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Les Navigations Françaises Et La Révolution Maritime Du Xive Au Xvie Siècle, D'après Les Documents Inédits Tirés De Fr

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Les Navigations Françaises Et La Révolution Maritime Du Xive Au Xvie Siècle, D'après Les Documents Inédits Tirés De Fr THE UNIVERSITY lé ^»> -»• OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AA 33n •?^>^ c. RUN8IS fllSTORlCAl SURYH LES NAVIGATIONS FRANÇAISES DU XlVe AU XVl« SIECLE PARIS IMPRIMERIE JOUAUST RUE S AINT-HONO RÉ, 338 LES NAVIGATIONS FRANÇAISES RÉVOLUTION MARITIME DU XIV^ AU XVI' SIÈCLE D'après Us documents inédits tirés de France, d'Angleterre d'Espagne et d'Italie PIERRE MARGRY PARIS LIBRAIRIE TROSS - 5, RUE NEUVE DES - PETITS- CHAM PS , 5 1867 . u l PRÉFACE ^ çn (y -196072 ^ uelque point que vous abordiez de rhistoire de la France dans ses rap- ports avec les pays transatlantiques, pour peu que vous cherchiez Tensemble et la signification vraie des faits, vous serez infail- liblement forcé de vous arrêter devant les lacunes ou devant les erreurs des livres les plus autorisés. C'est là une expérience que depuis vingt- quatre ans je n'ai cessé de répéter dans toute retendue de cette histoire. J'en ai trouvé plusieurs parties importantes sur lesquelles PRÉFACE. tout était à dire. — D'autres, transformées aujourd'hui entièrement à mes yeux par Tétude approfondie des documents authen- tiques, étaient méconnaissables. — Mais, assurément , il n'est point d'époque de cette histoire plus hérissée de problèmes que celle de ses commencements. La découverte de documents originaux sur cette période étant très-difficile à cause de la rareté des événements, Fesprit ne peut espérer qu'à force de recherches et de bon- heur , de lever le voile qui couvre nos pre- mières relations avec les pays situés sur l'Océan. De là la nécessité pour l'écrivain de pré- senter, même incomplètes, les informations qu'il a recueillies pour sauver de l'oubli tout ce qui peut en être tiré. — De là aussi, pour lui, le besoin de discuter les faits nouveaux lorsqu'ils ne concordent pas avec les opinions accréditées, afin d'éclaircir, autant qu'il est possible, ce qui reste problématique, et d'ex- citer à de nouvelles investigations là où les renseignements font défaut. PREFACE Les discussions ne plaisant guères au plus grand nombre des lecteurs^, curieux seule- ment des résultats, j'ai pensé que je ferais bien de soumettre aux hommes d'étude les difficultés qui m'avaient barré le passage à mon entrée dans cette partie si négligée de nos annales. Il s'agit d'ailleurs de questions d'un intérêt facile à reconnaître. Vers l'époque qui termine les croisades, jentends de la fin du X1II<^ au XIV^ siècle, une grande révolution se prépare, c'est celle qui doit déplacer le mouvement maritime de l'Europe en le portant de la Méditerranée sur l'Océan, — Jusqu'alors le commerce de cette dernière mer ne paraît avoir eu d'im- portance que sur les côtes occupées par les nations Européennes elles-mêmes. Mais bien- tôt la terre mal connue, à laquelle on a sup- posé les formes les plus différentes, va se révéler avec les peuples qui couvrent son globe. — L'Océan apparaîtra dans son im- mensité, entourant ce globe et baignant des contrées riches, couvertes de peuples, vers PREFACE. lesquelles le commerce de l'Europe ira cher- cher de nouveaux profits et que sa politique tâchera d'occuper. L'Europe finira par atteindre ce but pres- que partout. — Elle répandra sur toutes les terres jadis inconnues des émigrations qui constitueront des États ayant avec elle une origine et une civilisation communes, et^ lors- que la force des populations indigènes ne lui permettra pas d'établir parmi elles sa domi- nation, elle pèsera sur elles de toute la puis- sance de ses armes et de son industrie. Ainsi peu à peu s'établira dans le monde, ici par la communauté d'origine et de civilisation, là par la supériorité militaire et intellectuelle des nations Européennes dans les contrées où elles rencontrent de la résistance à l'as- similation, une espèce d'unité qu'Henri IV appelait déjà la République chrétienne. Puis, lorsque cette oeuvre se sera suffisamment accomplie sur l'Océan, elle s'achèvera sur la Méditerranée et sur la mer Noire en ab- sorbant les nations musulmanes qui mena- çaient l'existence des populations chrétiennes. PREFACE. jusqu'en plein XVIP siècle, en face de Louis XIV et de Leibnitz. Pour que cette souveraineté de l'Europe commençât à s'étendre sur le monde, il lui a fallu naturellement en reconnaître les parties ignorées de l'antiquité; mais elle ne pouvait obtenir ce résultat sans forcer et sans ren- verser successivement les obstacles que des terreurs superstitieuses engendrées par l'i- gnorance opposaient à Tesprit d'entreprise. Il importe donc de montrer quels furent les