DOCSLIB.ORG

La Racialisation Des Africains : Récits Commerciaux, Religieux, Philosophiques Et Littéraires, 1480-1880

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
La Racialisation Des Africains : Récits Commerciaux, Religieux, Philosophiques Et Littéraires, 1480-1880 LA RACIALISATION DES AFRICAINS : RÉCITS COMMERCIAUX, RELIGIEUX, PHILOSOPHIQUES ET LITTÉRAIRES, 1480-1880 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Nicolas P.A. Médevielle, D.E.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Eugene Holland, Adviser Professor Danielle Marx-Scouras ________________________ Professor Jennifer Willging Adviser French and Italian Graduate Program Copyright by Nicolas Médevielle 2006 ABSTRACT This project examines the progressive racialisation of Africans by French authors during the four centuries of contact between Sub-Saharan Africa and France that eventually produced one of the two largest colonial empires in Africa. Racialisation refers to the historical process by which it became possible for French people to think of Africans not as human beings, but as creatures so far removed from themselves that they could be construed as substandard beings, akin to animals and monsters. The project starts with the examination of several mid-sixteenth century documents: a book published in 1559, entitled Les voyages aventureux de Jean Alfonse, Sainctongeois; and a series of maps of Africa appearing in a 1547 Norman publication known as The Vallard Atlas (H.M.29). This first chapter shows that the figure of race, and hence the process of racialisation, is not yet pertinent in French descriptions of Africans. Although these documents are largely forgotten today (the Voyages has not been republished since 1610), by carefully retracing the social milieu in which the books circulated and ii reconstructing an image of the maritime links between Africa and France prior to 1550, we can conclude that the documents had a wide enough audience to be deemed representative of the literature of the time. The second chapter proceeds in a very different fashion. Instead of focusing on a few key texts, we show how the context of colonial slavery dating back to the beginning of the Enlightenment period led to a style of thought about Africans that is distinctly pre-racial. To this end, we examine the evolution of the word “race” from its earliest appearance in the late fifteenth century until its modern meaning emerges throughout the first part of the eighteenth century. Finally, we look at the work of three important representatives of the French Enlightenment - Montesquieu, Buffon and Voltaire - to show how this style of thought influenced their views of Africans. Montesquieu comes to endorse the practice of colonial enslavement of Africans, who are constructed as savages living in climates that predispose them to be slaves; Buffon, although he emphasizes the oneness of humankind, nevertheless presents Africans as having degenerated from full humanity; Voltaire, who endorses polygenesis, considers them as a separate human species, situated among the lowest strata of humankind, not too far from Apes. The third chapter, devoted to the years 1860-1890, is narrower in scope: it focuses on one novel by Jules Verne and a series of short stories by Maupassant, read in light of nineteenth-century raciology. It is first argued that the nascent anthropology progressively established “race” at its core during the first part of the century. The raciology reached full force during the period 1860-1890, when iii Verne and Maupassant wrote. However, for these authors, the African Race has little to do with the pseudo-scientific constructions of the time. The figure of the African in their texts is largely mythological, oscillating between the image of the cannibal and that of the savage, even though, on some occasions, their works have recourse to scientific images to heighten their rhetorical impact. Ultimately, Verne and Maupassant use African figures mostly to express fears and concerns about European society itself, the African serving as a totem to refer to whomever these authors dread or want to vilify – be they Germans, working -class people, farmers, or women. The literary construction of race is therefore autonomous from the pseudo-scientific one, but they both embody the heightened state of racialisation of Africans during this period. iv Dedicated to Sara and Oen, For all the hours I stole from you, for all the joy you bring me. