index

Aeromonas hydrophila, 241 Chanos chanos, 154,155,463 Alcolapia, 5,7,28,62 Chironomidae, 147 Alestes, 135,150 Chydoras, 143 Alestes longipinnis, 47 Cichla,3 Amblypharyngodon melettinus, 156 C. ocellaris, 200,243 Anabaena, 62,72,149 Cichlasoma managuense, 243 A. cylindrica, 74,75,78 ,1,2,3,4,15,46,50,65,67,79, A. falcatus, 75 90,134,149,150,151,153,156 A. £os-aquae, 72,75 Cichlidae,2,3,90 Anhinga, 149 Citharinus, 129,132,134,136,140 Ankistrdesmus, 62,72 Cladocera, 73 Clarias, 135,136,138,147,149,243 Bagrus,135,138 Clarias gariepinus, 135,142,146,153, B. docmac, 136,142 382 B. bayad, 136 C. macrocephlus, 382 B. meridionalis, 149 Clupea harengus, 209 Barbus, 135,147 Coptodon, 6,14 Botryococcus brauni, 72 Ctenopoma, 153 Cyprinus carpio, 107,335 Caridina, 143,144 C. niloticus, 153 Dagetia,6 Cepaea nemoralis, 340 Danakilia, 1,5,6,8,9,49,62,228 Ceratophyllum, 149 D. franchetti,6 C. demersum, 72,113 Daphnia magna, 72,7 3 Channa obscura, 135 Dimidiochromis kiwinge, 35 C. striata,270 Distichodus, 129,136,150 C. guntheri, 14 Chilochromis duponti, 14 Eichhornia, 135 Chlamydomonas sp., 72,75 E. crassipes, 143 Chlorella, 72 Embiotocidae,2 Chromidotilapia, 3 Enantiopus melanogenys, 41 Chrysichthys nigrdigitatus, 134 Ephemeroptera,147

489 490 Species index

Etroplus, 3,92 Mugil sp.,152 E. maculatus, 4 Mugil cephalus, 155 , 1,7,26 Gadus morhua, 209 M. myaka, 7 Gastropoda, 147 Mycobacterium, 438 Glossogobius, 153 Gobiocichla, 1,5,7 Najas, 144 G. ethelwynne,7 N. guadalupensis, 72 Grammatotria lemairei, 63 Navicula, 149 Gymnarchus niloticus, 132 Neotilapia, 5,7 Nilotilapia, 5 , 11,147 Nitzschia, 72 ,4,15,34,35,42,44,46, Nyasalapia, 5,7,12,16,27,33,41,43 53,61,129,140,142,151,191 Haplochromini,1,3,14 Odonata, 147 Haplochromis nigripinnis, 138 Onchorhynchus mykiss, 335 H. squamipinnis, 138 O. nerka, 105^107 Hemichromis, 3 O. tshawytscha, 250,363 H. fasciatus, 14,47 Ophiocephalus sp.,155,243 Hemiptera, 147 , 1,5,7^12,14^16,27,28, Heterobranchus, 135 33^36,39^42,44^46,50,52,54,60^ Heterochromis, 3 62,66,70,79,130,146,148,164, Heterotilapia, 6,14 180,191^193,228,229,240,247, Hoplias malabaricus, 157 280,288,302,407,440,462 Hydrocynus sp. 132,135,137,140 O. Alcolapia alcalicus alcalicus,7 H. forskalii, 136 O. (A). a. latilabris, 27 O. (A). a. ndalalani, 27 Ictalurus punctatus, 335 O. (A). alcalicus grahami, 7,35,37,46, Ichthyophthirius, 424 114,117,122,131,151,152 Iranocichla, 1,5,6,8,9 O. Neotilapia tanganicae, 7, 12,13,150 I. hormuzensis, 6,49 O. Oreochromis andersonii, 7,12,13,105, 169,170 , 1,7,26 O. (O). aureus, (O. monodi) 7,12,13,16, K. , 7 25,59,60,69,72,73,75,113,114, K. eisentrauti, 7 117,118,122,132,167,169,183, 198,203,229^234,236,237,240, Labeo, 129,132,135,136,147 241,245,247,249,250,252,279, Labridae,2 289,290,292,294,305,310,313, Labroidei,2 315,331,336,338^340,342,343, Lamprologus, 3 346,349,350,352^354,356^358, L. elongatus, 63 360,361,365,412,438,448,449, Lates, 137,140,144,150,190,470 476 Lates niloticus, 132,135^137,140,142, O. (O). esculentus, 96,139,140^144, 243 146,147,170,178,194,203,232 L. longispinis, 136 O. (O). hunteri, 5,7 Loruwiala, 5,7 O. (O). jipe, 7,11^13,144,146,147 O. (O). leucostictus, 16,130,136,139, Macrozoarces americanus, 253 140,142,143,156,190,192,193 Melosira, 143,149 O. (O). malagarasi,150 Microcystis sp., 72,137,143 O. (O). mortimeri,7,12,13,156,174 Microcystis aeruginosa, 72,74^76 O. (O). mossambicus, 7,12,13,33,34, Micropterus salmoides, 243 37^43,50,60,68,69,71,72,75,77, Moina, 143 92,97,105,114,116,117,119,120, Species index 491

