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MAHS Pickles Reef Survey, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Developing Partnerships for the Decade of Ocean Science By Marco Meniketti he oceans are a vast open-air museum. Open 24/7 and free of charge, the oceans T are a repository containing the history of human development as viewed through the lens of maritime ventures. Coastal zones are major hubs of tourism and sites of deeply rooted maritime cultural heritage. Ocean transport and communication have always been vital components of world heritage. Most of our blue planet is covered by oceans, which make up 71 percent of its surface area—yet, 95 percent of that total remains unexplored. As much as 10 percent of the world’s population draws their living from fisheries. Tragically, the oceans are seriously degraded Source: https://en.unesco.org/ocean-decade from unsustainable development, waste, and global warming. As our population increases, so too has archaeological sites greatly endangered by storm surge. our impact on the planet’s oceans. Globally, waste is Threats do not end here. Recent proposals to dumped into the oceans at a staggering rate of 14 billion redefine the meanings of wetlands and intermittent tons annually or just under four million tons a day. The waterways by the current American administration, oceans currently contain 5.2 trillion pieces of plastic and which unabashedly favors development, also impact counting. It has been projected that by 2025 more than maritime archaeological sites in shallow coastal zones. 75 percent of the world’s populations will live near the To counter these pressures the United Nations has coast, adding pressure on nations to increase proclaimed the next ten years as The Decade of Ocean development and intrude on coastal environments at an Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030), with ever-quickening pace. Gradual sea-level rise will also the intent of bringing together ocean stakeholders take a toll on coastlines and ironically, will likely make worldwide within a common framework. The coastal development more problematic. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of Climate change also portends increasing storm UNESCO has been given the mandate to coordinate the intensity, as has recently been experienced in many preparatory process for The Decade and has invited the coastal regions of the world. It is in this zone that global ocean community to plan for the next ten years in maritime cultural resources are most affected and ocean science and technology. The Secretariat of the INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Decade of Ocean Science .................................. 1 Lake Champlain Maritime Museum ...................... 10 Alexandria Virginia Waterfront .......................... 5 Kalmar Nyckel ........................................................ 13 Mallow Bay Sanctuary Celebration ................. 10 Reviews: War at Sea, Delgado ............................. 15 The Boundless Sea, Abulafia .............. 17 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater 2019 MAHS OFFICERS Cultural Heritage has been called on by member States and accredited NGOs to ensure that the IOC understands Steven Anthony – President (301) 652-2622 that maritime archaeology is one of the key ocean Dennis Knepper – Vice President (703) 642-6878 sciences and that the UN include this aspect of James A. Smailes – Secretary (202) 543-4895 interaction into the Ocean Decade agenda. Earl Glock – Treasurer Ocean science means many things, including the At Large Board Members social sciences. Human impact on the oceans is a Thomas Berkey, David Shaw cultural impact, whether it is exploitation for minerals, Committee Chairs harvesting of seafood, waste disposal, development, Education Directors – Steven Anthony, James A. Smailes recreation, travel, or energy procurement. Sunken cities, Dive Safety Officer – Earl Glock lost harbor-works, shipwrecks, and submerged Webmaster – David Shaw prehistoric sites all have significant value in the Equipment Manager – James A. Smailes historical trajectories of nations everywhere and are a MAHSNEWS Editors: James A. Smailes, Dennis Knepper shared heritage to be cherished. These elements are threatened by various forces degrading the ocean. Of ADVISORS equal significance, and of immediate concern, is the Dave Conlin increasing activity of sophisticated treasure hunting Chief, Submerged Resources Center, National Park Service consortiums encroaching on cultural resources, Dr. Michael Crawford compounded by the pressure felt by governments to Early History Branch, Naval Heritage and History Command diminish protections for submerged sites of scientific Dr. Kevin Crisman and archaeological importance as they shortsightedly Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Texas A&M University give way to the demands of economic development. James A. Goold, J.D. Maritime archaeological sites are particularly Covington and Burling vulnerable to disturbance owing to their unique character Dr. Richard Gould in the public mind. Shipwrecks or submerged terrestrial Professor of Anthropology, Brown University zones are not necessarily conceived of as archaeological Dr. Paul F. Johnston sites by the public or by legislative authorities. Curator, Maritime History, National Museum of American Shipwrecks especially suffer from a “finders-keepers” History, Smithsonian Institution mentality and all too often are imagined as treasure Dr. Susan Langley laden. Add to this the misconception that there is State Underwater Archeologist, Maryland nothing to be learned from shipwrecks because they are Jeffery Morris President, Azulmar, LLC “wrecked,” and it becomes evident that maritime sites will earn little protection unless a given vessel is shown Larry Murphy Archaeologist, Submerged Cultural Resource Consultants, to be associated with a particularly important event in Panama City, Florida local or national histories. Moreover, maritime sites are Dr. Robert Neyland often located in areas attractive for development, are Head, Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval Heritage and frequently overlooked by cultural resource inventories, History Command and are generally inaccessible to the public, thereby Dr. John Seidel rendering them invisible. Nonetheless, maritime Assistant Professor of Anthropology and Environmental Studies, archaeological sites are likely to be located in areas Washington College identified as ecologically sensitive and therefore share Dr. Roger C. Smith significance in scientific research. State Underwater Archaeologist, Florida, retired The Global Ocean Science (GOS) Report, a Bruce Terrell landmark study produced by UNESCO in 2017, included National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric among its key findings that ocean science is Administration interdisciplinary, that science-policy interactions can MAHSNEWS is the official publication of the Maritime Archaeological occur through many avenues, and that national and Historical Society (MAHS), a non-profit, educational inventories of ocean science capacities exist for only a organization dedicated to preserving our global maritime heritage. few countries. Importantly, what is true for marine eco- science is true for marine archaeology: that is, we MAHSNEWS will consider articles and notices for publication which cannot manage what we do not measure. It is vital that enhance public awareness and appreciation of maritime history, marine cultural resources be accounted for and archaeology, and heritage preservation. documented, particularly in coastal ranges. Measuring marine resources involves creating accurate resource 2 MAHSNEWS Fall 2019 inventories, including maritime Nautical archaeology is a sites in significance assessments, marine science of long standing and creating databases for agency with a stake in the ocean and CRM professionals to access environment and an understanding when conducting surveys. that strengthened public Maritime sites are tangible awareness of our shared maritime components of historical heritage will pay dividends as the narratives, and we need to continual struggle to protect advocate for their inclusion in cultural resources ensues. Linking ocean-based scientific research in underwater archaeology to efforts interdisciplinary scope. There is to preserve ocean environments is a desperate need for social a natural step. Protection of science metrics and for submerged cultural resources such researchers of maritime heritage as shipwrecks, which frequently to justify their activities in order are found in reef zones or near- for them to have an effect on shore environments, represents emerging ocean policies. part of reef and fishery protection. Many successful unions of marine he GOS report not only archaeology and marine biology T details where ocean science have been carried out at is conducted, but by whom. educational institutions, which Norway by far leads the world serve as viable models. It is also with 364 full-time equivalent time for marine biological studies (FTE) ocean science researchers to include archaeological Source: https://en.unesco.org/gosr per million citizens, with the assessments in their work as well. United States a distant 11th, with Another approach is to seek 15 FTE ocean researchers per million. The report also World Heritage site designations as a means of describes the nature and purpose of ocean research establishing protection for important archaeological sites among nations. While some have focused their energy around the world. There are currently 49 marine sites and expenditures on investigating biodiversity, others with World Heritage status. Most of these
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