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my adviser, Eugene Holland, for his intellectual and moral support, as well for showing me what intellectual standards I should try to reach. He made the completion of this project possible. I also wish to express my gratitude to Professor Danielle Marx-Scouras for her frequent friendly advice and for the trust that she has shown me in the last few years. I am grateful to Professor Jennifer Willging who accepted to be part of my committee although my project was well under way, as well as Professor John Conteh-Morgan who has followed this project in the last two years, and has always provided me with useful comments and his vast knowledge about Africa. I am extremely indebted to Eliza Segura whose constant support, advice and friendliness have helped me write whenever I felt like researching instead. Finally I want to thank all of the people who have helped and supported me during the last few years, my families, my friends from here and Europe, and especially Sara without whom this project would never have happened. vi VITA April 11, 1974………………………..…Born - Clamart, France. 1996………………………………….…Licence de Droit, Université de Rennes I, France 1997…………………………………….Maitrise de Science Politique, Université de Rennes I, France 1999……………………………………D.E.A de Science Politique, Université de Rennes I, France 1999-2005……………………………...Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 2005…………………………………….Teaching Associate, Denison University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: French and Italian Areas of Emphasis: Early modern and modern literature, cultural history. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...iii Dedication…………………………………………………………………………v Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………..vi Vita………………………………………………………………………………vii List of Illustrations………………………………………………………………..x Chapters: Introduction…………………………………………………..……………1 1. La Renaissance des marchands : Les Voyages Aventureux de Jean Alfonse, Sainctongeois (1559) et l’Atlas Vallard (HM 29) de Dieppe (1547 face à l’Afrique.....................................................................................................26 1.1 Les Voyages aventureux......................................................................29 1.1.1 L’identité de Jean Alfonse de Saintonge..............................29 1.1.2 Présentation des Voyages aventureux et du milieu littéraire qui a participé à sa publication..............................................35 1.1.3 Les Conceptions géographiques des Voyages aventureux : étude des cas européens et américains..................................44 1.2 L’Atlas Vallard et la cartographie dieppoise du milieu du siècle........56 1.3 La géographie africaine de l’Atlas Vallard et des Voyages aventureux……………………………………………………………59 1.3.1 Géographie renaissante et mirabilia médiévales..................70 1.3.2 L’Ethiopie merveilleuse d’Alfonse.......................................79 1.3.3 Le commerce, critère de valuation des Africains..................83 1.3.4 L’Atlas Vallard et la représentation physique des Africains..............................................................................100 1.4 Conclusion…………………..……………………………...………105 viii 2. Esclavage et anthropologie : Philosophes et administrateurs coloniaux face à la « race »………………….……………………………………..…...111 2.1 Colonisation antillaise et traite esclavagiste………………………..113 2.2 Discours missionnaires sur les Africains au XVIIe siècle………….123 2.2.1 Une tendance au mépris dans les îles……………………..123 2.2.2 Une figure éclatée de l’Africain d’Afrique……………….127 2.3 Ordre colonial, esclavage et naissance de la discrimination raciale..132 2.3.1 Couleur et sexe, les premières mesures…………………..134 2.3.2 Après 1750 : vers un ordre raciste d’Ancien Régime ?......141 2.4 L’évolution du mot « race » de 1480 à 1700.....................................145 2.4.1 Evolution des conceptions aristocratiques de la race sous l’Ancien Régime…………………………………….146 2.4.2 La liaison entre apparence physique et idée de race……...150 2.5 Les Lumières et l’Afrique..................................................................154 2.5.1 Montesquieu et De l’esprit des lois....................................155 2.5.2 Le monogénisme de Buffon................................................168 2.5.3 Voltaire, la polygénie, et les espèces humaines.................180 2.6 Conclusion.........................................................................................186 3. De Jules Verne à Maupassant : Race, classe, sauvagerie et cannibalisme ………………………………………………………...…189 3.1 La montée du paradigme raciologique : 1800-1850………………..190 3.2 L’Afrique sauvage et cannibale de Verne..........................................196 3.2.1 Jules Verne (1828-1905) : milieu familial et début de carrière littéraire…............…………………………………..…….196 3.2.2 Explorateurs européens et Afrique sauvage........................199 3.2.3 Les Africains de Verne : sauvagerie, animalité et cannibalisme.......................................................................205 3.3 Afrique, sauvagerie et cannibalisme dans l’œuvre de Maupassant...238 3.3.1 Le Maghreb sous le signe de l’Afrique...............................240 3.3.2 Tombouctou et
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Opening of the Atlantic World: England's