122,130,131,132,148,153,154^ O. (O). variabilis, 34,37,41,43,46,53, 157,169,172,174,176,179,180, 139,140,141^144,157,203,232 181,182,183,187,189,190,194, O. Nyasalapia karomo, 37,39,41^43,50, 195,200^203,207^209,211,212, 150 227,230,231,233,234,236,238, O. (Ny). karongae, (O. saka), 7,12,13,35, 240,241,243^245,247,249,250, 37,43,46,50,51,62,148,149,170, 270,274,297,298,300,304^306, 269,270,288^290 329,330,334,335,339,343,344, O. (Ny). lidole, 7,12,13,42,43,46,51, 346,350,352,353,356,357,359, 60,62,75,148,149,170,269,289, 360,362,365,379,380,384,386, 290 387,406,427,438,448,449,463, O. (Ny). macrochir,7,12,13,35,39,42, 476 43,67,96,116,132,139,156,157, O. (O). niloticus baringoensis,17,19,20, 170,227,232,245 24 O. (Ny). malagarasi, 18 O. (O). n. cancellatus, 17,19,20,22^24 O. (Ny). mweruensis, 42 O. (O). n. eduardianus, 17^19,24 O. (Ny). squamipinnis, 7,12,13,43,44, O. (O). n. ¢loa, 17,19,20,22,23 46,50,51,148,149,269 O. (O). n. niloticus, 7,12,13,16^26,39, O. Vallicola amphimelas, 7,62 41,43,46,49,60,64,66^68,74^78, Oscillatoria sp.,77 93,96,97^107,109^118,120^122, Oryzias latipes, 254 130, 132,134,135, 136^145,154, 155^157,167^169,171,174,175, Panicum repens, 76 179,180,182,183,185,187,191, Paratilapia, 2 192,194,197,198,200^203,209, Paretroplus, 3 227,229,230^236,238^242,245, Pasteurella, 438 247^251,253,267,281,287,289^ Pelecanus onacrotalus roseum, 152 294,297,298,300,304^306,308, Pelmatochromis, 1,3,5,6 ,8,9 309,312,313,330^332,334^336, P. buettikoferi,6,14 338^340,342^346,350^353,356^ P. nigrofasciatus, 5,6,12,13 358,360,362,365,379,380,382, P. ocellifer, 6 384,386,387,406,412,435,438, P. pulcher, 13 448,449,463,464,476 Pelmatolapia,6 O. (O). n. sugatae, 17,19,20,24 Phalacrocorax africanus, 149 O. (O). n. vulcani, 17,19,20,24,117, P. carbo, 149 136,151,230 Phoenicopterus minor,152 O. (O). pangani pangani, 144,146,147 Polypterus, 138 O. (O). p. girigan,144 Pomacentridae,2 O. (O). placidus,7,12,13 Pomamogeton, 49 O. (O). tana, 20 Protomelus similis,15 O. (O). umembae, 18 Protopterus, 138 O. (O). urolepis hornorum, 7,12,13,117, Pseudocrenilabrus philander, 153 155,227,229,231,234,244,245, Pterochromis, 1,5 253,298,300,305,306,344,356 Ptychochromis, 3 O. (O). rukwaensis, 146,156 Punga, 1,7,26 O. O). spilurus niger, 139,156,168,172, P. maclareni, 7 173,231,244 O. (O). s. spilurus, 7,12,13,118,175, Raiamas (Barilius),136 203,231,297,299^301,305,352, Rhabdalestes, 147 357,448,449,465 O. (O). shiranus shiranus, 7,12,13,49, Salvelinus namaycush, 209 148,149,171,194,211,270,276, , 1,5,8^16,25,26,33,34, 288,290,293,294,310,313,381 41,45,46,48,52,54,79,130,150, O. (O). s. chilwae, 117 180,228,407 492 Species index

S. caroli, 25,150,151 169,171,203,227,288^290,299, S. linnellii, 6,25,150,151 305,381 S. lohbergeri, 25,150 T. (C). rendalli swierstrae, 153 S. steinbachi, 25,150 T. (C). tholloni, 6,12,13,26 S. galilaeus boulengeri, 25 T. (C). zillii, 6,12,13,16,18,20,24^26, S. g. borkuanus, 25 40,44,45,47,50,69,72,130,132, S. g. galilaeus, 6,12^14,16,18,24^26, 134^136,140^144,155,167,169, 34,36,41,45,48,51,64,68,132, 183,190,192,203,331,333,340, 134^136,150,156 345,346,349 S. g. multifasciatus, (T. multifasiata) 25,49 T. Dagetia rheophila, 6,105 S. g. sanagaensis, 25 T. Heterotilapia buttikoferi, 6,12,13 S. melanotheron heudelotii, 27,48,152 T. (H). cessiana, 6 S. m. melanotheron, (T. macrocephala; T. T. sparrmanii, 6,105,116,117, huedelotii; T. huedelotii, macrocephala) 153 5,6,12^14,25^27,34,36,40,45, T. (T). busumana, 6,105 46,48,72,152,171,183,189,211, T. (T). ruweti, 6 346 T. Pelmatolapia brevimanus, 6 S. m. paludinosus, 27,152 T.(P).cabrae,6,68 S. m. nigripinnis, 152 T. (P). mariae, 6,12,13,35,40,44,45, Schilbe uranoscopus, 136 47,48,51,60,95 Serrasalmus, 157 T. Trewavas guinasana, 6,35 Steatocranus, 1,5,7 T. bemini, 36 S. casuarius,7 T. gutturosa, 36 Stephanodiscus, 143 T. imbriferna, 151 Streptoccus, 424 T. kottae,6 Stizostedion vitreum, 209 T. snyderae, 36,151 Stomotepia, 1,26 T. spongotroktis,151 S. mariae, 7 Tilapiini,1 S. mongo, 7 Tilapiines,1^4,8,9,11,15,33^36,151, S. pindu, 7 209,230 Sparidentex hasta, 465 Trewavas,6 Spirogyra maxima, 72 Trichoptera,143,144,147 Spirulina platensis, 152 , 1,5,6,8,9,11,49 Synodontis, 134,135,147 Tr. magdalenae, 6 Tr. sacra, 6,49 Thermocyclops hyalinus, 138 Tr. simonis intermedia, 49 Tilapia, 1,5,6,8^12,14^16,25,33^35, Tr. s. simonis, 6,49 40,41,44,45,47,49,54,60,66,67, Tylochromis, 3 70,79,130,151,180,228 Ty. jentinki, 14 T. Coptodon discolor, 47 Ty. microlepis, 63 T. (C ). guineensis, 26,27,135 T. (C). rendalli, 6,12,13,16,45,48,60, Vallisneria, 49 62,68,72,76,97,113,116,117, Vibrio, 438 119,132,141,146^148,153^156, Index

