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Texto Completo UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO MAESTRÍA EN ACUICULTURA “INFLUENCIA DE LA DENSIDAD DE CULTIVO SOBRE EL ESTRÉS EN JUVENILES DE Oreochromis niloticus CULTIVADOS EN SISTEMAS CON TECNOLOGÍA Biofloc” Presentada por: RONALD ALBERTO AQUINO ORTEGA TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER SCIENTIAE EN ACUICULTURA Lima - Perú 2019 DEDICATORIA Este trabajo de tesis está dedicado en su totalidad a mi familia. Siempre están preocupados de mis avances desde que llegué a este mundo y estoy seguro que el grado alcanzado les hará sentir muy felices y orgullosos. Esta dedicatoria es una oportunidad genial para decirles que los amo muchísimo. AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Dr. Marcos Tavares-Dias, investigador en la Empresa Brasileña de Investigación Agropecuaria (Embrapa) y docente en la Universidad Federal de Amapá (UNIFAP) por el enorme gesto de enviarme desde Brasil, dos libros de su autoría, fundamentales para el desarrollo del presente trabajo. A mi asesor, Dr. Julio Gonzales Fernandez por su apoyo constante materializado en consejos y recomendaciones en el desarrollo de éste trabajo. A Marco de la Cruz, por haberme apoyado con la enseñanza, en teoría y práctica, de muchas temáticas referidas a la Acuicultura. Asimismo, a Wilfer Quispe por su pronta ayuda en momentos de apuro. A ellos mi más grande agradecimiento. A los profesores de la Maestría, por compartir conocimientos, enseñanzas, experiencias y amistad, en especial a la profesora Beatriz Ángeles, por tener, además, una inmensa paciencia en su condición de coordinadora del programa de maestría. Finalmente, al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Concytec) por el apoyo económico recibido como participante del Proyecto de la Maestría en Acuicultura (Convenio de Gestión Nº017-2013-FONDECYT). ÍNDICE GENERAL ÍNDICE GENERAL .......................................................................................................... i ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................... iii ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ....................................................................................................... v ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS .................................................................................................... vi RESUMEN ..................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. viii I. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................... 1 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ................................................................................. 3 2.1. La tilapia del Nilo ................................................................................................ 3 2.1.1. Ubicación taxonómica y distribución geográfica ......................................... 3 2.1.2. Características biológicas de la especie........................................................ 3 2.1.3. Cultivo .......................................................................................................... 5 a. Requerimientos de calidad de agua ..................................................... 5 b. Requerimientos nutricionales .............................................................. 8 2.2. Los sistemas con tecnología biofloc .................................................................. 10 2.2.1. Generalidades del sistema biofloc (SBF) ................................................... 10 2.2.2. Relación carbono – nitrógeno..................................................................... 11 2.2.3. Estructura y dinámica del biofloc ............................................................... 11 2.3. Crecimiento, densidad de cultivo y estrés ......................................................... 13 2.4. El estrés en peces ............................................................................................... 16 2.4.1. Eje hipotálamo – simpático – células cromafines ...................................... 19 2.4.2. Eje hipotálamo – hipófisis – células interrenales (HHI) ............................ 21 2.5. Parámetros bioquímicos .................................................................................... 23 2.6. Parámetros hematológicos ................................................................................. 24 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS................................................................................. 28 3.1. Etapa pre-experimental ...................................................................................... 28 3.1.1. Acondicionamiento de los tanques con sistemas biofloc (SBF) ................ 28 3.1.2. Aclimatación de peces al SBF .................................................................... 29 3.2. Etapa experimental ............................................................................................ 30 3.2.1. Lugar de ejecución y animales de experimentación ................................... 30 3.2.2. Diseño experimental ................................................................................... 30 3.2.3. Manejo de la alimentación ......................................................................... 31 3.2.4. Calidad y monitoreo de la calidad del agua en los SBF ............................. 31 3.2.5. Evaluación del estrés en los juveniles de Oreochromis niloticus .............. 33 a. Obtención de muestras sanguíneas ............................................................. 33 b. Determinación de parámetros bioquímicos ................................................ 35 b.1. Determinación de cortisol ................................................................. 35 b.2. Determinación de glucosa ................................................................. 36 c. Determinación de los parámetros hematológicos ....................................... 36 d. Evaluación de los parámetros productivos ................................................. 39 3.2.6. Procesamiento y análisis de datos .............................................................. 40 IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .............................................................................. 41 4.1. Determinación de parámetros de calidad de agua en el sistema biofloc (SBF) 41 4.2. Determinación de parámetros bioquímicos ....................................................... 50 4.2.1. Determinación de cortisol .......................................................................... 50 4.2.2. Determinación de glucosa .......................................................................... 53 4.3. Determinación de parámetros hematológicos ................................................... 55 4.4. Evaluación de los parámetros productivos ........................................................ 61 V. CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................... 65 VI. RECOMENDACIONES .......................................................................................... 66 VII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ...................................................................................................... 67 VIII. ANEXOS................................................................................................................ 82 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1: Producción de tilapia en el Perú (en TM), desde el año 2003 hasta el 2016. ... 5 Figura 2: Respuestas asociadas a un cuadro de estrés en peces. .................................... 19 Figura 3: Diagrama general de los principales elementos neuroendocrinos en la respuesta al estrés en peces. ( ): Efecto estimulante. ( ): Efecto inhibidor. ............................ 20 Figura 4: Extracción de sangre de la vena caudal .......................................................... 34 Figura 5: Tubo capilar centrifugado, mostrando la separación de plasma, leucocitos y eritrocitos ........................................................................................................................ 38 Figura 6: Variación de temperatura (°C) en el cultivo de tilapia en tres densidades. .... 42 Figura 7: Variación de oxígeno disuelto (mg O2/L) en el cultivo de tilapia en tres densidades. ...................................................................................................................... 43 Figura 8: Variación de conductividad (mS/cm) en el cultivo de tilapia en tres densidades. ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Figura 9: Variación de sólidos sedimentables (mL/L) en el cultivo de Oreochromis niloticus en SBF en tres densidades diferentes. .............................................................. 45 Figura 10: Fluctuación de nitrógeno amoniacal total (NAT) durante el periodo experimental para Oreochromis niloticus en tres densidades de cultivo........................ 46 + Figura 11: Fluctuación de Amonio ionizado (NH4 ) y amonio no ionizado (NH3) por tratamiento, durante el periodo experimental para Oreochromis niloticus. ................... 47 Figura 12: Fluctuación de nitrato durante el periodo experimental para Oreochromis niloticus en tres densidades de cultivo. .......................................................................... 48 Figura 13: Fluctuación de pH durante el periodo experimental para Oreochromis niloticus en tres densidades de cultivo. ........................................................................................
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