    THE OPENING OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD: ENGLAND’S TRANSATLANTIC INTERESTS DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY VIII By LYDIA TOWNS DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Texas at Arlington May, 2019 Arlington, Texas Supervising Committee: Imre Demhardt, Supervising Professor John Garrigus Kathryne Beebe Alan Gallay ABSTRACT THE OPENING OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD: ENGLAND’S TRANSATLANTIC INTERESTS DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY VIII Lydia Towns, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2019 Supervising Professor: Imre Demhardt This dissertation explores the birth of the English Atlantic by looking at English activities and discussions of the Atlantic world from roughly 1481-1560. Rather than being disinterested in exploration during the reign of Henry VIII, this dissertation proves that the English were aware of what was happening in the Atlantic world through the transnational flow of information, imagined the potentials of the New World for both trade and colonization, and actively participated in the opening of transatlantic trade through transnational networks. To do this, the entirety of the Atlantic, all four continents, are considered and the English activity there analyzed. This dissertation uses a variety of methods, examining cartographic and literary interpretations and representations of the New World, familial ties, merchant networks, voyages of exploration and political and diplomatic material to explore my subject across the social strata of England, giving equal weight to common merchants’ and scholars’ perceptions of the Atlantic as I do to Henry VIII’s court. Through these varied methods, this dissertation proves that the creation of the British Atlantic was not state sponsored, like the Spanish Atlantic, but a transnational space inhabited and expanded by merchants, adventurers and the scholars who created imagined spaces for the English.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Failure in the Anglo-North Atlantic World, 1570-1640 (2015)
    FINDLEY JR, JAMES WALTER, Ph.D. “Went to Build Castles in the Aire:” Colonial Failure in the Anglo-North Atlantic World, 1570-1640 (2015). Directed by Dr. Phyllis Whitman Hunter. 266pp. This study examines the early phases of Anglo-North American colonization from 1570 to 1640 by employing the lenses of imagination and failure. I argue that English colonial projectors envisioned a North America that existed primarily in their minds – a place filled with marketable and profitable commodities waiting to be extracted. I historicize the imagined profitability of commodities like fish and sassafras, and use the extreme example of the unicorn to highlight and contextualize the unlimited potential that America held in the minds of early-modern projectors. My research on colonial failure encompasses the failure of not just physical colonies, but also the failure to pursue profitable commodities, and the failure to develop successful theories of colonization. After roughly seventy years of experience in America, Anglo projectors reevaluated their modus operandi by studying and drawing lessons from past colonial failure. Projectors learned slowly and marginally, and in some cases, did not seem to learn anything at all. However, the lack of learning the right lessons did not diminish the importance of this early phase of colonization. By exploring the variety, impracticability, and failure of plans for early settlement, this study investigates the persistent search for usefulness of America by Anglo colonial projectors in the face of high rate of
    [Show full text]
  • Robur-Le-Conquérantrobur-Le-Conquérant
    Jules Verne Robur-le-ConquérantRobur-le-Conquérant BeQ Jules Verne 1828-1905 Robur-le-ConquérantRobur-le-Conquérant roman La Bibliothèque électronique du Québec Collection À tous les vents Volume 334 : version 2.0 2 Du même auteur, à la Bibliothèque : Famille-sans-nom L’école des Robinsons Le pays des fourrures César Cascabel Voyage au centre de la Le pilote du Danube terre Hector Servadac Un drame au Mexique, et Mathias Sandorf autres nouvelles Le sphinx des glaces Docteur Ox Voyages et aventures du Une ville flottante capitaine Hatteras Maître du monde Cinq semaines en ballon Les tribulations d’un Les cinq cent millions de Chinois en Chine la Bégum Michel Strogoff Un billet de loterie De la terre à la lune Le Chancellor Le Phare du bout du Face au drapeau monde Le Rayon-Vert Sans dessus dessous La Jangada L’Archipel en feu L’île mystérieuse Les Indes noires La maison à vapeur Le chemin de France Le village aérien L’île à hélice Clovis Dardentor 3 Robur-le-Conquérant 4 1 Où le monde savant et le monde ignorant sont aussi embarrassés l’un que l’autre « Pan !... Pan !... » Les deux coups de pistolet partirent presque en même temps. Une vache, qui paissait à cinquante pas de là, reçut une des balles dans l’échine. Elle n’était pour rien dans l’affaire, cependant. Ni l’un ni l’autre des deux adversaires n’avait été touché. Quels étaient ces deux gentlemen ? On ne sait, et, cependant, c’eût été là, sans doute, l’occasion de faire parvenir leurs noms à la postérité.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Fonds D'affiches De La Maison De Jules Verne À Amiens