Acadjas 80 food, as 385^386 Adaptation 4 Anorexia 350,353,356^358 Aeration/oxygenation 297,408,414, Antinutrients 396 417,419,420,421,428,429,430, Appetite 334,354 431,432,434,435 Aquaculture 1,19,21,28,41,54,80^ Africa 1,3,4,5,14,16^17,28,129, 81,107,119,156,163,174,176, 130,227,232,233,269,280,379, 177,178,185,186,197,213,227^ 381,462,466,482 266,348,377^403,447,455 East 14,20,21,22,144 brackish/sea water 234,380,387, West 14,16,18,19,20,21,22,24, 434,435,440,459,464 27,48,80,135,152 commercial 377,384,405,412, Southern 153 428^431,434,436,466 Age at maturity 180,181,182,185, environmental issues 397^398,410 205,212,238 extensive 174,185,456 ALCOM 462 integrated 381^383,459 Alfalfa 337 intensive 95,185,271,377,405^ Algae 59,66,89,142^143 445,450^451,456,461,463,464, Alkalinity 89,115,388 465,468 Allozyme studies 10^14,19,20,21, monoculture 379,380,449,461, 22,24,26,27,228^230,232^233 463 American Fisheries Society 10 periurban 380,406,428 Amino acid(s) 130,333^336,341,343, polyculture 197,379,380^383,449, 348,349,351,353,361,364 461,462,463 Ammonia 388,408,412,414,415, rural inland 380^383,455,459,461, 416,417,419,421,422,429^430, 466 431 semi-intensive 81,95,185,380^383, excretion 113^114,348 387,405,406,410,455,456,459, Amylase 71 466 Anadromy 211 small-scale 462 Anaesthetics 94,95,100 species/strain choice 231^235 Anatomy 4,8,10 sustainability 439,455 Androgenesis 240^241,243

493 494 Index

wastes 412,415,421,423,436,438, Bio¢ltration 421,422,424,428,431, 440,456 432,434,436 wastewater-fed 380,384^386,433 Biogeography 1^28,130 water use 398 Birds 134,137,146,149,152,156, yields 381,382^383,385,386,388, 184,200 389,390^391,392,395,396,397, Blood 229,230,351,352,354,355, 398,405,412,427,428,431,436, 356^358,359,362,363, 457,458,463,465 BOD 408 Aquaria 34,36,37,39,40,41,46,47, Body 48,152,163,182,184,275,351 design/shape 90^91,94,104,112, Aquarists 154 350,356,479 Asia 3,14,197,227,233,234,270, fat 423 272,274,377,378,379,381,434, Bones 351,352,353,355,359,360, 461,468,482 361,479 Assimilation e¤ciency 70^71,72,80, pharyngeal 67,68,80,91 119,414 Brain 351 Assimilative capacity 424,426 Brazil 296,316 Atlas Mountains 15 Breeding 51,51^53 Auburn University 272 coloration 21,33,36,38,43,45,49, van den Audenarde,T. 5,10 184,228 Australia 156,201^202 programmes 233,235^ 239 system 33,90 Bahamas 300,305^306,316,436,464 Broodstock 233,237,280,282^285, Bangladesh 238,269,380,382,384, 291^293,297,304^313,317,332 386 Buccopharyngeal cavity 47,60,61,62, Baobab (Bamburi) Farm 301,433,436 63,65,66,96 Behaviour 10,52,406,409 Buoyancy 91 aggressive 33,34,37,39,41,45,47, 144,157,409,427 Cadmium 363,365 anti-predator 179 Cage culture 177,178,199,237,271, appeasement 39,44 275,354,382^383,397,405,410, brooding 36,45,48 411,433,434,440,448,449,450^ courtship 34,38,43,44,45,52,90, 451,454,459,460,461,463,464, 271,279,280 465,466 ¢ghting 38^39,40,41 Calcium 353,359,360,362,363,365, guarding 11,39,180 388,396 mating 36 Cameroon 25,27,150 mouth-locking 38,40 Canada 476 parental 33,36,37,45^49 Cannibalism 48,152,272,285^287, paternal 36 295,296,301 reproductive 33,35,90 Carbohydrate 338,339,341^348,349, shoaling 48 350,351,360,361,362,396,409 `sneaking' 35 Carbon 120,388,430 spawning 36,39,141,148,157,187 dioxide 95,361,362,408,412,419, studies 184 421,422,433 territorial 34,35,37^41,44,45,46, Caribbean 387 47,48,54,153,180,184,187,279, Carrying capacity 414,424,426,429, 280,409,416,427,433 432,433 Belgium 406,437 Casein 337 Benin 80 Cellulose 343,344 Bile 70^71 Central America 243,291,476 Biodiversity 28,142,154^155,203^ Chad 16,18,20,25 204,211,455 Chin spot 38,41 Index 495

China 379,380,381,384,449,450, Dentition 5,27 463 Diet 5,59^61,70,327,(see also food) Chloride cells 115 algae 60,61,69,70,79,120,130, Chlorine 361 132,135,139,141,144,149,153, Chlorophyll 70 156 Chromatorphores 90 aufwuchs see periphyton Chromium 343,364,365 bacteria 62,77,130,150,153,154 Chromosomes 239^241 carnivorous 59,378 Chymotrypsin 71 cyanobacteria 70,74,76,77,79,80, Clade 4,11,19,22,23 130,137,138,143,151,152 Cladistics 11,19 detritus 60,77,79,129,130,136, Cladogram 2,3,9,12^13 144,148,149,150,152,156,389 Classi¢cation 6^7 diatoms 130,141,148,154 Climate change 22^23,140 ¢sh 153 Cline 27 ¢sh eggs 60 Clonal lines 241,247 herbivorous 59,60,80,129,138, Cobalt 363 378^379 Coenzymes 350,351,354,361 insect larvae 60,151,153,156 Cold tolerance 89 macrophytes 60,61,66,67,76,113, Collagen 352 129,130,132,141,148,153,156, Collections 28 394 Colonization 24,79,130,154^157, molluscs 153 163 nutrient density 348 Colombia 434,449,451,476 omnivory 79 Colour 35,37,39,53,90,99,180,233, opportunistic 60 350,356^358,423,440,479 periphyton 60,61,66,77,79,81, Common property resources 270 134,135,146,150 Competition 37^41,61,141,155,166, phytoplankton 60,61,67,74,76, 174,184,186,197 146,148,150,319,383,387,389 Condition 136,141 preferences 60 Conservation 53 rotifers 135 Consumer 453,467,480 sand and silt 61,144 acceptance 434,439,473,475 seasonality 61 attitudes 446 sponges 156 familiarity 452,473 zooplankton 60,61,62,130,152 Consumption 467,474 Dietary Copper 362,363,365 lipid level 110 Copra meal 337 overlap 61 Corn oil/meal 337,339,354 protein level 110^111 Costa Rica 435,449,451,476 Digestion 70^71,80,92,97,138 Coª te d'Ivoire 25,26,27,49,135,139, microbial 71,80 181 Disease 118,409,411,423^424,438, Courtship 41^45,52 440,479 colours see breeding colours Dissolved Organic Matter 130 Crocodiles 137,149 Diversi¢cation 89 Crowding 184,190,409 DNA 151,228,354 CRSP 390^391 AFLP 238 Cryopreservation 243 chromosomal 14 Cuba 237,451 microsatellite 230,239 Currents 89,105 mitochondrial 10,14,19,20,21,22, Cytology 11 23,24,25,26,27^28,230,240 PCR techniques 230 DEGITA 238 RAPD markers 230 496 Index

