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Manualpráctico DURACIÓN MANUAL PRÁCTICO PARA OBSERVADORES ELECTORALES DE CORTA DURACIÓN MANUAL PRÁCTICO PARA OBSERVADORES ELECTORALES DE CORTA MINISTERIO SUBSECRETARÍA GOBIERNO MINISTERIO DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES SECRETARÍA GENERALTÉCNICA DE ESPAÑA DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES Y DE COOPERACIÓN Y DE COOPERACIÓN 2008 — 2 — manual_practico_observadores_electorales.pmd2 28/04/2008, 12:37 MANUAL PRÁCTICO PARA OBSERVADORES ELECTORALES DE CORTA DURACIÓN MINISTERIO DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE NACIONES DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES UNIDAS, DERECHOS HUMANOS Y Y DE COOPERACIÓN ORGANISMOS MULTILATERALES OFICINA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS MADRID 2008 — 3 — manual_practico_observadores_electorales.pmd3 28/04/2008, 12:37 MINISTERIO DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES Y DE COOPERACIÓN SUBSECRETARÍA Edita: SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA VICESECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA Centro de Documentación y Publicaciones IMPRENTA DEL MINISTERIO DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES Y DE COOPERACIÓN NIPO: 501-08-046-4 Depósito Legal: M. 16.114 - 2008 — 4 — manual_practico_observadores_electorales.pmd4 28/04/2008, 12:37 Grupo de observadores de NU para las primeras elecciones democráticas de Suráfrica en 1994. — 5 — manual_practico_observadores_electorales.pmd5 28/04/2008, 12:37 — 6 — manual_practico_observadores_electorales.pmd6 28/04/2008, 12:37 Justo antes del inicio de una nueva edición del «Curso de capacita- ción para observadores electorales de corta duración», y en el año en que España ejerce la Presidencia de la Organización para la Seguridad y Co- operación en Europa, el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Coopera- ción publica este breve «Manual práctico para observadores electorales de corta duración» elaborado por Isabel Menchón López, de la Oficina de Derechos Humanos, cuyo fin es complementar las clases impartidas duran- te el curso y ayudar a los futuros observadores electorales de corta dura- ción a desempeñar mejor su cometido. Tanto este manual como los cursos de capacitación para observadores de corta duración, organizados conjuntamente por la Oficina de Derechos Humanos y la Escuela Diplomática, ponen de manifiesto el compromiso de España con el apoyo a la construcción democrática y promoción de los derechos humanos y valores democráticos en todo el mundo que se traduce en una contribución generosa al esfuerzo promovido por Organizaciones Internacionales como la OSCE, la Unión Europea o la Organización de Estados Americanos, así como diversas Organizaciones No Gubernamenta- les. No puede haber mejor contribución que garantizar e incrementar la presencia de observadores especialmente cualificados en misiones de ob- servación electoral internacional. La ola democratizadora que recorrió numerosos países desde mediados de los años 80, puso de manifiesto el profundo anhelo de todas las socie- dades de conquistar y ejercer su derecho a la participación política a tra- vés de elecciones auténticas, vistas como verdadero instrumento de trans- formación democrática. Apoyar la celebración de elecciones libres y competitivas constituye una prioridad política y un imperativo moral, no sólo porque la celebración de elecciones auténticas contribuye a la construcción y consolidación de la democracia, sino también porque son un mecanismo eficaz para la recons- trucción de sociedades fracturadas y un elemento fundamental en todo pro- ceso de la hoy llamada justicia transicional. Lejos de constituir un arro- — 7 — manual_practico_observadores_electorales.pmd7 28/04/2008, 12:37 gante ejercicio de injerencia, la observación electoral se ha convertido en un instrumento de apoyo para la consolidación democrática y la preven- ción y resolución de conflictos. Con este manual, la Oficina de Derechos Humanos del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y Cooperación pretende realizar una pequeña contri- bución a la consolidación democrática y promoción de los derechos hu- manos, proporcionando un instrumento que sirva para mejorar la capaci- tación de aquellas personas que al realizar labores de observación electoral expresan su compromiso con los valores que sustentan la demo- cracia y su solidaridad con las sociedades que anhelan su emancipación política. Fernando Fernández-Arias, Director de la Oficina de Derechos Humanos. — 8 — manual_practico_observadores_electorales.pmd8 28/04/2008, 12:37 ÍNDICE PÁGINAS A ¿Para qué este Manual?........................................................................ 13 B ¿Por qué se estructura en ocho capítulos?...................................... 13 I Introducción........................................................................................ 15 II Preguntas claves respecto a la observación electoral.................... 19 1.