    UNIVERSITÉ DE PICARDIE JULES VERNE Charlotte SICARD Le fonds d’affiches de la Maison de Jules Verne à Amiens Etude Mémoire Master 2 Histoire de l’art Sous la direction de M. Nicholas-Henri Zmelty Août 2019 2 Remerciements Je remercie mon directeur de recherche, Monsieur Nicholas-Henri Zmelty, professeur d’Histoire de l’art à l’Université de Picardie Jules Verne, qui m’a guidée et accompagnée vers ce sujet pour lequel j’ai développé un grand intérêt. Je remercie Monsieur Sinoquet pour m’avoir donné l’opportunité de réaliser mon stage de Master à la Bibliothèque Louis Aragon d’Amiens, afin d’étudier les affiches conservées dans les réserves, d’avoir répondu à mes nombreuses interrogations et fait partager ses connaissances sur la Collection Jules Verne. Je remercie également le personnel de la Bibliothèque Louis Aragon pour leur sympathie et leur aide apportée me permettant d’approfondir mes recherches. Je tiens enfin à remercier mes proches. 3 Sommaire Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 7 I- Les affiches des éditions Hetzel............................................................................... 19 1- Les premières publicités sur Jules Verne....................................................................... 19 A- La collaboration entre deux hommes de lettres .................................................................... 19 B- Le pouvoir de l’affiche, un véritable atout commercial.......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • European Train Names: a Historic Outline Christian Weyers
    ONOMÀSTICA BIBLIOTECA TÈCNICA DE POLÍTICA LINGÜÍSTICA European Train Names: a Historic Outline* Christian Weyers DOI: 10.2436/15.8040.01.201 Abstract This paper gives a first overview of the onomastic category of train names, searches to classify the corpus and reviews different stages of their productivity. Apart from geographical names (toponyms, choronyms, compass directions) generally indicating points of origin and destination of the trains in question, a considerable number of personal names have entered this category, of classical literary authors, musicians and scientists, but also of many fictional or non-fictional characters taken from literature or legendary traditions. In some cases also certain symbolic attributes of these persons and finally even heraldic figures have given their names to trains. In terms of their functionality, train names originally were an indicator of exclusiveness and high grade of travel quality, but they developed gradually, as they dispersed over the European continent, into a rather unspecific, generalized appellation, also for regional and local trains. After two periods of prosperity after 1950, the privatisation of railway companies starting in the 1990s had again a very positive effect on the category, as the number of named trains initially reached a new record in this decade. ***** The first train names appeared in England in the 1860s in addition to names for steam locomotives, and on two different levels. The Special Scotch Express between London King’s Cross and Edinburgh (inaugurated in 1862) was called by the public The Flying Scotsman from the 1870s, but it succeeded as the official name not before 1924. Also the names of the German diesel trainsets Der Fliegende Hamburger and Der Fliegende Kölner were colloquial name creations, as were the Train Bleu and the Settebello operated from 1922 and 1953 but officially named in 1947 and 1958, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • An Eastern Micmac Domain of Islands
    An Eastern Micmac Domain of Islands CHARLES A. MARTIJN Ministere des Affaires cullurelles, Quebec Introduction The Micmac Indians of Eastern Canada inhabit a region that borders the lower half of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.1 Their homeland includes portions of the Gaspe Peninsula and New Brunswick, all of Prince Edward Island and mainland Nova Scotia, as well as Cape Breton and parts of southern Newfoundland. Although the boundaries of this traditional territory cannot be determined with any precision because of fluctuations through time, it may have covered as much as 121,760 square kilometres, or about the size of Tunisia. An overview of Micmac culture and society is provided by Hoffman (1955), Nietfeld (1981), Passchier (1985) and Wallis and Wallis (1955). An extensive coastline permitted easy access to aquatic fauna — sea- mammals, fish, waterfowl and invertebrates — which are abundant in the gulf of St. Lawrence area. As a result, the Micmac were probably the most maritime-adapted of all Algonquian groups. Nevertheless, for