premiers efforts tentés pour lancer le plus petit des continents dans la voie où il devait établir sa domination et accroître Tessor de son activité, ainsi que ses connaissances et ses richesses. Les hommes de théorie, non plus que les hommes d'action, ne manquèrent aux pre- mières nécessités qui les appelaient à substi- tuer le vrai aux fausses spéculations de l'an- tiquité sur le monde étroit qu'elle connais- sait. Mais leur oeuvre devait être lente, parce qu'elle était pénible et périlleuse. Les con- quêtes s'en firent en conséquence pas à pas, 8 PRÉFACE. souvent au milieu de robscurité^ dans laquelle même les noms d'un certain nombre de cou- rageux éclaireurs ont disparu et où la justice de rhistoire leur doit tous ses efforts pour les retrouver. Tel est le genre d'intérêt propre aux recherches que j'ai faites sur nos navigations du XIV^ au XVP siècle, en voulût-on écarter celui qui s'attache au rôle même de notre pays dans Texpansion de l'Europe sur le monde, rôle qu'il faut connaître. Les écrivains étrangers, pour mettre plus en saillie les entreprises de leurs concitoyens, semblent se complaire à rabaisser celles des Français. D'autre part, au contraire, l'amour propre local de certaines de nos provinces tend à s'exagérer le mérite de leurs marins dans l'œuvre de notre continent. Où est la vérité, entre les allégations des uns et les prétentions des autres? A quelle époque avons-nous pour la première fois mis le pied en Afrique, au delà du cap Bojador? Avons-nous découvert l'Amérique du Nord avant les Anglais, celle du Sud avant les PREFACE. 9 Espagnols , TAsie et les terres Australes avant les Portugais? Les Hollandais ont-ils réclamé réellement les premiers la liberté des mers? A-t-on dit, enfin, tout ce qu'il importe de connaître sur les hommes qui du XIV^ au XVI^ siècle ont pris part chez nous à la Ré- volution maritime? A-t-on, par exemple, précisé Tétat de la science de la navigation et des idées cosmographiques qui devaient concourir à changer la face du monde, en multipliant pour les habitants de TEurope les œuvres de la Création ? Les pages suivantes ont pour objet de répondre à une partie de ces questions et de mettre mieux en lumière quelques-uns de ces généreux pilotes qui, suivant les paroles du poète, ont préparé un nouvel ordre de choses en conduisant de hardis pionniers vers les terres inconnues. Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo. Alter erit lum Tiphys, et altéra quae vehat Argo Deleclos heroas. LES MARINS DE NORMANDIE AUX COTES DE GUINEE AVANT LES PORTUGAIS Si vos dira i que delà avint li non Pru- Naut à messire Jehan et que il le warda parce qu'il estoit moult preu , fier et homme de haut sens. Ançois li roi volsit que sa progenye et lignye fussent apieles Preu-Nauts , comme fius de vaillant, preu et gentil navior. .1 e désir de trouver une route nouvelle aux Indes, d'abord en vue de se sous- traire au monopole commercial des Ma- hométans, puis en raison de la concur- rence des peuples Chrétiens entre eux , a été non- seulement le grand moteur, mais encore le guide le plus sûr dans la découverte que l'Europe a faite du reste du monde. Avec cette idée , excités par la vue d'un but certain, soutenus par les données logi- ques qui se déduisaient de la sphéricité de la terre, enfin enhardis parce qu'ils trouvaient toujours sur la route quelque contrée à occuper qui les récompensait de leurs efforts, les marins de ce continent se portè- rent successivement du sud-est au sud-ouest, au nord-ouest, au nord-est, découvrant ainsi l'Afrique, l'Asie, l'Amérique et le nord de l'Europe. Mais avant que le besoin des productions de l'Orient et la pensée qui en naquit eussent donné une suite et une direction aux navigations de l'Europe, on se demande si la hardiesse de certains marins, dans des 14 LES NORMANDS circonstances que nous ne connaissons pas et que la Providence pouvait amener pour encourager et pour faire réfléchir, n'aurait pas mis déjà diverses nations de l'Europe en rapport avec les continents inconnus, et précédé ainsi les entreprises des peuples qui ont la réputation d'y avoir pénétré les premiers. Pour nous, nous le croyons. L'on ne fait guère attention aux choses que lorsqu'on en sent l'intérêt, ou au moins lorsqu'on en a la signification ; or, les esprits ou les actes qui devancent soit les progrès des masses, soit les besoins de leur temps, passent ina- perçus. C'est déjà un bonheur dans ces conditions quand des hommes distingués prennent note des faits remarquables, indifférents à la foule, non suffi- samment avertie ou préparée pour les comprendre. Aussi rien d'étonnant que les personnages qu'il y aurait le plus d'intérêt à connaître soient ceux sur lesquels il reste le plus à savoir. 11 en est dans l'histoire des découvertes comme dans celle des inventions.
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