United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)

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Title items-in-Peace-keeping operations - India/Pakistan - United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)

Date Created 12/12/1962

Record Type Archival Item

Container s-0863-0004: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: India/Pakistan

Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit 7

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In Ma lottars Gsne^al KinsD has stated that a difficult situatio;;-! has arisen as a rosult of the estahlisfeisnt by India of o. foY^tifl^d poliee post la BfllalvOt/Taisamdi. a?sa ia feis 1961 ow "mi;;h a in,o'I-v.:-io'n was asaMsd against Xjidia^ fedia It&n sot taken any aeti-^r to rectify "fcsSGfc sS.ij'iiti't-iOi'i f GoTiO^sj. I'-Jisf^o t^teii'ol's '

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UNITED NATIONS IS/HLttARY OBSERVER GROUP IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN

24 1962

Tot Brgonjr », Kiaelsr, Und»r-3«oretary

I^t, aen. B.E, Ilnio Chi ®r Kill tary USBOOIP

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34 August 1963

Dear Mr, Kiaelev, .

•2 have read th® latter dated a? July 1^62 addressed to tiut Seoretary-Oeneral fey the PensansBt BeprtseatatiYt of Pakistan witli great oar«« In general I fl»d t&at the position aa atat©d Rspres©ntativ» i@ a ©Isar &np0yat® with r^speot to the Coase»Fia?@ fJii® is net ti* pwstomassf jaE-s@ to iftfos^ tM@ r»aj)@otiire as^r eoasaands aiid to ^pprisa tba ais prooe'daro ha^ b®0n feijow^d i» th$ 0;iae of Hi® Pakifislsa atet@Kent tfeat « HIf ©itlj,©r party fails to h@ iau0t appKlis^ you of tlia situ® ties ^ «. ad so de scribes what 1>««js doae fey tb« ^i©f Kilitar^ Obs^rwar in tbe situation It i« thaa at tfes dis«i?®tleia of tb«

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witti th» Indian asd X'*%«M»' %ft«a tsass.1sX@ to obtain to aay aod^'l^' Is all to

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TO <~:C l.-.'-i'TED NATIONS /..:;-1' o-' Ti-i STREET ,EW VOWK 21, N. Y.

December 20.

dear

This ie Jtst to acknowlsdgs receipt of yoisr l of December regardiag a letter from General MKIKO, Chisf UT^EX3IPr addreseefi to l^ 1 hav® T-eialiiiJftd ay Goveramaatj, and I shall 1st yon have their eoszasnts aa 'aooa a0 I r®C9i-v® thsme I regret ths delay, but it must faav* been due to the preoccupation of ay with tha ssrlowi troulQ^ on the Si no- Indian frontier.

Tours s!ueer<3dy3

B.H.Ghakravariy of to United Nation

His U ffcant; IMt«d Hatioas, Sew Terk.

C & 11 May

The Secretary-General Report to the Secretary-General by Ralph J. Eunche on Visit to the United nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan, (UNMOGIP), April, 196*1-.