survival dur­ ing the winter months they had to depend to a much greater extent on land animals such as moose, caribou, deer and beaver. Some scholars have depicted them as spending up to 10 months of the year obtaining 90% of their food requirements from coastal zones and the sea (Hoffman 1955:230- 236; Nietfeld 1981:360-363). Recent reviews of archaeological and ethno­ historical data, however, indicate a greater use of terrestrial fauna than has hitherto been acknowledged, and point to the need for a more intensive consideration of regional variation in available resources and subsistence strategies (Nash and Miller 1987; see also Burley 1981 and Clermont 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • Early Mi'kmaq Presence in Southern Newfoundland: an Ethnohistorical
    Early Mi’kmaq Presence in Southern Newfoundland: An Ethnohistorical Perspective, c.1500-1763 CHARLES A. MARTIJN INTRODUCTION COMPARED WITH MI’KMAQ studies elsewhere, scholarly interest in Newfoundland Mi’kmaq ethnohistory was slow to develop. Of the four Native groups which fre- quented Newfoundland during the historic period, the Beothuk have been the sub- ject of a monumental monograph (Marshall 1996). In contrast, details relating to two others, the Innu (Montagnais) and the historic Inuit, whose range formerly ex- tended into the western and northern regions of the island, constitute largely forgot- ten ethnohistorical chapters (Martijn 1990, 2000). Likewise, persistant preconceptions and an apparent scarcity of documentary sources dampened curiousity about the Mi’kmaq presence. Only bits and pieces of published informa- tion can be gleaned from nineteenth-century historians (Prowse 1895), geologists (Howley 1915, Jukes 1842), explorers (Cormack 1928), sportsmen (Millais 1907), as well as from various accounts by government officials, churchmen, and private individuals. During a brief visit in 1914, Speck (1922), an anthropologist, carried out limited ethnographic and ethnohistorical inquiries, but more than 60 years passed before Upton (1977) and Pastore (1977) decided to undertake systematic ar- chival work. History books have long promulgated the received wisdom that the Beothuk constituted the only permanent Native residents of Newfoundland at the time of European contact, designated here as the beginning of the sixteenth century (e.g., Briffett 1949: 47-48, 52). According to this view, the Mi’kmaq were later arrivals from a homeland in the continental Maritime provinces, first brought to the island NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES 19, 1 (2003) 0823-1737 Early Mi’kmaq Presence 45 by the French in the eighteenth century, to serve as mercenaries against the British and to exterminate the Beothuk (Bartels 1979).
    [Show full text]
  • Great Southern Land: the Maritime Exploration of Terra Australis
    GREAT SOUTHERN The Maritime Exploration of Terra Australis LAND Michael Pearson the australian government department of the environment and heritage, 2005 On the cover photo: Port Campbell, Vic. map: detail, Chart of Tasman’s photograph by John Baker discoveries in Tasmania. Department of the Environment From ‘Original Chart of the and Heritage Discovery of Tasmania’ by Isaac Gilsemans, Plate 97, volume 4, The anchors are from the from ‘Monumenta cartographica: Reproductions of unique and wreck of the ‘Marie Gabrielle’, rare maps, plans and views in a French built three-masted the actual size of the originals: barque of 250 tons built in accompanied by cartographical Nantes in 1864. She was monographs edited by Frederick driven ashore during a Casper Wieder, published y gale, on Wreck Beach near Martinus Nijhoff, the Hague, Moonlight Head on the 1925-1933. Victorian Coast at 1.00 am on National Library of Australia the morning of 25 November 1869, while carrying a cargo of tea from Foochow in China to Melbourne. © Commonwealth of Australia 2005 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth, available from the Department of the Environment and Heritage. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: Assistant Secretary Heritage Assessment Branch Department of the Environment and Heritage GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment and Heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Historical Quarterly