DNA (continued) Environmental satellite 4,14^15 physiology 89^123 Dominance hierarchies 39,40,41, impact(s) 348,455,460 184,407,409 Enzymes 70^71,355,360,362,363 Duckweed 385,386 Epithelium 91 Dwar¢ng see stunting Ethiopia 16,19,20,22,23,24,49 Europe 246,378,379,449,452,462^ Ecology 33,51,53,79,129^162,163, 463,471^474,475,477 213 Eutrophic(ation) 142^144,397,429 ecological footprint 455,456 Evolution 1^28,33,51^53,61,131, Economics 163,198,199,381,391, 140,151,157,204,213 392,406,410,411,428,433,434, Exploitation 53^54 437,439^440,447^487 Eyes 90,336,341,350,353,356^358 capital costs 459^460,463,464, 465,466,474 Faeces 348 discount rate 460 Farmers 378,382 ¢nancial analysis 460 Fat,body 40 indicators 461 Fatty acids 338,340,341,345,348, internal rate of return 460,464,465 349,350,364 labour 275,291,294,311,426,427, Fecundity 48,180,183,233,270,285, 460,466 288,332,438 net present value 460,465 Feeders 420 operating costs 460^461,464,465, Feeding 26,59^81,90,97,185,411, 466 459 pro¢tability 449,452,463^464,465 algal 35,62,71,78 returns on investment 463 and mouthbrooding 48,60 sensitivity 465 bacteria 62,65,77 ECOPATH II 138 biting 61,66 Ecuador 292,294,316,435,476 browsing 61,79 Egg(s) 36,45,46,48,118,240,332, detrivory 61,70,77,130,139,144, 334,359 151 arti¢cial incubation 314,436 diel rhythms 71 brooding 36,43,47,48 ecology 59^61 care 47,48,50,51,52,53 e¤ciency 62,79^80,412,423 clutches 36,48,51,280,284 energy return 60,72^73,78 fertilization 280,284 epiphytic 49,130,139 laying 34,45 ¢lter 60,62,65,71,72,74,77,78, predation 48,51 79,388,389,394 production 281,285,288 food processing 66^67 sizes 282,283 grazing 61,66,79,92 yolk sac 46,48 ingestion rates 62,64,71^77 Egypt 135,269,379,450,463 macrophytes 49,60,66,69,80,155 Electophoresis see alloyzme,isozyme microphagous 59,60,62,69,130, Endemic(ism) 36,46,49,131,140, 143,144 144,150,151,155,232, mucus entrapment 65,74 Energetics 89,408 ontogeny 59^60 Energy 40,119,338,344^348,349, opportunistic 61,79^81 393,395,428,455 particulate 72,73 budgets 77^78,90,119^121 phytoplankton 60,61,71,74,80, digestibility 336,345,347 151,430 expenditure 36,106,119^121,406 prey processing 62 requirements 328,344^348,407, ram 61 409,439 Index 497

rate 199,311,314,412,415,417, socioeconomics 138 426,431,432,433,436,455,464 traps 149 sieving 65,66 trawling 53 strategies 60,327 markets 146,154 suction 61,62^65,79 Fishmeal 114,330^331,337,360,452, suspension 62,65^66 454 visual 59,61,62,65 Fitness 51,52,164,186,212 zooplanktivory 60,62,71^73,80 Food 184,315,416,456,476,see also Female choice 34,35 diet,feeding Feral ¢sh 141,146,154^156,274, availability 183 307,438^439 commercial 311,377,382,394,396 Fertility 180 consumption 112,116,407 Fertilization 35,43,53,174,185,197, conversion 175,330^331,334,356^ 198,311,315,377,378,387^391, 358,386,392,396,413,414,429, 392,396,454,460,465 457^458,465 inorganic 382,387^388,390^391, costs 329,344,460,464,465,468 396^397,464,465 daily intake 77^78,152 manure 379,381,389^390,391, digestibility 348,396 464,465 meal size 69 organic 272,315 natural 355 rate(s) 44,284,383,388,389,390^ nutrient density 348 391,398,455,464 on-farm 314,394,396,454 septage 386 oral processing 66^67 sewage 291,384^386 pellet(ing) 338,343,383,387,392, Fibre,dietary 343^344 394,398,423,430 Filters and ¢ltration 297,301,314, quality 285,301,423,428,465 415,421,422,431,433 storage 352 Fin(s) 19,25,38,43,90,104,341, supplemental 291,307,319,339, 356,360,362,363 377,381^383,384,387,391^397, anal 33,44 464,465 caudal 43,340,353 France 471 dorsal 33,43,45,94,99,148,420 Fry 45,434,455,465, erosion 350 diets 130 pectoral 41 grading 286,296 pelvic 43 harvesting 285^ 287,288,295^296, Fish Attractant Devices 80 301,307,308^310,312^313,315, Fish kills 142 317^318 Fisheries 1,54,130,134,138,141, nursing 46,47,54,141^142,314, 146,154,155,163,190^196 319 culture-based 196^197 mortality 47,51,295 enhancement 201 parental care 46,47,48,49,51^53, models 178,193^195 54,271 yields 190^195,196 production 54,294,297,304^306, Fishermen 146,149 315^316,317,332,340,432,436 Fishing 35,135,138,140,176 respiration 104 catches 146 salinity tolerance 118 commercial 138,149,190,202^203 e¡ort 193,467 Gambia 26 gears 53,146,149,193,195 Gene(s) gill nets 135,146,156,194 maps 241, over-¢shing 138,140 sex-determining 247^249 mortality 176,177,187,191 seine 53,146,149 498 Index

Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia Gu« nther,A. 5 Programme (GIFT) 20,233,235, Guyana 157 237^238,384,454,455 Gynogenesis 240,242,247,249 Genital papillae 33 Genetic(s) 175,185,210,227^266, Habitat 49,54,61,174,196 231,423,438,449, alterations 203 drift 270 preferences 49^50,131,141,179 introgression 228,231,232,245, HACCP 474,478 270,274 Haemoglobin 96,112,121,228,229, markers 232,250 350,358,362,363,408 population 182 Haemorrhage 353 selection 182 Haiti 465 variability 238^239 Handling 94,100,123 Genital papillae 43,44,244 Hapas 272,275,279,280,282^283, Geothermal water supplies 275,279, 284,285,303,307^313,314,316, 432,433 319,460 Germany 471 Haplotypes 27,28 Ghana 25,49 Harvesting 185,291,391,411,413, Gill(s) 62,95,96,115,117,121,356^ 416,423,424^427,459 358,359,360,362,363, cropping system 424^427 arches 62,64 seed 267,272,274,291 area 120,166,174,183 Hatchery(ies) 197,233,237,249,267^ ¢laments 65,66,350 326,459,461 rakers 62,65,66,95,130,407 commercial 275,295,297,314,319, size 112 434 GIS 466 costs 275,307,319,460 Gluconeogenesis 343,361 e¤ciency 279^287,307 Glycogen 342 management 269,271,281,319 Glycolysis 342,343 operators 274 GMOs 123 recycle 436 Guinea 25,26 Head 27,49,61,148 Gonad weight/size 40,180,184 Heart 351 Gonadosomatic index (GSI) 40 Heat output 95 Grading 237,420,426,427,433,469 Heavy metals 408 Greenhouse 275,278,420,430,432, Heritability 185,236,237,238 433,434 Heterosis 232,233,235 Groundnut meal 337 High Unit Value 468 Groundwater 301 Honduras 292,294,316,398,436, Growth 48,51,79,89,97,99,112, 465,476 116,120^121,131,138^140,148, Hong Kong 154,155 164^176,198,387,408,465 Hormones 350,355 density dependent 172^174,187, Hot springs 19,49,115,131,151^152 213 Husbandry 94,176,236,407,411, models 163^164,198,205 416,423^424,437,449 patterns 165^167,168,172^173 Hybridization 130,135,141,155,179, performance 166,167,169,431, 203,227,231,232,233,234,243, 440 407 period 54 Hybrids 228,229,231,247,387,406, rate 129,130,153,156,233,329, 440,476 332,356^358,384,392,407,417, Hydro-power 53,436 427 Hydrogen sulphide 408 von Bertalan¡y 164^167,194,198 Hydroponics 436 Guatemala 381 Index 499

IBP 135,138,153 Lake (continued) ICLARM 462 Albert 16,18,19,22,24,133,136, Iles,T.D. 156 139,157 Immunology 229 Ankole 139 Inbreeding 11,274 Awasa 77 India 2,155,380,384 Ayame¨ 135 Indian Ocean 16,153 Baringo 19,20,22,24 Indonesia 154,227,231,275,379, Barombe Mbo 1,25,27,150 381,387,449,450 Barombi Kotto 60 Integrated Bermin 27,36,151 agriculture 198 Beseka 23 pest management 279 Botswumtwi 25 Ingestion see feeding Bunyoni 139 Intestine 67,336,343^344,360,364 Chad 21,22,25,50,132,133,135^ enzymes 70 136 length 69,70,91 Chamo 23 micro£ora 67,343,351,355 Edward 18,19,20,21,22,24,133, morphology 5,60,69^70 136^137,139 Introductions 140,144^145,154^156, Ejagham 151 157,163,200^204 Galla 23 Invasions 156^157,163,200^204 George 16,19,129,130,133,136^ Iodine 363 137,138,139,187,190 Iran 5 Ihema 139,157 Iron 362,363,364,388 Itasy 139,155,232 Irrigation systems 274,434,435 Jipe 144 Isozymes 228^230 Kainji 133,134 Israel 25,49,155,197,200,232,245, Kamasia 24 272,274^275,280,291,292,294, Kinkony 155 295,316,389,412,424,428,450, Kinneret 49,50,190 465 Kivu 16,18,19,22,150 Italy 471 Koka 20 Kyoga 140,141,144,145 Jamaica 289^290,435,451,476 Laguna de Bay 307 Japan 236,450,471 Langano 23 Jaws 33,61,67,148,356^357 Magadi 27^28,115,151,152 Jordan 434 Malawi 27,34,35,37,43,45,46,49, 50^51,60,61,62,133,148^150, Kenya 19,20,115,227,230,244,299, 193,269 301,305,406,428,433 Malombe 50,54,148,191^192 Kidney 353,357,408 Naivasha 130,190,192,193,203 Korea,Republic of 398 Nakuru 152 Kuwait 282,300,305^306,434,461, Natron 27^28 465 Shalla 23 Sibaya 43,50,130,133,153^154, Labour 296,456 174 Lagoons 27,47,49,50,51,54,80, Stefanie 23 131,132,135,141,148,152,182, Tana 19,20,22,24 211 Tanganyika 16,18,19,22,41,51, Lactate 40,96 52,133,150 Lake Turkana 16,19,20,21,22,23,24, Abayo 23 133,136^138,157,191^192, Abiyasa 23 Victoria 22,46,51,132,133,137, Afar 22 140^144,157,202,203,232,462 500 Index