1. My visit to IMMOQIP covered the period Ik to 20 April 1964. 2. The purpose of the visit was to see the operation at work for the first time, to appraise its efficiency and to explore possible means of increasing its effectiveness. General Nimmo, the Chief Military Observer of the Mission, and the Governments of India and Pakistan urged that the visit "be made at about this time. It was, in my estimation, decidedly worthwhile. In the course of ib I received full cooperation from General Nimmo and his staff and from both Governments. 3» UNMOGIP came into being as an indirect result of the Security Council resolution of 21 April 19^8, which established the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan. This Commission, on 15 August 19^8, adopted a resolution appointing military observers who under the authority of the Commission and with the co-operation of both Commands were to supervise the observance of the cease-fire order. The same resolution submitted proposals to the Governments for a cease-fire and a truce agreement. The sole purpose of UNMOGIP is to supervise the observance of the cease-fire agreement between India and Pakistan. Preceding the United Nations Truce Supervision Operation (UNTSO) in Palestine, it is the oldest of the United Nations peace-keeping operations. Like UNTSO, it receives and investigates complaints from either side about violations of the Cease-Fire Agreement along the Cease-Fire line (CFL) and prepares findings on the basis of the investigations. The findings in each case are given to both parties. The incidents about which complaints are made usually concern firing across the Cease-Fire Line, crossing of it, and strengthening military positions. The Military Observers are unarmed. 4. UNMOGIP is not a peace-force, although at times it has been called upon to perform functions, such as patrolling, which are those of a peace- force and not of Observers. Supervision of the Kashmir CFL, incidentally, is a responsibility that would seem to be made to order for a UN peace-force, with the function of interposition, as in UNEF. The CFL is about 500 miles long, and the terrain is largely mountainous, but I believe that a UN force of moderate size with a mandate to maintain quiet along the CFL could have - 2 - even "better success than UNEF has had, if only because of a desire that I "believe to be earnest on "both sides to avoid serious trouble along the line. It is realized, of course, that at this time there is no prospect of a, move toward a UN peace force for Kashmir. If, however, the situation along the CFL should deteriorate and fighting increase, there will almost surely be suggestions that a peace force be instituted. I heard casual references to the possibility of a peace force on both sides of the Line.

5. UNMOGIP, the oldest of the UN peace-keeping operations, is also the least known to members of the United Nations; its work has been least appreciated; and it has received least attention from UN Headquarters. This is in part due to the fact that during the sixteen years in which the Kashmir issue has been before the United nations and the UN observation operation has been functioning, the preoccupation of the Security Council has been with the basic political issues and their solution, rather than with specific instances of armed clashes in violation of the Cease-Pire Line Agreement which are the concern of UNMOGIP. Indeed, UNMOG-IP is rarely mentioned in the course of the Security Council debates on the Kashmir question. It is also true that UNMOGIPrs presence in the area and its activity with regard to violations are a deterrent and tend to reduce the number of incidents that would otherwise occur, to diminish their severity and to prevent them from escalating into far more serious clashes.

6. UNMOGIP functions effectively and efficiently and has done so throughout its existence. Its record over the years shows that it has made solid if not spectacular contributions to peace and quiet in Kashmir. It is well commanded by Lieutenant General R. H. Nimmo, the Chief Military Observer, who is a highly competent, level-headed and efficient officer, who is thoroughly familiar with the area and the operation and is completely dedicated to his task and to the United Nations. I have high regard for General Nimmo and feel that we are fortunate in having his services. I observed throughout my tour of the operation that General Wimmo was respected and received congenially on both sides of the Line. -3- 7. I was most favourably impressed "by the functioning of the operation. In the prevailing conditions it is certainly indispensable to the maintenance of the cease-fire agreement and line and of quiet along it. I made it my purpose to see and learn about as much of the operation as possible within the available time. Thus, after consulting with officials of the two Governments in Rawalpindi and New Delhi, I decided to follow the Cease-Fire Line straight up the center of Kashmir, visiting our Observer posts on both sides of the Line and talking with both Observers and the Senior Military Officers on each side.

