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Safety and Security in North Bengal, Bangladesh a Youth Perception Survey

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Safety and Security in North Bengal, Bangladesh a Youth Perception Survey REPORT Security in South Asia Bangladesh Enterprise Institute and Saferworld Safety and security in North Bengal, Bangladesh A youth perception survey March 2012 Safety and security in North Bengal, Bangladesh A youth perception survey BANGLADESH ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE, BANGLADESH, and SAFERWORLD, UK MARCH 2012 Acknowledgements This report represents an analysis of primary and secondary research conducted between November 2010 and April 2011 by the Bangladesh Enterprise Institute (BEI) with technical and financial support from Saferworld. This report was prepared by Mohammad Humayun Kabir and Dipta Chakma at BEI with comments from Rosy Cave, Chamila Hemmathagama and Neila Husain at Saferworld. Special thanks go to Faiz Sobhan, Asish Banik, Ayreen Khan, Sumaiya Nour and Moynul Haque for their advice and contributions to this report. Thanks are also due to Eleanor Gordon for editing the report. Finally, thanks goes to all those people living in North Bengal, Bangladesh, officials from the Government of Bangladesh, security service providers and civil society members for their contributions and support in conducting this research. BEI and Saferworld are grateful to the Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Norway, for its financial support for this project. Acronyms BDHS Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey BEI Bangladesh Enterprise Institute BIPSS Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies FGD Focus group discussion IED Improvised explosive device JMB Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh KII Key informant interview NGO Non-governmental organisation SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SALW Small arms and light weapons SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences UK United Kingdom © BEI and Saferworld, March 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution. Saferworld welcomes and encourages the utilisation and dissemination of the material included in this publication. Please contact Saferworld if you would like to translate this report. Contents Map of divisions of Bangladesh Map of districts in Rajshahi and Rangpur Foreword Executive summary i 1 Introduction 1 Background 1 Methodology 2 Structure of the report 2 2 Perceptions of safety and security among the youth in North Bengal 3 General perceptions of safety and security 3 Fear and experience of crime 5 Reporting incidents of violence 6 Religious extremist groups 7 Needs and aspirations of youth and the role of the state 10 Way forward 11 3 Conclusions and recommendations 14 ANNEX: Survey methodology 17 Figures Figure 1 The level of criminal and violent incidents in November 2010 compared 3 with December 2009 Figure 2 The level of criminal and violent incidents in November 2010 compared 4 with December 2009, by district Figure 3 The level of fear of crime 5 Figure 4 Reasons for not reporting crimes to the police 6 Figure 5 Whether the emergence of extremism in Bangladesh has the potential to 8 fuel conflict Figure 6 Objectives of religious extremist groups 8 Figure 7 Basic needs 10 Figure 8 Measures taken to tackle insecurity and incidents of crime and violence 11 Figure 9 Ways in which to tackle insecurity and incidents of crime and violence 12 Table Distribution of the sample for the quantitative survey 17 Divisions of Bangladesh RANGPUR INDIA RAJSHAHI DHAKASYLHET Dhaka KHULNA CHITTAGONG BARISAL BAY OF BENGAL MYANMAR This map is intended for illustrative purposes only. Borders, names and other features are presented according to the best of Saferworld's knowledge. Saferworld takes no position on whether this representation is legally or politically valid. Districts in Rajshahi and Rangpur Panchagarh Lalmonirhat Thakurgaon Nilphamari Kurigram Dinjapur Rangpur RANGPUR INDIA Gaibandha Joypurhat Naogaon RAJSHAHI Bogra Nawabganj SYLHET Rajshahi DHAKA Sirajganj Natore Pabna Dhaka KHULNA This map is intended for illustrative purposes only. Borders, names and other features are presented according to the best of Saferworld's knowledge. Saferworld takes no position on whether this representation is legally or politically valid. CHITTAGONG BARISAL BAY OF BENGAL MYANMAR Foreword THERE IS AN INCREASING RECOGNITION that a secure environment is a precondition for development. Armed violence, insecurity and poverty are often inter-connected and not only undermine individual security but also impede progress towards the eradication of poverty. Over the past decade, there has been a perceived increase in incidents of violence, including armed violence, in North Bengal, Bangladesh. The prevalence of armed groups and incidences of violence