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Contribution À La Promotion De La Pisciculture Intégrée

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Contribution À La Promotion De La Pisciculture Intégrée Contribution à la promotion de la pisciculture intégrée de tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) par la valorisation des sous-produits agro-industriels et l’utilisation rationnelle des fertilisants animaux en République Démocratique du Congo Thèse Albert TSHINYAMA NTUMBA Doctorat en Sciences Animales Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) Québec, Canada © Albert TSHINYAMA NTUMBA, 2018 Sous la direction de : Grant W. VANDENBERG, Directeur de recherche et Professeur à l’Université Laval – Québec Damase P. KHASA, Codirecteur de recherche et Professeur à l’Université Laval – Québec Résumé Le tilapia du Nil est l’une des espèces des poissons d’eaux douces qui convient le mieux pour la pisciculture à faibles intrants en climat tropical pour lutter contre l’insécurité alimentaire. Le recours à l’intégration aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) est une approche privilégiée pour le développement de l’aquaculture paysanne de façon durable. Cette étude a éte conduite afin d’évaluer les effets de l’aliment et de la fertilisation animale (lisier de porc et fiente de canard) sur la qualité physico-chimique et microbiologique de l’eau, la productivité primaire des étangs, la salubrité et la croissance du poisson, la digestibilité enymatique des ingrédients, le comportement alimentaire et le coût de production du tilapia du Nil. Les résultats ont démontré que la fertilisation a influencé les propriétés physico- chimiques de l’eau des étangs sans en affecter toutefois la qualité. Les meilleures performances de croissance ont été enregistrées chez les poissons nourris à l’aliment formulé et élevés dans les étangs fertilisés. La fertilisation a influencé la productivité primaire, avec les diatomées largement représentées par une abondance relative de Flagilaria spp, la proie dominante chez le tilapia. Le prétraitement des excréments animaux par séchage solaire a réduit les infections bactériennes dans les échantillons analysés, dont le muscle a été colonisé par des infections bactériennes très mineures (4,9 %), comparé aux intestins (10,8 %) et à l’eau (13,0 %). Bien que plus élevées dans les quatre premiers segments intestinaux, les activités protéolytiques ont été généralement faibles chez le tilapia. La présence d’inhibiteurs des protéases a été mise en évidence dans les ingrédients végétaux, dont le tourteau de soja a été plus inhibitif. Enfin, le coût de production/kg de poisson a été réduit avec l’aliment formulé (1,5 USD/kg) comparé à la provende commerciale (2,3 USD/kg), et ce coût a été davantage réduit pour les poissons élevés dans des étangs fertilisés (0,4 USD/kg). Mots Clés : Aquaculture-agriculture intégrée, aquaculture à faible intrants, Écodévelopement, Fertlisation organique, Insécurité alimentaire, Tilapia du Nil, Congo iii Abstract Contribution to the promotion of integrated fish farming of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) by the valorization of agro-industrial by-products and the rational use of animal fertilizers in the Democratic Republic of Congo Nile tilapia is one of the freshwater fish species that is best suited for low-input fish farming in tropical climate to alleviate food insecurity. The use of integrated aquaculture- agriculture (IAA) is a preferred approach for the sustainable development of rural aquaculture. This study was carried to assess the effects of feed and animal fertilizers (pig manure and duck droppings) on the physico-chemical and microbiological water quality, primary productivity of ponds, safety and fish growth, enzymatic digestibility of plant ingredients, feeding behaviour and production cost of Nile tilapia. The results showed that fertilization has influenced the physico-chemical properties of pond water without affecting negatively its quality. The best growth performance was recorded in fish fed with a formulated feed and those reared in fertilized ponds. Fertilization has improved primary productivity, with diatoms largely represented by a relative abundance of Flagilaria spp, the dominant prey in the stomach content of tilapia. Pretreatment of animal faeces by sun- drying prior to use, reduced bacterial infections in the analyzed samples, whose muscle tissues were colonized only by very minor bacterial infections (4.9%), compared to intestines (10.8%) and water (13.0%). Although higher in the first four intestinal segments, proteolytic activity was generally low in tilapia. The presence of protease inhibitors has been demonstrated in plant ingredients, of which soybean meal has been more inhibitive. Finally, the production cost/kg of fish was reduced with formulated feed (1.5 USD/kg) compared to commercial feed (2.3 USD/USD), and this cost was further reduced for fish reared in fertilized ponds (0.4 USD/kg). Key words: Integrated aquaculture-agriculture, Low inputs aquaculture, Ecodevelopment, Organic fertlization, Food insecurity, Nile tilapia, Congo. iv Table des matières Résumé ................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ................................................................................................................ iv Table des matières .................................................................................................... v Liste des tableaux .................................................................................................. viii Liste des figures ...................................................................................................... ix Liste des abréviations et sigles ..................................................................................... x Dédicace .............................................................................................................. xv Remerciements ..................................................................................................... xvi Avant-propos ......................................................................................................... xx Chapitre 1 Revue de la littérature .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction générale ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Hypothèse de l’étude ................................................................................................................. 4 1.1.2 Objectif général .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3 Objectifs spécifiques ................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Bref aperçu sur la production et la nutrition du tilapia du Nil ................................................. 5 1.2.1 Origine et importance du tilapia du Nil .................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Alimentation de tilapia du Nil .................................................................................................. 8 1.2.3 Anatomie du tractus gastro-intestinal du tilapia du Nil ...................................................... 11 1.2.4 Digestion des aliments chez le tilapia du Nil ....................................................................... 13 1.2.5 Alimentation en aquaculture : problématique et défis ........................................................ 18 1.3 Intégration aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) ................................................................................ 20 1.3.1 Considérations socio-économiques de l’IAA ...................................................................... 20 1.3.2 Impacts sur la productivité des systèmes.............................................................................. 22 1.3.3 Impact environnemental de l’IAA ......................................................................................... 24 1.4 Bibliographie ................................................................................................................................ 26 Chapitre 2 Évaluation de la qualité de l’eau, des paramètres de croissance, de la productivité primaire et du comportement alimentaire chez le tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) en pisciculture intégrée à l’élevage de porc et de canard en République Démocratique du Congo .................................................................................................................. 38 2.1 Résumé .......................................................................................................................................... 39 2.2 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 40 2.3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 41 2.4 Matériel et méthodes ................................................................................................................... 42 2.4.1 Localisation du site de l’expérience ...................................................................................... 42 2.4.2 Aménagement et gestion des étangs expérimentaux .......................................................... 43 2.4.3 Poissons, formulation des rations et alimentation ............................................................... 45 2.4.4 Détermination de la qualité physico-chimique de l’eau des étangs
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