8. As reported to you by cable, in Rawalpindi I talked with the following: President Ayub Khan; Efazir Ahmed, Defence Seretary; Major General Malik Sher Bahadur, Chief of general staff; and Babib Ur Rahman, Deputy Secretary for Kashmir Affairs. In New Delhi, those consulted were: Erime Minister Nehru; Minister without portfolio Lai Bahudur Shastri; Minister of Defence Y. B. Chavan; Chief of the Army staff General J. E. Chaudhuri; Commonwealth Secretary C.S. Jha; Special Secretary Rajeshwar Dayal; and Mrs. Lakshmi N. Menon, Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs. In the course of my three day tour by jeep along the Cease-Fire Line, I visited most of the Observer stations and had discussions with all but one of the 38 Military Observers now serving the operation. In addition, I had extensive discussions with the Indian and Pakistani Commanding Officers (GOCs) and other senior officers in each place and sector visited. They were friendly and cooperative. In general, I found that the operation receives good cooperation from both sides in the discharge of its responsibility and that the Observers are well thought of by and are on friendly terms with the military officers on both sides with whom they must deal almost dally. For the route I followed and the places I visited, see the attached map. 9- At present, the operation is entitled to have k-Q Observers, exclusive of the Chief Military Observer. Due to temporary absences at the time of my visit there were 58 Observers on duty. They are distributed geographically among the following countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Efew Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Uruguay. On the whole, the level of competence of the Observers is high, although this varies from -14- year to year because of rotation. The Observers sign up for one year tours of duty. They may extend beyond this for another year or more if their services have been satisfactory, but only about three per cent of them do so. As a rule, some of the Observers at any given time will be found inadequate in English and are therefore handicapped in their work in this area in which English is the lingua franca. This appears to be especially applicable to Observers recruited in Latin America. Some of the Observers have special qualifications for the work in Kashmir, such as police training and experience. Because they must work closely and directly with, the senior Indian and Pakistani officers of the Military Commands of their sectors, the personality of the Observer is a major factor in determining his effectiveness.

10. In the very nature of their work, the Observers are exposed to much military information; indeed someof them work and are even housed at brigade headquarters on one side or the other. They must, therefore, always be men of complete integrity, fairness, reliability and discretion. General Nimmo pursues the practice of shifting Observers from one side of the CFL to the other at suitable intervals in order to protect them against seeing and hearing only one side of the case. 11. Except for the border crossing point by rail, road and air at Amritsar-Lahore, the border between India and West Pakistan is everywhere closed. Hong the Kashmir Cease-fire Line, roads into Pakistan that were formerly important and busy thoroughfares, such as that between Jammu and Sialkot, are now closed and dead, with only United Nations personnel being permitted to go freely back and forth across the Cease-fire Line, through the 500 yard non-military zone on each side of the CFL and the various forti- fied barricades, checkpoints and pickets set up on each side of the Line. These, incidentally, are closer to the Line, more frequent and more heavily manned than would usually be the case along the Armistice Demarcation Lines of the Near East. This situation in Kashmir is particularly saddening because not only do these two countries need each other badly, and on both sides many of their officials and prominent people freely say so, but the officers on each side of the Line often know each other, were trained and served shoulder to shoulder and have been friends. - 5 - 12. The procedures employed by UMMDGIP are well standardized and work well. Complaints having to do with alleged breaches of the cease-fire agreement are received and investigated by the Observers. A significant feature of the investigations is that in most cases, and in all serious ones, the investigations are joint, with the Observers meeting with military representatives of the two sides to consider the particular complaint and thrash out the facts in dispute. The Observers, on the basis of their complete investigations, which often includes visiting the scene, inspecting on the spot evidence, questioning witnesses, etc., prepare a report of findings and submit it to the Chief Military Observer for review. He, in turn, communicates the findings to the two parties concerned. The joint investigation procedure works well. At times, also, when local problems arise which threaten to lead to shooting or may already have done so, the Observers are able to bring the two opposite commanders together on the CFL for discussions which lead to agreements between the two* The cooperation and possibilities in this direction are better than in UWTSG's experience, where the relations between Arabs and Jews are much more bitter and hostile. 13. The scenery along the GFL is beautiful, but the terrain is rugged and often severely mountainous, the weather is harsh and the roads generally poor and in many places next to impassable even for jeeps in good weather and utterly impassable in bad, i.e. snow or rain. The loci of incidents are often remote and inaccessible. In one recent serious incident, for example3 in the Bor sector, the Observers had to make a thirteen hour trek on foot through heavy snow.