Lake (continued) Malta 434 Ziway 20,23 Management 163^225,466 Zwai 19 Manganese 362,364 Lakes 52,144,180^181,186 Mangroves 157 African 181^182,190 Marketing 447^487 African Rift Valley 14,22,53,60, Market(s) 270,275,380,384,391, 115,131,133,151^152 405,423,428,467^482 Brazilian 60 constraints 439 crater 131,136,139,150^151 demand 467 oligotrophic 150 ethnic 471,473,478 saline 49 expansion 452,477^480,482 size,e¡ects of 210 ¢llets 436,469 soda 27^28,46,131,151^152 green 479,480 Ugandan 138^139 prices 378,391,439,452,463,467, Laos 197,203^204,450 468,469^470,473,474,476^477, Lateral line 90 480 Latin America 196,272,380,381,434, restaurants 472,475,478 461,476,482 retail 472,475 Lead 365 rural 468 Leks see arena(s),spawning sector 452,458,471,479 Leiden University 140,144 size 416,426,427,431,472^473, Levant 1,11 473,474,476 Liege,University of 406 structure 475 Life histories 54,129,163^164,165, supermarkets 437,472,475 170^171,175,176,178,182,184, supplies 454^458,472 186,204^213,214 tari¡s 466 Light 153,183,390 urban 467 Liming 122 volume 452 Lip(s) 49 whole ¢sh 436 Lipids 338^341,345,350,351,354, wholesale 439 360,362,364,394,409 Mastication 70 Liver 40,340,341,342,343,350,351, Mate 354,356^358 choice 33,34^36,44,53 Lorenz school 44 desertion 46,52 Mating systems 33,34^36,51^53 Macrophage 241 Maturation 40,180^182,187,196, Madagascar 2,3,139,155,157 213,237 Magnesium 360^361,365,388 delayed 51,183,184,185,187, Malacca Fish Culture Station 154,227, 207^209,236 244 early 51,54,153,154,156,163, Malawi 12,49,191,270,288^290, 182,184^185,199,207^209 293,294,299,305,310,313,381, Mediterranean 16,22,471 434,462 Meristics 19,21,22,23,25 Malaysia 154,379,449,450 Metabolic rate 78,95,98,110^113, Male 115^117,122,157,363,408,412 aggregation 35 Metabolism 95,166,168,328,345, cannibalism 48 407,413,416,439 choice 34,35 Methyltestosterone,17- a 245^246, dominance 37 272,274,275,314,438 ^female interactions 40 Mexico 451 ^male interactions 35,37,38,40, Microbranchiospines 62,95,96 157 Microcystins 74 size 41,43,175 Index 501

Migration 49,92,117,134,135,151, Nitrogen 280,348,383,387,389,408, 211 418,420,422 Minerals 355,359^365,393,395 nitrite 121^122,408,417,422,429, Molecular studies see allozyme,isozyme 431 Molecular nitri¢cation 415,416,417,430,431 markers 4 Nursery(ies) 197 studies 27 Nutrients 51,449 systematics 14 circulation 129,130 Molybdenum 363 Nutrition Monogamy 51,52,54 broodstock 284^285 Monophyletic group(s) 52 Nutritional requirements 327^375, Monosex ¢sh 155,175,199,231,243, 406,407,423 250,271,274,319,407,464 genetic manipulation 246^250,438, Oesophagus 66,67,91 454,455 O¡-£avours 439,478 hand sexing 244,271 Operculum 38 hormones 245^246,249,271,288, beat rate 62 291,295,314,315 Osmoregulation 106,107,116,122, hybridization 243 132,355,361,364 Morphoedaphic Index 193 Ovaries 280 Morphology 2,4,5,11,19,25,26,52 Over-wintering 232,274,428 feeding specializations 61 Ovipositor 43 traits 228 Oxygen 93 Mortality 137,156,164,176^180, anoxia 96,130,142 182,183,187,194,198,201,204, consumption 73,94^95,97,98,106, 207,213,350,356^358 110,120,122,123,156^157,414, Motor activity 95,107^108 415,417 Mouth 40,41,43,61 diurnal variations 280 Mouthbrooding 5,8^10,11,12,14, hypoxia 94,99^100,109 33,50,52,131,150,151,280,284, levels,dissolved 89,101,122,123, 297,317 131,137,143,174,182,183,184^ biparental 35,41,45,47,48,49,51, 185,198,280,284^285,317,412, 52,53,54,180, 413,417,421,431 maternal 33,34,36,37,43,44,45, requirements 94,96,156,408,413, 46,48,49,52,53,54,144,148, 416 151,153,175,180,279 tension 96,104 paternal 34,36,41,45,46,47,48, transport 361 49,52,54,152 Ozonation 421,422 Mucus 60,65,66,67,74 Murchison Falls 16,24,140 Paci¢c islands 154,155,378 Muscle (s) 40,69,90,92,96,104, Pair bonds 44,45,48 334,342,350,357,360,361 Palaeogeography 26 Panama 381 Namibia 152 Papua New Guinea 154 Nei's genetic identity 27 Parasites 136,152,176,203 Neotropical 2,3,4 Pathogens 203,424 Nest(s) see spawning pit(s) Peru 384 Nicaragua 155 Pest control 156,279 Niger 16,20,25 Peters,H.M. 11 Nigeria 36,47,51,132,451,462 pH 113,115,122,131,280,361,388, Nilo-Sudanian distribution 16,18,19, 408,414,431 21,25,26,132 intestinal 71 stomach 69,70,80,361 502 Index

