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Chemical and Biological Studies on Oregano BY MOSTAFA ABDEL LATIF ABDEL SALAM B.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Agric. Biochemistry), Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., 2007 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN Agricultural Science (Agric. Biochemistry) Department of Agricultural Biochemistry Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University Egypt 2012 SUPERVISION SHEET Chemical and Biological studies on oregano M.Sc. Thesis In Agric. Sci. (Agric. Biochemistry) By MOSTAFA ABDEL LATIF ABDEL SALAM B.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Agric. Biochemistry), Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., 2007 SUPERVISION COMMITTEE Dr. ABD El-MONEIM MOHAMED RADWAN AFIFY Professor of Agric. Biochemistry, Fac. Agric., Cairo University Dr. SHERIF HELMY ESAWY Professor of Agric. Biochemistry, Fac. Agric., Cairo University Dr. ESHAK MORAD ELHADIDY Researcher of Biochemistry, Food Technology Research Institute, ARC ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all thanks to GOD, by grace whom this work was accomplished. I would like to express my great appreciation and sincere gratitude to Dr. Abd-El Moniem Mohamed Radwan Afify, Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Dr. Sherif Esawy, Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University and Dr. Eshak Elhadidy, Researcher in Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center for their supervision, continuous help during the course of the present study and in writing the thesis. Deep thanks are also expressed to Dr. Hany Elshemy Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University for his valuable cooperation in the anticancer experiments. DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents and brothers for all the support they lovely offered during my post- graduate studies. INTRODUCTION A variety of herbs and herbal extracts are available on the market: they contain different phytochemicals with biological activity that can provide therapeutic effects. Most herbal products are used for health maintenance or for benign, self-limited conditions such as lower blood cholesterol concentrations, prevent some types of cancer, and stimulate the immune system. Besides herbal products for medicinal uses there are many culinary herbs (i.e., basil, caraway, cilantro, coriander, cumin, dill, oregano, rosemary, sage and thyme) that, if used generously to flavor food, provide a variety of active phytochemicals (Afify et al., 2012) that promote health and protect against chronic diseases (Craig et al.,1999). The use of medicinal plants with pharmaceutical properties has received increased interest and plays an important role in public health as antioxidant as well as anti-cancer (Afify et al., 2011a and b). Oregano is an aromatic plant of the Mediterranean flora that has been commonly used for medical purposes (Bukovska et al., 2007 and Juhás et al., 2008). Oregano (Origanum syriacum L.) is a major non-wood forest product traditionally collected from the wild in Lebanon. To prevent overexploitation of the plant, the Ministry of Agriculture has regulated its collection. Origanum syriacum is used as a main ingredient of Zaatar, a local food prepared by mixing dried and crushed oregano leaves, sesame seeds, crushed sumac and olive oil. The plant is also processed as a spice and a herbal tea and constitutes a source material for the production of an essential oil that has been found to have antimycotic, insecticidal, nematicidal, allelochemical, antioxidant and 1 ovicidal properties (Atallah et al., 2011). Some previous studies have reported antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of oregano extracts in the inhibition of Helicobacter pylori growth (Chun et al., 2005 and Wojdylo et al., 2007). Moreover, it has been reported that the use of essential oils from oregano provide an interesting perspective in the prevention of neurodegenerative disorders (Loizzo et al., 2009). Origanum syriacum L. is represented by three varieties, among which subsp. sinaicum Greuter and Burdet is native to Sinai, Egypt. It is commonly used by Bedouins (Boulos, 2002). A previous study of the chemical composition of the oil of these varieties revealed the existence of thymol, thymol-carvacrol and carvacrol- thymol chemotypes (Figuérédo et al., 2005). However, the biological activity of these plants strongly depends on their composition. Thymol and carvacrol are two compounds present in oregano with proved antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Carvacrol has also shown an anti- proliferative activity in tumor cells of Hela (Masteli et al., 2008). Numerous studies have demonstrated that spices have potent antioxidant properties, mostly due to the quantity and quality of polyphenolic compounds present in them (Cervato et