    COVER Jehu J. Blount’s general store, corner N. W. First and Hendry streets in Fort Myers, was opened in 1873. It also served as the town’s first post office. The photograph is of Florida Schultz Heitman and her friends. She was the daughter of George Schultz, telegrapher for the International Ocean Tele- graph Company, and wife of Harvie Heitman, a prominent Fort Myers businessman. The picture was taken in the 1890s. It is from the Fort Myers Historical Museum. The THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Volume LXII, Number 4 April 1984 COPYRIGHT 1984 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. (ISSN 0015-4113) THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor Jeffry Charbonnet, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Herbert J. Doherty, Jr. University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida (Emeritus) Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) J. Leitch Wright, Jr. Florida State University Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604-2045. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, originality of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered consecutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Failure in the New World in the Sixteenth Century: a French and German Comparison
    1 School of History and Cultures Department of History Colonial Failure in the New World in the Sixteenth Century: a French and German Comparison Stefan Lang Supervisor: Dr Margaret Small 2 Abstract During the first half of the sixteenth century attempts were made by Europeans to colonise Venezuela and Canada, as the rush for land in the New World increased at pace. Yet these colonial attempts have largely been forgotten by history despite the legacies they left both for Europe and the American continent itself. There are two reasons why these ventures have been overlooked. Firstly, they were non-Iberian. Secondly, they both failed. The efforts of the Welser merchant-banking company to colonise Venezuela (1528-1556) and the French Crown to settle Canada (1541-1543) have been subordinated in the historical literature to the successful colonisation carried out by the Spanish and the Portuguese in the New World, which began at the end of the fifteenth century, and led to imperial empires. Indeed, the phenomenon of colonial failure as a whole has remained relatively unpopular amongst academics. Whilst some more “popular” failed colonies have been studied individually, there has been no comparative approach to determine the shared causes for failure amongst a number of unsuccessful enterprises during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This work shall look to produce such a comparative, using the Welser and French colonies as case studies, given their underrepresentation in the literature. It shall use the few available primary sources, as well as foreign-language studies, to give a detailed understanding of the factors that caused the colonies to fail.
    [Show full text]
  • Econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Smith, Stefan Halikowski Working Paper International seaborne piracy and the state: Lessons to be learned from history? TranState Working Papers, No. 172 Provided in Cooperation with: University of Bremen, Collaborative Research Center 597: Transformations of the State Suggested Citation: Smith, Stefan Halikowski (2013) : International seaborne piracy and the state: Lessons to be learned from history?, TranState Working Papers, No. 172, Universität Bremen, Collaborative Research Center 597 - Transformations of the State, Bremen This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/77943 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu INTERNATIONAL SEABORNE PIRACY AND THE STATE: LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM HISTORY? STEFAN HALIKOWSKI SMITH NO.
    [Show full text]
  • Accelerated Reader Tests by Title
    Reading Practice Quiz List Report Page 1 Accelerated Reader®: Monday, 04/26/10, 09:04 AM Kuna Middle School Reading Practice Quizzes Int. Book Point Fiction/ Quiz No. Title Author Level Level Value Language Nonfiction 8451 100 Questions and Answers about AIDSMichael Ford UG 7.5 6.0 English Nonfiction 17351 100 Unforgettable Moments in Pro BaseballBob Italia MG 5.5 1.0 English Nonfiction 17352 100 Unforgettable Moments in Pro BasketballBob Italia MG 6.5 1.0 English Nonfiction 17353 100 Unforgettable Moments in Pro FootballBob Italia MG 6.2 1.0 English Nonfiction 17354 100 Unforgettable Moments in Pro GolfBob Italia MG 5.6 1.0 English Nonfiction 17355 100 Unforgettable Moments in Pro HockeyBob Italia MG 6.1 1.0 English Nonfiction 17356 100 Unforgettable Moments in Pro TennisBob Italia MG 6.4 1.0 English Nonfiction 17357 100 Unforgettable Moments in SummerBob Olympics Italia MG 6.5 1.0 English Nonfiction 17358 100 Unforgettable Moments in Winter OlympicsBob Italia MG 6.1 1.0 English Nonfiction 18751 101 Ways to Bug Your Parents Lee Wardlaw MG 3.9 5.0 English Fiction 61265 12 Again Sue Corbett MG 4.9 8.0 English Fiction 14796 The 13th Floor: A Ghost Story Sid Fleischman MG 4.4 4.0 English Fiction 11101 A 16th Century Mosque Fiona MacDonald MG 7.7 1.0 English Nonfiction 907 17 Minutes to Live Richard A. Boning 3.5 0.5 English Fiction 44803 1776: Son of Liberty Elizabeth Massie UG 6.1 9.0 English Fiction 8251 18-Wheelers Linda Lee Maifair MG 5.2 1.0 English Nonfiction 44804 1863: A House Divided Elizabeth Massie UG 5.9 9.0 English Fiction 661 The 18th Emergency Betsy Byars MG 4.7 4.0 English Fiction 9801 1980 U.S.
    [Show full text]