and crime threaten community safety and security in a region which has often been identified as vulnerable to instability and insecurity. However, there have been no recent empirical studies that have explored perceptions of young women and men in North Bengal regarding safety and security and future options for creating a secure and stable region. Perceptions of the youth are important since they are the future leaders who will determine the future course of their country in both ideological and socio-political development terms. The principal aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of perceived and actual trends in insecurity and ways to address them as seen from the hearts and minds of young people in North Bengal. I would like to thank Rosy Cave, Chamila Hemmathagama, Neila Husain and Evelyn Vancollie at Saferworld for their advice and contributions to this project. At BEI, thanks go to Humayun Kabir, Faiz Sobhan, Dipta Chakma, Asish Banik, Ayreen Khan, Moynul Haque and Sumaiya Nour who have made this project possible by contributing their time, effort and enthusiasm. Farooq Sobhan President BEI Executive summary THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE FINDINGS of field research undertaken in Bangladesh between November 2010 and April 2011 into youth1 perceptions of safety and security in North Bengal in Bangladesh, including concerns associated with violent extremism.2 This study addresses safety and security in North Bengal because it has often been perceived as being a region most vulnerable to insecurity and to the influence of extremist groups. Some research has indicated that underprivileged, unemployed youths are the most likely to be targeted for recruitment by extremist groups.3 The research presented in this report focused on ascertaining the views of young women and men on safety and security issues, recognising that responding to their perceptions, aspirations and concerns may prove the most beneficial in terms of identifying ways in which to improve safety and security in North Bengal and minimise the threat of extremist groups. It is also hoped that some of the recommendations made by the research participants and emanating from the research, in respect of how to improve security in North Bengal, will be considered by policy makers, security sector providers and other key stakeholders. Not least among these recommendations is that young people should be directly consulted on ways in which to improve safety and security in their communities and should be actively engaged in this endeavour. Information included in this report was gathered using the following methodological tools: ■■ A perception survey. Using a random (probability) sampling technique, a series of questions were asked to 660 young men and women aged between 18 and 35 years living in 11 districts (Pabna, Natore, Rajshahi, Nawabganj, Bogra, Naogaon, Joypurhat, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Nilphamari and Panchagarh) in North Bengal. The survey was designed to provide a representative analysis of young people’s perceptions of safety and security in North Bengal. ■■ Focus group discussions (FGDs). Three FGDs were conducted in the Rajshahi, Naogaon and Dinajpur Districts of North Bengal. Participants were chosen to represent a broad range of individuals, including community leaders, politicians, university and madrassa (religious school) students, teachers, human rights activists, lawyers, journalists and security service providers. 1 For the purpose of the study, ‘youth’, ‘young women and men’ and ‘young people’ refers to people aged between 18 and 35 years of age, as defined by the National Youth Policy in Bangladesh. According to the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS) 2007, this segment of the population encompasses 34.2 percent of the total population. 2 The term ‘extremist’ is used to describe groups and individuals who have become radicalised. It is often used with reference to those who use or advocate political violence. The term ‘religious extremist groups’ refers to groups that have extreme views of religion and use religion as a tool to achieve their goals. 3 “Understanding Trends in Radicalization and Religious Extremism in Bangladesh” research by Saferworld and the Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies (BIPSS), unpublished: 2009–2010. ii SAFETY AND SECURITY IN NORTH BENGAL, BANGLADESH ■■ Key informant interviews (KIIs). Sixteen KIIs were conducted in Dhaka with a broad range of policy decision makers from the Government of Bangladesh, representatives of the security sector (predominantly law enforcement and intelligence agencies) and civil society members (including journalists and lawyers). ■■ A media survey. The analysis drew upon reports containing particular key words from a selection of four newspapers (Bangla: Prothom Alo; New
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