14. The volume of complaints varies from one period to another* They are fairly equal in number from each side. At each Observer station I found that there is usually a backlog of three to six complaints on which investigations have not been completed. At the time of my visit a total of 12O complaints on which investigations were uncompleted were outstanding.

15« The positions of the two parties on the basic political issues - 6 - unavoidably affect their attitudes toward incidents along the CFL and at times, no doubt, toward the instigation of some incidents. The Government of India takes the position that the question of Kashmir is settled and they, therefore, have no misgivings about the ultimate status and political impact of the CFL. The Government of Pakistan, taking an exactly opposite view about the issue, while supporting the CFL Agreement and the UNMCGIP operation, is worried lest the CFL should come to be accepted as a de facto boundary.

16. The Cease-fire Agreement provided that military personnel should be kept out of a 500 yard zone on each side of the CFL. It does not, however, specifically exclude armed police or armed civilians* Most of the current difficulty along the CFL stems from the fact that in the 500 yard zone on the Indian side, armed police are regularly stationed; while on the Pakistan side armed civilians are often found. On the Indian side, all civilians are excluded from the 500 yard zone, but on the Pakistan side they are not and they cultivate up to or near the CFL itself, thus increasing the likelihood of incidents.

1?. UWMDGIP is an economical operation. In 1963 ^s c°st to the United. Nations wqs '$437,960 and its estimated cost for 1964 is $441,150. General Nimmo is a frugal man and is not very demanding. The two Governments assist by making jeeps and drivers (over 50 in all) available to the operation free of charge and in providing accommodations for the Observer stations, in some places also free of charge. The quality of the accommodations varies from place to place. In some locations they are poor, as in Kotli where the roof leaks badly and paint is years overdue in the quarters made available by the Pakistan commander. But since the Government cannot afford in this same place to provide quarters for its own officers and men whose roofs do not leak, it is not easy to press the Government to do better by UNMOGIP personnel* - 7 - He commendations In the light of my observations during the visit, my consultations, and particularly my discussions with General Nimmo on the needs of the operation and on ways and means of strengthening it and making it more effective, I would recommend to you for consideration the following steps. 1. An increase in the number of Observers assigned to the Mission from 40 to 45. At one period there were 59 • A mere increase in the number of Observers, however, will not substantially strengthen the operation, since only a peace force could hope to police the line. An increase in the mobility of the Observers could be more helpful than a large increase in their numbers. There is, however, an immediate need for 5 additional observers in view of increased tension along the CFL, Also, announcement of an increase in the Observer Corps at this time will have a good psychological effect. If the number of Observers is increased, attention should be given to widening the geographical base of the Observer Corps by recruiting from selected countries not now represented, but only, of course, after clearing with India and Pakistan. Three possibilities in this regard might be Ethiopia, Nigeria and Sudan. 2. Means should be explored of devising a better screening of the Observers being recruited, particularly as regards personality and English language proficiency. 3. Toward increasing the mobility of the Observers, a study should be made of the feasibility as regards cost, crews, maintenance and operational practicability, of providing one or more helicopters for the operation. Until the past year, the operation has had its own aircraft and a Caribou with Canadian crew is being provided. It is expected to arrive in the area about 15 June. 4* In view of the distances and the inaccessibility of many places, there is need for better communications facilities between the Observers undertaking investigations and their stations. They should be provided with portable two-way radio phones with sufficient range. 5* There should be a more active back-stopping of the operation at Headquarters. This could include demarches, informal or formal, as the need might be, to the Delegation concerned with regard to responsibility for each serious incident. This has never been done in the past, 6. There is need for more deterrent effect from'the findings on serious breaches of the cease-fire. This could be achieved by a follow-up letter || from, the Secretary-General to the Government found, responsible for the breach, I{ calling attention to the implications, and, when considered necessary, circulation of the finding to the Security Council or making it otherwise public. In this regard, I have asked General Niramo to send to Headquarters copies of all findings reached and communicated to the two parties. 7. The Observers should be urged to expedite their investigations of complaints and the submission of their findings. 8. Exploratory approaches should be made to the two governments about revision of the Cease-fire Agreement so as to:>exclude all armed personnel, including armed police and civilians, from the 500 yard zones on each side of the CFI. 9. Field Service should undertake a review of its administrative rulings relating to such matters as responsibility for the cost of Observer Station ice boxes, and reduction of per diem when Observers are hospitalized in the c'ourse of duty without cost to the United Nations, 10. Examination of means of obtaining Observers for tours of duty of not less than two years. 11. Since so little is known about the work of UNMDGIP even by UN members, a non-political, non-controversial information paper should be issued (preferably from your Office) setting forth the nature of the Operation, how it works, and some of its recent achievements, particularly emphasising the joint meetings and joint agreements* 12. It would be helpful to have some reference to the work of UKMDGIP in one of your forthcoming speeches, which could also serve the purpose of indicating your concern about the potential danger in this continuing dispute between India and Pakistan, va 2>o i "Ls Pass