—¿Qué es una misión de observación electoral?....................... 19 2.—¿Cuáles son los objetivos de una misión de observación electoral?.......................................................................................... 20 3.—¿Cuáles son los estándares internacionales mínimos que ri- gen las elecciones democráticas?.............................................. 20 4.—¿Cómo pueden definirse unas elecciones auténticas?........... 23 5.—¿Qué tipo de metodología se aplica en las misiones de ob- servación electoral?................................................................. 23 6.—¿Cuál es el proceso de toma de decisión para decidir enviar una misión de observación electoral?...................................... 23 6.1.—Ámbito OSCE........................................................................ 23 6.2.—Ámbito UE............................................................................. 23 7.—¿Para qué una misión exploratoria electoral?............................. 24 III ¿Cómo se estructura una misión?....................................................... 27 a.—«Core Team» o Equipo dirigente................................................ 27 b.—Observadores de larga duración................................................ 28 c.—Observadores de corta duración.................................................. 28 IV Core Team............................................................................................... 29 1.—¿Qué funciones tiene el Core Team?......................................... 29 1.1.—Análisis del marco legal...................................................... 29 1.2.—Análisis del sistema de quejas y recursos..................... 29 1.3.—Análisis del comportamiento de los medios de comu- nicación................................................................................ 30 — 9 — manual_practico_observadores_electorales.pmd9 28/04/2008, 12:37 PÁGINAS 1.4.—Informes de los observadores de larga duración.......... 30 1.5.—Declaración preliminar.......................................................... 31 1.6.—Informe final........................................................................... 31 V Observadores de larga duración........................................................ 33 1.—¿Qué funciones tienen los observadores de larga duración?. 33 2.—¿Por cuánto tiempo se despliegan?........................................... 34 3.—¿Cómo se despliegan?................................................................... 34 4.—¿Cómo observan?............................................................................ 35 5.—¿Cómo informan?.............................................................................. 35 6.—¿Qué aspectos del proceso electoral observan?......................... 36 6.1.—El contexto y entorno político ......................................... 36 6.2.—La Administración Electoral................................................ 36 6.3.—El censo electoral................................................................. 38 6.4.—Registro de partidos y candidatos...................................... 39 6.5.—Campaña electoral.................................................................. 40 6.6.—Campañas de educación al votante..................................... 41 VI Observadores de Corta Duración......................................................... 43 1.—Salida de los observadores de corta duración y llegada al país anfitrión................................................................................... 43 2.—¿Qué funciones desarrollan los OCD?......................................... 44 3.—Cuestiones relevantes para la observación de corta duración. 44 3.1.—Formularios............................................................................ 44 3.2.—Metodología del despliegue................................................. 44 3.3.—Capacidad de penetración de la observación de corta duración............................................................................... 45 4.—Actividades de los OCD a su llegada al terreno...................... 45 4.1.—Sesión informativa por parte de los observadores de larga duración...................................................................... 45 4.2.—Familiarización con el clima político del área de respon- sabilidad.................................................................................. 46 4.3.—Entrevistas con los actores electorales. Visibilidad....... 46 4.4.—Localización y determinación de la zona a observar..... 47 5.—Premisas para la observación de la votación y el recuento... 47 6.—Apertura de los colegios electorales......................................... 48 7.—Observación múltiple de colegios electorales........................... 49 — 10 — manual_practico_observadores_electorales.pmd10 28/04/2008, 12:37 PÁGINAS 7.1.—Metodología........................................................................... 50 7.2.—Entorno...................................................................................
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