Phenotypic plasticity 137,182,185, Potassium 361,387 204^205,213 Poultry 337,377^378,381,382,390 Philippines 20,154,155,198,233, Power plant e¥uents 406,407,437, 235,237,249,271,288,289,292^ 459 293,296,298,301,304^305,307, Predators 47,51,131,136^137,143^ 308^309,312,379,380,382,387, 144,151^152,176,179 449,450,455,461,463 recruitment control 199,200,243^ Phospholipids 341 244,271 Phosphorus 152,348,353,359^360, Pressure 91,92 362,364,365,383,387,388,389, Processing 439,459,473^474,475, 396,465 476 Photoperiod 95 Product attributes 129,130,154,246, Phylogenetic studies 19,51^52,228 270,384,385,386,423,440,448, Physiology 89^123,406 452,467,474,476^477,478,480 Pigs 386 Production:capacity ratio (P/C) 414, Plastic tunnels see greenhouse 416,417,424,426,427 Pleistocene 16,23,24 global 449,457,476,480 Ploidy manipulation 239^241,250 planning 198 Pollution 121 primary 35,51,129,138,144,153, Polygamy 36,53,54 190,193,307 Polygyny 34,36,52 secondary 138 Polymorphism 21,23 Prostaglandins 338 colour 36,53 Protein Pond(s) 10,35,41,54,104,122,139^ content 285,329,360,393,395, 140,182,185,186,199,243,269^ 396,430 279,336,339,351,354,377^403, digestibility 336^337,339 405,410,411,416,420,428,434, energy ratios 338,344^348 435,440,448,449,450^451,461 intake 114 brackishwater 157,387,454 metabolism 350,351,360,362 critical standing crop 393 quality 328,334,336 draining 291,397,398 requirements 327^337,344^345, ¢sh 130,141,144,177,178,198 409 hatchery 287^290,295,302,314, sources 334 316,319,432 sparing 338,343,345,394,430 microbiology 384^385,388,389, synthesis 333,361,362 410,429^430 utilization 334,338,339,343^344 nutrient balance 397^398 Puerto Rico 155,308,312,464 seasonal 462,463 Pyloric sedimentation 430,432,440,464 caecae 91 size 51,169,210,391,398,428, sphincter 71 430,464 soils 388,390,397,398 Quality Assurance 439 Pool(s) 47,49,50 Q10 97 Population(s) 51^53,186,201 density 132,174 Raceways 271,301,397,405,406, dynamics 163^225 411,412,413,416,418^419,427, exploitation 187^190 430,431,432,433,437,440,451, lake-dwelling 61 459 recruitment 54,188,195,271 Recirculation systems 301,302,314, regulation 187^190 348,405^445,478 structure 167,186 Red Sea 22,231 Portugal 471 Post-harvest 423 Index 503

Red tilapia 228,231,233^234,297, River (continued) 301,339,350,387,406,431,433, Ruzizi 18 435,436,454,464,476 Sanaga 25 Reproduction 112,117,164,180^185, Senegal 19,20 186,268^270,449, Sepik 154,156,202,204 control of 199^200,228,243^252, Sobat 23 268,270^272 Sokoto 129,132 Reproductive Stefani 23 biology 33^54,97,166 Stefanzi 19 isolation 41 Sugata 19,20,22,24 strategies 51^53,54,180^185 Volta 134 success 279^287 Zaire 18,25,26,150 Reservoirs 60,61,131,132^135,139^ Zambezi 132,174 140,144,155,232,269,460 Rivers area 193 African 61 Brazilian 157 ecosystems 132^135 Kainji 134 £oodplains 131,135,138 Kariba 76,174,462 Nigerian 36,47 Nasser/Nubia 135 Ru« ppel,E. 5 Nyumba ya Mungu 140,144^147 Rwanda 269,270,280,462 Plover Cove 155 Sri Lankan 60,130,155,156,157, Sahara desert 16 181,186,190^191,193,195,202 Salinity 89,95,106,107,117,118^ Volta 134 119,123,131,179,231,233,282, Respiration 90,91,97,98,99^100, 297,301,314,317,329,387,406, 101^104,355,408,409 407,408,416,423,440,448,463 air-gulping 91,93,96,122 Saudi Arabia 434,449,450 anaerobic 96^97,100 Savannah 26 rate 97^104,123 Scales 90,94,361 Restriction Fragment Length Schooling 148 Polymorphism (RFLP) 19,20,23 Scoliosis 334 Rice Scope for activity 112 bran 291,311,337,394,396 Scotland 437 ¢eld 155,274,275,279,316,463 Sea water 122,155,364 River Seed Awash 19,20,22,23 production 197,267^326 Bia 135 quality 280,267^326 Cross 27,151 size 269,314 Darling 156 supplies 269 Ethiop 51 wild 268^269 Gandjule 19 Selective breeding 11 Gascoyne 202 Selenium 363^364,365 Kafue 174 Semliki Falls 24 Lukugu 18 Senegal 19,20,25,26,27 Malagarasi 18 Sewage 270 Meme¨ 26 Sex Mungo 150 determination 228,231,241,246^ Niger 19,25,132,134 250 Nile 16,18,19,20,21,22,23,24, linkage 36 25,132,135,136,140,141 ratio 107,228,247,271,282,284, Ogowe 25 294,313^314 Omo 19,136 reversal 246,249,267,272 Pangani 144,146 steroids 190 504 Index

Sexual Springs,hot 23 coloration 33,36 Sri Lanka 450 dimorphism 33,34,36,244,250 Starch 342 selection 33,34,36,39,52,54 Sterile ¢sh 199 Sexual (continued) Steroids 338,352 secondary structures 34 Sterols 341 Shrimp meal 337 Stiassny,M. 5,8 Singapore 154,379 Stirling,University of 406 Sink hole 36 Stock assessment 213 Size 412 Stocking 185,196,197,426,427 asymptotic 130,132,152,153,165^ density 107,187,271,294,354, 166,167,169,172,175,206,209, 388,392,406,407,413,424,426, 214 427,428^429,430,431,433,435, at maturity 49,51,54,136,137, 465 138^140,146,151,152,156,180, Stomach 67,69,74,80,91 181,182,183,184,185,206,212 evacuation rates 69 dependent mortality 178^179,201 contents analysis 71,77,79,135, Skin 90,95,356^358,359,360,362 143^144 Skull 1,67 Strains 231,233,234,235,236,270, Smallholders 269,270 455 Smith,A. 5 Strati¢cation 142 Smolting 213 Stream(s) 49 Social issues 381,391,460,462,466 Stress 112,120,122,182^183,184, Sodium 361,364 340,414,427,438 Solomon Islands 155 Stunting 130,136,139,153,154,155, Sound 91,92^93 156,179,199^200,204^213,214, South Africa 231,434 274,356^358 Soybean meal 114,337,394 Sudan 135 Spain 471 Sugar levels 40 Spawning 35,36,41^45,46,118,148, Sulphur 361,363 190,271,279,317,340,408 Suspended solids 408,415,417,419, arenas 35,53,90,279,301 420,421,422,431 cues 50^51,54,157,180,182,183 Swamps 131,135,146,150,280 duration 51 Swimbladder 91^92,93^94,100,104 frequency 332 Swimming 78,90,104^105,106, intervals 48,50,141,150,153,284, 107^109,166,356,407,409 285 Sympatry 43,144 periodicity 51,156 Synapomorphy 4 pit(s) 34,35,41^43,45,50,54,180 Syria 5,49,450 season 37,50,51,148,152 System design 410^427 site 51,138,141,142,146,150, Systematics 4,14 153,184 substrate 5,10,11,33,40,41,45, Taiwan 296,316,379,449,450,463^ 47,49,53,54,148,151,180, 464 280,288 Tank(s) 35,40,163,180,183,211, synchronicity 51,237,284,287 271,275,276,280,314,348,354, tunnel(s) 41,45,47 405,411,412,413,416,417,418^ Speciation 4,28,53,54,151 419,424,433,437,440,459,461, Species £ock 27,148^151 464 Speci¢c Dynamic Action 104,110^113 costs 297 Speci¢c Growth Rate 120 design 297,301,314,415,418, Sperm 36,43,240,243 434,440 Spread 28 fry production 297^307,316,319 Index 505