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PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF INDIA TO THE UNITED NATIONS 3 EAST 64TH STREET NEW YORK ai/N. Y.

June 17, 1965.

My dear U Thant, ^'^x

With reference to the agreement signed today between the Government of India and the United Nations in regard to the expanded use of the UNMOGIP

Wireless Network to cover some other types of communications between UN

Headquarters and some of the UN agencies in New Delhi, I have been instructed to bring to your notice that it is the hope of the Government of India that the expanded facilities will be available for use by the Permanent Mission of India to the UN for the purpose of transmitting to the Ministry of External Affairs,

New Delhi, texts of draft resolutions or statements and other UN documents with which the delegation of India may be associated.

With kindest regards,

Yours sincerely,

(B. N. Chakravariy)

His Excellency U Thant, Secretary General United Nations, New York NY 10 017. fc •-;

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PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF INDIA TO THE UNITED NATIONS 3 EAST 64TH STREET NEW YORK 21, N. Y. No.F. 18 (4)Res/63 June 17/ 1965

Excellency/

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 15 June 1965, which reads as follows: "I have the honour to refer to the discussions which have taken place regarding the extension of facilities of the existing UNMOGIP Wireless Network to the other offices of the United Nations located at New Delhi and to the following understanding which has been reached:

"1. It is agreed that the United Nations may use the New Delhi Wireless Transmitting Station of the UNMOGIP Station Network to handle telegraphic messages connected with technical assistance and information activities and other similar official communications of the Organisation including those relating to the United Nations Technical Assistance Board and the United Nations Information Centre. The United Nations confirms that it will conform to the policy defined in I.T.U. Resolutions with respect to the traffic of the Specialised Agencies. "2. Such United Nations messages shall be transmitted by way of United Nations Stations and facilities as determined by the Organisation. "3. The United Nations'agrees that the Wireless Transmitting Station shall be operated in accordance with the regulations applicable to the United Nations as laid down in the International Convention on Telecommunications. The United Nations agrees that the equipment/ emissions/ power frequencies or location of the Wireless Transmitting Station will not be changed without coordination with the Government of India. The United Nations agrees that the frequency usages in India will be notified with the annotation coordinated with the administration of India by the United Nations to the International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB) after coordination with the Government of India before such notifications are sent to the IFRB. f AdC I ,OU3X f - --•"- loaa li " "

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"4t. The Government of India shall not incur any liability arising out of the operation of the wireless transmitter service in respect of the acts or omissions of the United Nations or of its agents in the course of their duties. "5. The United Nations shall ensure that its transmissions in no way jeopardize the security of India and undertakes to cooperate with the authorities of India to this end. "I shall be grateful if you will confirm that the foregoing correctly sets out the understanding reached between the Government of India and the United Nations. I propose that this letter and your reply thereto shall constitute an agreement between the Government of India and the United Nations and will come into force on the date on which your reply is received. " I wish to confirm that the foregoing correctly sets out the understanding which has been reached. On behalf of the Government of India I have the honour to say that your letter and my reply thereto shall constitute an agreement between the Government of India and the United Nations and will come into force on the date that this reply is received by you.

