Edexcel GCSE (9–1) Psychology Christine Brain Anna Cave Karren Smith
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Edexcel GCSE (9–1) Psychology Christine Brain Anna Cave Karren Smith Pearson’s resources are designed to be simple, inclusive and inspiring. Using a ‘key question’ approach, such as ‘How does your memory ActiveBook work?’ and ‘How do others a ect you?’, this Student Book explores This Student Book is also available GCSE (9–1) Psychology Edexcel areas of human behaviour and allows you to relate them to your own electronically as an ActiveBook experiences. It covers all the topics, theories and studies you will need subscription for institutions. to know for your exams and brings them to life by encouraging you to Visit our website for details. carry out practical experiments and investigations. Key features of the Student Book include: • in-depth coverage of all compulsory and optional topics • strengths and weaknesses of theories and studies, which are clearly presented to support analysis and evaluation of key topics • ‘Preparing for your exam’ sections, which provide lots of guidance and examples to help you develop the skills you need for your written exams • ‘Exam-style questions’ and ‘Exam tips’, which give you practice at answering the kinds of questions you might fi nd in the exams • ‘Apply it’ features to help you apply theories or concepts you have learned to a specifi c task or question • ‘Try it’ features to develop your research and investigative skills • ‘Maths tips’ to develop your confi dence in applying maths skills • ‘Psychology in action’ features which set topics in context and help you to understand their wider relevance. Edexcel GCSE (9–1) Psychology www.pearsonschools.co.uk Christine Brain Anna Cave Karren Smith [email protected] CVR_PSYC_SB_GCSE_2773_CVR.indd 1 06/04/2017 14:26 Edexcel GCSE (9–1) Psychology Christine Brain Anna Cave Karren Smith A01_PSYC_SB_GCSE_2773_PRE.indd 1 11/04/2017 12:15 Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL. www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk Copies of official specifications for all Edexcel qualifications may be found on the website: www.edexcel.com Text © Pearson Education. Typeset by Tech-Art Ltd Illustrations by Tech-Art Ltd Original illustrations © Pearson Education Designed by Colin Tilley Loughrey Cover photo: Shutterstock.com / MadamSaffa First published 2017 19 18 17 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The rights of Christine Brain, Anna Cave and Karren Smith to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 29218 277 3 (Print) ISBN 978 1 29218 367 1 (PDF) Copyright notice All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS (www.cla.co.uk). Applications for the copyright owner’s written permission should be addressed to the publisher. Printed and bound in Italy by Neografia Acknowledgements For acknowledgements please see page 284. A note from the publisher In order to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support for the associated Pearson qualification, it has been through a review process by the awarding body. This process confirms that this resource fully covers the teaching and learning content of the specification or part of a specification at which it is aimed. It also confirms that it demonstrates an appropriate balance between the development of subject skills, knowledge and understanding, in addition to preparation for assessment. Endorsement does not cover any guidance on assessment activities or processes (e.g. practice questions or advice on how to answer assessment questions), included in the resource nor does it prescribe any particular approach to the teaching or delivery of a related course. While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on the qualification and its assessment is accurate, the official specification and associated assessment guidance materials are the only authoritative source of information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance. Pearson examiners have not contributed to any sections in this resource relevant to examination papers for which they have responsibility. Examiners will not use endorsed resources as a source of material for any assessment set by Pearson. Endorsement of a resource does not mean that the resource is required to achieve this Pearson qualification, nor does it mean that it is the only suitable material available to support the qualification, and any resource lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and other appropriate resources. A01_PSYC_SB_GCSE_2773_PRE.indd 2 11/04/2017 12:15 Contents Introduction iv Topic 1 Development 2 Topic 2 Memory 28 Topic 3 Psychological problems 48 Topic 4 The brain and neuropsychology 78 Topic 5 Social influence 98 Preparing for your exam 1 124 Topic 11 Research methods 130 Topic 6 Criminal psychology 166 Topic 7 The self 186 Topic 8 Perception 208 Topic 9 Sleep and dreaming 228 Topic 10 Language, thought and communication 248 Preparing for your exam 2 272 Index 279 Acknowledgements 284 iii A01_PSYC_SB_GCSE_2773_PRE.indd 3 11/04/2017 12:15 Introduction Welcome to Edexcel GCSE (9–1) Psychology Exploring human behaviour The new Edexcel GCSE course will help you to develop your knowledge and understanding of a wide range of topics in psychology. Using a ‘key question’ approach, such as ‘How does your memory work?’ and ‘How do others affect you?’, it investigates areas of human behaviour and allows you to relate them to your own experiences. There are many benefits to taking the Edexcel GCSE Psychology course. • It encourages you to carry out practical experiments and investigations where possible – helping to bring the subject to life. • It includes contemporary studies that are relevant to today’s generation of students. • If you do well in this course you will be in a good position to progress to further study of psychology at AS or A level. The content of this GCSE is ideal grounding for these qualifications, and it has been designed using a similar approach in order to make the experience of moving on as smooth as possible. How you will be assessed The GCSE course consists of compulsory and optional topics. You will study six compulsory topics and two optional topics (which your teacher will choose). Your assessment will consist of two separate written exams. Paper 1 covers compulsory topics 1 to 5 and accounts for 55 per cent of the total mark. Paper 2 covers the optional topics. It is worth 45 per cent of the final mark. Both papers include questions covering the content of Topic 11 Research methods. How to use this book This book contains all the information you need for the topics, theories and studies you will be learning about. It also covers the key issues and debates relating to each of the compulsory topics. Each section guides you through the content of the course in a practical and engaging way, making it clear what you will cover and providing useful activities and questions to help you practise what you have learned. There are two dedicated sections to help you prepare for the exams. The book is organised as follows: • compulsory topics 1 to 5 • Preparing for your exam (Paper 1) • compulsory Topic 11 Research methods • optional topics 6 to 10 • Preparing for your exam (Paper 2). Topic 11 Research methods has been positioned between the compulsory and optional topics, since you will need to draw on the research methodologies described in both of your exam papers. iv A01_PSYC_SB_GCSE_2773_PRE.indd 4 11/04/2017 12:15 Introduction Features of the book • Sum it up – this gives a short conclusion about the In this student book there are lots of different features. study you have been learning about. They are there to help you learn about the topics in your • Exam-style question – these questions match the course in different ways, to understand it from multiple style of questions that you are likely to find in the perspectives and to get the most from your learning. written exams and give you useful practice as you go These features, together with examples of each one taken through your course. from the book, are explained below. Exam-style question • Exploring the topic – a key question is explored briefly at the beginning of each topic, to get you Define what is meant by thinking about relevant issues before you start. ‘egocentrism’. (2 marks) • Your learning – a summary at the beginning of each • Exam tip – hints and tips to aid your learning and topic that outlines exactly what you are going to learn. help you in the exams. Your learning Exam tip In this topic you will learn about: When asked to ‘define’ • early brain development something, provide a statement • Piaget’s stages of development and their role in showing exactly what it means. education Using an example can help to • Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. illustrate the meaning. • Getting started – an activity or a few questions to • Maths tip – hints and tips to help you complete check what you may already know about the topic mathematical tasks. and to encourage reflection or broader discussion. • Psychology in action – examples of how psychology • What you will learn – a short bullet point list of affects everyday life; these features help to set a topic exactly what is covered in each section.