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The Integration of E-Learning in Higher Music Education in Thailand Chanick

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The Integration of E-Learning in Higher Music Education in Thailand Chanick THE INTEGRATION OF E-LEARNING IN HIGHER MUSIC EDUCATION IN THAILAND CHANICK WANGPHANICH A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of the Arts and Media Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences June 2013 ABSTRACT The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the major concerns of Thailand’s educational reforms in the 21st century. As E-learning integration is rare in music education in Thailand, this research intends to take advantage of developments in technology through the creation of an E-learning course applied to a current music program at a Thai higher education institution in order to challenge the traditional approach and supplement music teaching and learning. This study aims to contribute to the growing body of research in the use of ICT in the classroom, but specifically for higher music education where there have been fewer research studies in Thailand than in other subjects. Following the development of an E-learning strategy with a series of lessons for a course: the ‘History of music in the Classical period’ for music students in universities, the research aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of E-learning in terms of achievement and attitude, as well as to investigate which learning outcomes in music study are the most susceptible to an E- learning approach. The research design uses a Randomized Control and Experimental Group Pretest and Posttest Design. The tools include: 1) the experimental teaching tools: the E- learning program and the traditional teaching method; and 2) the data collection tools: the ‘Achievement in music study test’; the ‘Attitude to music study test’ and the ‘Questionnaire for the E-learning program’. The results derived from the data are calculated using a simple descriptive statistical analysis and also statistical analysis of the t-test, using SPSS statistics 18.0. The results show that the majority of the students taking E-learning significantly increased their learning achievements and their attitude displayed more positive characteristics, similar to those taking the traditional approach. It was apparent that although E-learning could be at least as effective as the traditional approach, the computer could not replace the instructor. The results suggest that the issues of E-learning in music programs be further studied; moreover, more research needs to be conducted and attention paid to the contribution of music technology in the development of digital content in Thailand. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Christine Logan for her continuous assistance, guidance and supervision during the entire research work. Without her warmest support and encouragement, my research would not have been completed in a timely manner. And I would like to gratefully acknowledge my first supervisor, Professor Robert Walker for his guidance and supervision. He is my inspiration for doing PhD in Music Education at UNSW. I would also like to thank A/Prof Manolete Mora who was invited to be my co-supervisor for his assistance and guidance. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the support and assistance of some very special individuals in the School of Arts & Media, who are A/Prof Fabian, Dr Michelle Landford, Dr Paul Dawson, Ms Julie Miller, Ms Susan Price and Ms Jennifer Beale for their assistance and support throughout my research work. I wish to appreciatively thank the Royal Thai Governments for giving me an opportunity to study at UNSW, Australia. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the Thai experts who are Mr Wathit Suwansomboon, Dr Janida Tangdajahiran, Mr Sitsake Yanderm, A/Prof Chusre Wongrattana, A/Prof Dr Chanwit Tiamboomprasert, A/Prof Dr Suthiwan Pirasaksopon, Assistant/Prof Alisara Charuenvanich, Dr Jaruwat Noothong and Dr Wiwat Meesuwan for their guidance and supervision. I would also like to appreciatively thank my teachers in the Department of Western music, Faculty of Fine Arts, Srinakharinwirot University for their kindly support and assistance and providing useful information for this research work. I also give thanks to my high school friends at Satit Prasarnmit Demonstration School, my university friends at Srinakharinwirot University and my friends in Sydney for their positive encouragement and friendships. Particularly, I wish to express my deepest thank Miss Sakuntala Anuruang for her kindness and special support. Lastly, I wish extended my deepest thank you to my family for their unconditional love and constant encouragement, especially my dad and mum, nanny, sister and my lovely nieces. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF EQUATIONS ....................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY............................................................................................... 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................... 3 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 7 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY – OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 8 1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................................................ 9 1.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................. 12 1.7 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES........................................................................................................ 18 1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH STUDY.............................................................................. 18 1.9 ORGANISATION OF THESIS .................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ................................................................................. 21 2.1 MUSIC EDUCATION ............................................................................................................... 21 2.2 EDUCATION AND MUSIC EDUCATION IN THAILAND ............................................................ 26 2.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MUSIC EDUCATION IN THAILAND ....................................... 32 2.4 ISSUES CONCERNING MUSIC PROGRAMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THAILAND ................ 34 2.5 CURRENT CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN THAILAND ............................................................................................... 39 2.6 INTERNET USE IN THAILAND HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN DISCIPLINES APART FROM MUSIC ............................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 47 3.1 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) ............................................... 48 3.1.1 Electronic Learning (E-learning) ..................................................................................... 48 3.1.2 Online Learning Environment versus Face-to-Face Learning Environment .................. 51 3.2 INTEGRATING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN MUSIC EDUCATION ................................................................................................................................. 55 iii 3.2.1 Historical Perspective on ICT in Music Education .......................................................... 55 3.2.2 Research Studies on the Integration of ICT into Music Education ................................ 60 3.2.3 Online Music Education ................................................................................................. 85 3.2.4 Summary of Research Findings ...................................................................................... 97 3.3 THE NEED FOR THIS STUDY ................................................................................................. 104 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 107 4.1 POPULATION AND SAMPLE ................................................................................................. 107 4.2 INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES ..................................................................... 110 4.3 RESEARCH DESIGN .............................................................................................................. 111 4.4 RESEARCH TOOLS AND MATERIALS ...................................................................................
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