Accept/ Excellency/ the assurances of my highest consideration.

(B. 3ST. Chakravarty) Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations

His Excellency U Thant/ Secretary General, United Nations/ New York FTL/ge

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CAUTION; ADVANCE RELEASE Press Release SG/A/32 Not for use before 10 a.m. EDT KASH/1J6 (3AOO (Ml?) Friday, 3 Jvjie BIO/U29 ... . 2 June 1966.

SECRETARY -GENERAL APPOINTS GENERAL LUIS TASSARA GONZALEZ AS CHIEF MILITARY OBSERVER OF

The Secretary-General, U Thant, has announced the appointment of General Luis Tassara Gonzalez of Chile to the post of Chief Military Observer of the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP). The Governments of India and Pakistan have "been consulted on this appointment and concur in it. Since the death of Lieutenant-General Robert H. Nimmo of Australia on k January 1966 in Rawalpindi; Colonel J.H.J. Gauthier of Canada has served as Chief Military Observer. Colonel Gauthier 's tour of duty with" UNMOGIP is now nearing completion. General Tassara was born on 26 February 1908 in the Province of Valparaiso, Chile. General Tassara has wide experience in the Army of Chile, both as an infantry officer and as a staff officer. He has served twice as a United Nations Military Observer in Kashmir, in 1951 and 1952, and in 1956 and 1957- General Tassara 's experience includes tours of duty as an instructor at the National Defence Academy of Chile, as Chief of Joint Operations on the General Staff of the Chilean Armed Forces, and as Director of 'the Army War Academy in 1961. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Fifth Army Division from December 1961 to February 1962. General Tassara speaks fluently Spanish, English, Italian, French and Portuguese. General Tassara is married and has five children. He will be arriving in New York about 15 June for consultation and briefing and will then proceed direct to Kashmir.

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The Secretary-General takes this opportunity to express publicly his great appreciation to Colonel J.H.J. Gauthier of Canada, who has served as Acting

(nore) - 2 <•• Press Release SG/A/32 K4SH/1J6 BIO/429 2 June 1966

Chief Military Observer for UKMOGIP since the death of General Wimmo. Colonel Gauthier has shown during this period, which included the supervision of the withdrawal, under the resolutions of the Security Council and the terms of the Tashkent Agreement, of the Indian and Pakistan forces to positions held before 5 August 1965, very high qualities of tact, initiative and discretion. In a. difficult p^rAxi he has rendered outstanding service to the United Nations.

•*#* MAJOR-GIHBRAL'EOIS fASSAM'S ADBRESSES

Santiago, Chile

Soman 5iaz 06 Dept. 36 Telephone : 256972

Washington 10225 Kensington tarkway Apt. 105 Kensington, Maryland 20795 •Telephone: Area Code 501 9^9-8637

Uew York a) United Nations "b) Seymour Hotel 50 ¥ ^5th Street New York 56, S,Y. Telephone: IK/rah cc; Mr. Narasimhan Dr. Bunche Mr. .Lemieux Registry

19 September 1968

Dear Sir, .- .. - On behalf of the Secretary-General I adsnowlsdge receipt of your cable of 14 September 1968 by which you request him to direct THBf observers, in Kashmir to arrange safe passage for certain persons across the cease-fire line. Please be advised that any requests for. action by UKMQGIP can be entertained only if made by the Governments parties to the Kaahiair cease fire, . Yours sincerely,

Ismat T. Kittani Principal Officer

Mr. Amanullsh Khan Secretary General •• JajKBiiu er.d Kashmir Plebiscite Front P-929 . Banni, Rawalpindi