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Disertační Práce Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav etnologie DISERTAČNÍ PRÁCE Libor Čech Nábožensko-politické aspekty kultury mu čednictví v Islámské republice Írán Religious-political Aspects of Culture of Martyrdom in the Islamic Republic of Iran Praha 2012 Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. František Vrhel, CSc. Na tomto míst ě bych cht ěl pod ěkovat Doc. PhDr. Františkovi Vrhelovi, CSc. za vedení mé diserta ční práce, za cenné rady, p řipomínky a čas, který této práci věnoval. Dále bych rád taktéž vyslovil pod ěkování íránským p řátel ům, od kterých jsem čerpal informace a bez nichž by tato práce nemohla vzniknout. Prohlašuji, že jsem diserta ční práci vypracoval samostatn ě, že jsem řádn ě citoval všechny použité prameny a literaturu a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Hradci Králové dne 25. 4. 2012 Mgr. Libor Čech Abstrakt Prezentovaná diserta ční práce zkoumá povahu a význam kultury mu čednictví (farhang-e šahádat ) v sou časné íránské spole čnosti se zvláštním d ůrazem na delimitaci nábožensko-politické dimenze tohoto fenoménu a ur čení p říčin a d ůsledk ů pom ěrn ě nedávné reinterpretace, která tuto kulturu radikáln ě posunula ze sféry nábožensko-spirituální do politicko-ideologické až revolu ční. Práce zachycuje na jedné stran ě komplexní pohled na mechanismy a zp ůsoby využívání karbalského paradigmatu – jako prost ředku pro formulaci politicky (i jinak) motivovaných cíl ů – různými spektry mocenské struktury vládnoucího establishmentu i r ůznorodými opozi čními sociálními hnutími a na druhé stran ě reflektuje jeho apolitický rozm ěr asociovaný s duchovním prožitkem věř ících, který vychází z tradi ční lidové religiozity. Tyto aspekty politického a náboženského rozhraní kultury mu čednictví jsou podrobn ě zkoumány a zasazovány do kontextu sou časné íránské sociokulturní reality. Práce se též snaží p ředložit pádné argumenty založené na premise, která kulturu mu čednictví vyty čuje jako esenciální zdroj při konstruování identit a utvrzování solidarity mezi íránskými imámovskými ší city, a to na základ ě sdílené kolektivní pam ěti a kolektivního traumatu vycházejícího z potupných reminiscencí na události fatálního karbalského masakru, k němuž došlo10. mu ḥarramu 61 AH. Klí čová slova Kultura mu čednictví, karbalské paradigma, ší citský imámovský islám, sebeob ětování, džihád Abstract The presented doctoral thesis examines character and significance of the culture of martyrdom (farhang-e shahadat ) in contemporary Iranian society with a particular emphasis on delimitation religious-political dimension of this phenomenon and determination of causes and implications of relatively recent reinterpretation which has radically shifted this culture from the religious-spiritual sphere to the political-ideological and even revolutionary. On the one hand, the thesis deals with a complex view of mechanism and manners of the utilization of the Karbala paradigm as the instrument for formulation of politically (and otherwise) motivated aims by different spectres of power structures of the ruling establishment and diverse oppositional social movements and on the other hand it reflects its apolitical standpoint associated with a spiritual experience of believers, which proceeds from the popular religion. These aspects of the political and religious boundary of the culture of martyrdom are examined in detail and given in the context of current socio-political reality. The thesis also strives for presenting of arguments founded on the premise which defines the culture of martyrdom as an essential source for constructing of identities and strengthening of solidarity among Iranian Imami Shi’ites, namely on the basis of the collective memory and collective trauma stemming from reminiscences of the event of fatal Karbala massacre which happened on the tenth of Muharram 61 AH. Keywords Culture of martyrdom, Karbala paradigm, Shi’a Imami Islam, self-sacrifice, jihad ن دا ارا و اه !ه #دت در %$ اان $& را ' ) و( ' *ود ا'$د ,,+ .ه-+ و )$/ 012 و 4ه3 'ز)54 5- )ز '78ر 4ط ا/ !ه را از *7ز رو*+ - روا+ ' ا7:7ژ >+- ,,+ و *+ ا='+ ,7ق داد ا, .از ,7 د@ ا/ ن ' B C @ A !ا و روش '>رB 7 '= را ' 2 7ان ا'Eار 'ا !7:- اها!+ '78ر ,,+ F F '78ر د@ ) '1,7 ا-ح 4وت از ,Iره Jرت Lم و % - ه ا+2% ا2اAP( N1O +M ا و از ,7 د@ 7J 8ت Q ,,+ ان در ار)-ط ' )R' $ 7 $/ از ST د/ د+ ود 7رد 'ر,+ Jار + ده . ا/ % - ه از ز ,,+ .ه-+ !ه ،#دت 'ر,+ ا . ا/ ن هV / )=ش دارد - Pث 8ح ' !M ا !ه # دت را ' 2 7ان A ر/ ا,,+ ,I ه7 و )7 ه-5@+ ن اان $ ا+Fم ' Y,س *!P% +$% L دار ن ا*5,ت %$+ + از رواده *دB Z-ر ]ر '= در دهP 3م [\ هJ R ا)4ق ا!د ) )$N > را 7رد 'ر,+ Jار ده ت !