Tannins 390 312^313,378,380,390,406,412, Tanzania 144^147 424,428,431^433,438,449,451, Taste buds 66,67 471,474^477 2,4^8,11 Teeth 151 Venezuela 449,451 jaw 66,91,92 Vertebrae 90 pharyngeal 67,92,130 Vietnam 270,275,277,279,280,282, Teleosts 59 289^290,291,316,381,384,387, Temperature 48,89,97,115^117, 463 119,123,131,179,183,186,231, Viruses 67 271,288,315,317,328,329,406, Vision 279,280 409,414,416,421,435,436 Vitamins 338,348^358,393^394,395 acclimation 98 Volcano(s) 27 £uctuations 142,274 Jebel Marra 22 optima 116 Viringa Complex 18 oxygen consumption 97^98 Volta 20 preferences 91,113,131,151^152 sex determination 247 Water tolerance 94,116,142,231,232, depth 49^50,91 408,430 exchange rates 410,412,413,416, Territories 35,37,39,41,44,45,46 428^429,435,436 courtship 37 hardness 122 Tertiary Period 22 level £uctuations 53,54,61,134, Testosterone,11^keto 40 137,141,190^191,279,307 Thailand 154,155,196,243,270,277, quality 121^122,131,280^282, 289,292,294,297^298,304,306, 297,301,307,315,317,319,390, 309^310,311,313,316,379,387, 391,407,408,410,420,423,424, 389,390,392,449,450,463 431,476 Thyroid 363 sterilization 421,422 Tongue supply 418,420,421,428,432,433, hydrodynamic 66^67 436,461,464,466 Trewavas,E. 1,5,8,9,10,11,20,33 use 429,430,432,434,435,436, Trimethylamine oxide 113 440,456,458,464 Trinidad 157 Weight 95,165^167 Triploidy 175,240^241,250^252 West Indies 155 Trophic levels 190,193,327 Wheat meal 337 Trypsin 71 Wound healing 352 Turbidity 186,396^397,421 Zaire 3,18,227 Uganda 16,20,462 Zambia 354,406,433^434,451,462 UK 465,471 Zanzibar 244 Urea 114^115 Zimbabwe 197 Uric acid 113 Zinc 362,363,365 USA 154,155,200,233,234,246, Zooplankton 59 289^290,298^299,304,308^310, Fish and Fisheries Series

1. R.J. Wootton: Ecology of Teleost . ISBN 0-412-31730-3 2. M.A. Keenleyside: Cichlid Fishes Behaviour. Ecology and Evolution. ISBN 0-412-32200-5 3. I.J. Winfield and J.S. Nelson (eds.): Cyprinid Fishes Systematics. Biology and Exploit- ation. ISBN 0-412-34920-5 4. E. Kamler: Early Life History of Fish. An Energetics Approach. ISBN 0-412-33710-X 5. D.N. MacLennan and E.J. Simmonds (eds.): Fisheries Acoustics. ISBN 0-412-33060-1 6. T.J. Hara: Fish Chemoreception. ISBN 0-412-35140-4 7. T.J. Pitcher: Behaviour of Teleost Fishes. Second Edition. PB; ISBN 0-412-42940; HB; ISBN 0-412-42930-3 8. C.R. Purdom: Genetics and Fish Breeding. ISBN 0-412-33040-7 9. J.C. Rankin and F.B. Jensen (eds.): Fish Ecophysiology. ISBN 0-412-45920-5 10. J.J. Videler: Fish Swimming. ISBN 0-412-40860-0 11. R.J.H. Beverton and S.J. Holt (eds.): On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. ISBN 0-412-54960-3 12. G.D. Pickett and M.G. Pawson (eds.): Sea Bass. ISBN 0-412-40090-1 13. M. Jobling: Fish Bioenergetics. ISBN 0-412-58090-X 14. D. Pauly: On the Sex of Fish and the Gender of Scientists. A Collection of essays in fisheries sciences. ISBN 0-412-59540-0 15. J. Alheit and T. Pitcher (eds.): Hake. Fisheries, Products and Markets. ISBN 0-412-57350-4 16. M. Jobling: Environmental Biology of Fishes. ISBN 0-412-58080-2 17. P. Moller: Electric Fishes. History and Behavior. ISBN 0-412-37380-7 18. T.J. Pitcher and P.J.B. Hart (eds.): The Impact of Species Changes in African Lakes. ISBN 0-412-55050-4 19. J.F. Craig: Pike. Biology and Exploitation. ISBN 0-412-42960-8 20. N.V.C. Polunin and C.M. Roberts (eds.): Reef Fisheries. ISBN 0-412-60110-9 21. R.C. Chambers and E.A. Trippel (eds.): Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations. ISBN 0-412-64190-9 22. S.J.M. Blaber: Fish and Fisheries in Tropical Estuaries. ISBN 0-412-78500-5 23. T.J. Pitcher, P.J.B. Hart and D. Pauly (eds.): Reinventing Fisheries Management. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5777-9 Fish and Fisheries Series

24. R.J. Wootton: Ecology of Teleost Fishes. Second Edition. 1999 PB; ISBN 0-412-64200-X; HB; ISBN 0-412-84590-3 25. M.C.M. Beveridge and B.J. Andrew (eds.): Tilapias: Biology and Exploitation. 2000 PB; ISBN 0-7923-6319-4 HB; ISBN 0-412-80090-1

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