al., 2000). Oregano is used as a medicinal plant with health imparting properties such as powerful anti-bacterial and anti-fungicidal properties (Elgayyar et al., 2001). The compounds for these biological properties are polyphenolic secondary metabolites such as rosmarinic acid, carvacrol, caffeic acid, thymol (Zheng and Wang, 2006). These 2 compounds have been shown to have anti-carcinogenic, antimicrobial, antiviral, hypolipidemic, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory and anti- cardiovascular disease properties (Lampe, 2003 and Srinivasan, 2005). Thymol and carvacrol belong to the most active antioxidants found in essential oils (Monteiro et al., 2000). Ground oregano, which is rich in carvacrol, thymol and various phenolic acids including caffeic acid, p -coumaric acid and rosmarinic acid (Shan et al.,2005). Oregano phenolics have significant antioxidant activity and are effective in the inhibition of all phases of the peroxidative process by neutralizing free radicals, blocking the peroxidation catalysis by iron and interrupting the lipid radical chain reactions (Dornan et al., 2003). Traditional medicinal practitioners have claimed for centuries that extracts from plant can be effectively used for the evaluation of different type of ulcers. Except for the use of appropriate vaccine for the treatment ulcers caused by infection, some treatments are available today to cure ulceration. It is not surprise, that a considerable interest has been taken by researcher to examine these number of traditional plant remedies, used for treating ulcers (Lawande, 2012). The cause of ulceration in patients is mainly due to hyper secretion of gastric juice and also due to hyper secretion of pepsin. An ulcer is basically an inflamed break in the skin or the mucus membrane lining the alimentary tract. Ulceration occurs when there is a disturbance of the normal equilibrium caused by either enhanced aggression or diminished mucosal resistance. About 19 out 3 of 20 peptic ulcers are duodenal. Gastric ulcers, found in the stomach wall, are less common. The gastric mucosa is continuously exposed to potentially injurious agents such as acid, pepsin, bile acids, food ingredients, bacterial products (Helicobacter pylori) and drugs. These agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer, including enhanced gastric acid and pepsin secretion, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and cell proliferation growth, diminished gastric blood flow and gastric motility. (Grossman, 2009). Some previous studies have reported antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of oregano extracts in the inhibition of Helicobacter pylori growth (Wojdylo et al., 2007). The main of the study was to determine the antioxidant constitutes (polyphenols, flavonoids, volatile oil and carotenoids) and evaluate the potential anticancer activity of volatile oil and ethanol extract of O. syricum on HepG2 and EAC cell lines. Also, estimate the effectiveness of leaves extract in preventing the formation of gastric ulcer by indomethacin gastric damage in albino rats and antibacterial activity of volatile oil and ethanol extract on pathogenic positive and negative gram bacteria. 4 REVIERW OF LITETRATURE 1. Oregano plant Oregano is the common name for a general aroma and flavor primarily derived from aplethora of plant genera and species used all over the world as a spice, but usually refers to the genus Origanum, the European oregano, the name of which is derived from the Greek words oros, mountain and hill, and ganos, ornament. At least 61 species of 17 genera belonging to six families are mentioned under the name oregano. The family Lamiaceae (Labiatae) is considered to be the most important group containing the genus Origanum that provides the source of well-known oregano spices – Turkish and Greek types. Two genera of the Verbenaceae family (Lanata and Lippia) are used for production of oregano herbs (Bernath, 1996). Oregano is an annual, perennial and shrubby herb that is native of the Mediterranean, Euro-Siberian and Irano-Siberian regions (Bayramoglu et al., 2008) . The genus Origanum L., belonging to the family Labiatae (Lamiaceae), contains aromatic and medicinal plants. They are small shrubs or perennial herbs with several stems, ascending or erect, subsessile or petiolate leaves and flowers in verticillasters aggregated in dense or loose spikes which are arranged in a paniculate or corymb form inflorescence. Most of the Origanum species are native to the Mediterranean Basin, and they have a very local distribution around it (Baser, 2002). Origanum syriacum L. is an aromatic, herbaceous and 5 perennial plant growing wild in the Sinai Desert of Egypt (Kamela et al., 2001). Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet (Boulos, 2002). Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order:

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