ه #دت, 7 '=, ا,=م $ ا+ , از 7Iد F [email protected] ا^ر), %#د OBSAH Abstrakt .................................................................................................................................. 4 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 5 &=I ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Seznam akronym a zkratek ................................................................................................ 10 Poznámka k transliteraci perské a arabské terminologie užité v textu ................................ 12 1. ÚVOD .............................................................................................................................. 15 1.1. Nastín ní problematiky .............................................................................................. 15 1.2. Cíl práce ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.3. Teze disertace ............................................................................................................ 18 1.4. Struktura práce ........................................................................................................... 19 2. METODOLOGIE ............................................................................................................ 22 2.1. Terénní výzkumy a lokality sb ru dat ........................................................................ 22 2.2. Metody a postupy ....................................................................................................... 22 2.3. Poznámka k interdisciplinarit ................................................................................... 28 2.4. Emická perspektiva .................................................................................................... 32 2.5. Informáto i ................................................................................................................. 34 3. LITERÁRNÍ REŠERŠE .................................................................................................. 39 4. KONCEPT MU _EDNICTVÍ V OSTATNÍCH MONOTEISTICKÝCH SYSTÉMECH45 4.1. Koncept mu ednictví v kes `anství a paralely katolického pojetí s ší cismem .......... 45 4.2. Mu ednictví v judaismu ............................................................................................. 50 5. KONCEPT MU _EDNICTVÍ V ISLÁMU ...................................................................... 54 5.1. Etymologie slova šaháda ........................................................................................... 54 5.2. Fidá’í .......................................................................................................................... 56 5.3. Korán, ḥadíty a fiqh k mu ednictví ........................................................................... 61 5.4. P íslib nadpozemského ráje pro mu edníky .............................................................. 61 5.5. Typy mu edník ........................................................................................................ 63 5.6. Koncept džihádu ........................................................................................................ 68 5.6.1. Historická obm na Džihádu ................................................................................ 69 5.6.2. Kategorizace džihádu .......................................................................................... 71 5.6.3. Geopolitické len ní sv ta .................................................................................. 72 5.6.4. Džihád jako far ḍ cajn nebo far ḍ calá l-kifája ...................................................... 73 5.6.5. Svatá válka? ........................................................................................................ 75 5.6.6. Džihád v imámovské ší ce .................................................................................... 76 5.7. Dva nesmi itelné diskurzy ......................................................................................... 79 5.7.1. Inti ḥár a šahádat: ozna ení dvou protich dných koncept i jedno a totéž? ...... 79 5.7.2. Vymezení sebevraždy v islámu .......................................................................... 80 5.8. Koncept ob tování a sebeob tování islámu ............................................................... 83 5.8.1. cÍd al-aḍḥ á ........................................................................................................... 83 5.8.2. Ob tování jako prost edek pro dobro spole nosti a ve ejný prosp ch ............... 85 5.8.3. Koncept ob tování v imámovské ší ce ................................................................. 94 5.8.4. Ísár a ísargarán s patinou politiky
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