criteria used in practice for calculating coverage are also not clear. Moreover, people are not aware of different paradigm shifts. It is believed that more research should be done for evolution of similar assessment and evaluation studies. This should be looked as an opportunity for academia and local government to benefit the community at large. iii Table of Contents Certificate ......................................................................................................................... ii 0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 0.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 1 0.2 Motivation ........................................................................................................... 2 0.3 Objectives ............................................................................................................ 3 0.4 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 3 0.4.1 Literature Survey: ........................................................................................ 4 0.4.2 Data Collection and Field Visits: ................................................................. 4 0.4.3 Stake holders: ............................................................................................... 4 0.4.4 Reporting: .................................................................................................... 4 1 Review of Rural Drinking Water Sector .................................................................... 5 1.1 Policies and Programmes: Outcomes at National Level ..................................... 5 1.1.1 A brief history: ............................................................................................. 5 1.1.2 Institutional Structure at Centre: .................................................................. 7 1.1.3 Key Programmes in the Sector: ................................................................... 8 1.1.4 Present Situation of Coverage:................................................................... 15 1.2 Policy and Programmes: Outcomes at State Level ........................................... 17 1.2.1 Salient Features of Maharashtra: ............................................................... 18 1.2.2 Institutional Structure in RDWS ................................................................ 19 1.2.3 A brief history: Programmes and Policies ................................................. 22 1.2.4 Present Scenario: ........................................................................................ 26 1.2.5 New Institutional Developments: .............................................................. 26 2 Central Sponsored Scheme in RDWS- Issues and Scope ......................................... 29 2.1 Central Sponsored Schemes-issues ................................................................... 29 2.1.1 Lack of flexibility in CSS schemes ............................................................ 31 2.1.2 Adverse implication of counterpart funding of CSS on State finances ..... 31 2.1.3 Negligence of State priorities..................................................................... 31 2.1.4 External Factors influence ......................................................................... 32 2.2 Concepts and issues- Rural Drinking Water ..................................................... 32 2.2.1 Coverage- A Normative Concept ............................................................... 32 2.2.2 Supply Driven/Demand Driven (Swajal Dhara Principles) ....................... 32 2.2.3 Technical Nature of RDWS- Different Failure modes .............................. 34 iv 2.3 Way Forward: State-Academia-Public Collaboration....................................... 35 2.4 Assessment and evaluation- Concept and Evolution ........................................ 36 2.4.1 Rapid Assessment and Evaluation ............................................................. 38 3 Introduction to RDWS: At District Level................................................................. 40 3.1 Description of the District: Thane ..................................................................... 40 3.1.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY:.................................................................................... 41 3.1.2 HYDRO GEOLOGY: ................................................................................ 41 3.2 Rural Drinking Water Supply: .......................................................................... 41 3.2.1 Department of Rural Water Supply (ZP) ................................................... 41 3.2.2 Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran: .............................................................. 44 3.3 History and present- RDWS .............................................................................. 45 3.3.1 Key Data Sets ............................................................................................. 45 3.3.2 Present Situation in Thane: ........................................................................ 50 3.4 Analysis and Discussion.................................................................................... 52 3.4.1 Schemes Sanctioning Rate (Schemes per year) ......................................... 52 3.4.2 Capital Cost of Schemes ............................................................................ 52 3.4.3 Completion time and expenditure of total Schemes .................................. 53 3.4.4 Completion time and expenditure of PWS Schemes ................................. 54 3.4.5 Analysis based on the Annual Action Plan (AAP): ................................... 55 4 Taluka Assessment and Evaluation: A Pilot Study .................................................. 57 4.1 Objectives of Rapid Assessment and Evaluation Study: .................................. 57 4.2 Description of Study Area (Taluka) .................................................................. 57 4.2.1 Administrative and Demographic profile of Taluka .................................. 58 4.2.2 Climate and Geo-hydrology ....................................................................... 59 4.2.3 Status of Rural Water Supply: ................................................................... 59 4.3 Sampling............................................................................................................ 60 4.3.1 Sampling Methodology:............................................................................. 60 4.3.2 First Level of Sampling: Stratification ...................................................... 61 4.3.3 Second level Sampling: Purposeful Sampling ........................................... 62 4.4 Data collection..................................................................................................