Notes

Chapter 1

1. The Oromo are the largest national group in the Ethiopian Empire; today they are estimated at forty million in this empire alone. They were colonized and incorporated into former Abyssinia, today’s Ethiopia, during the Scramble for Africa by the alliance of the Ethiopian warlords and Great Britain, France, and Italy, when the Horn of Africa was partitioned among them. Since the 1960s, the Oromo nation has been engaging in a national liberation struggle, first under the leadership of the Macha-Tulama Self-Help Association, and today under the leadership of the Oromo Liberation Front. For further understanding, see Asafa Jalata, Oromia & Ethiopia, (Boulder: Lynne Rhennier Publishers, 1993); Bonnie Holcomb and Sisai Ibssa, The Invention of Ethiopia, (Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1990). 2. When some Republican representatives and senators urged war against Great Britain to incorporate Canada and to gain influence for the United States in world affairs, President Madison declared war in 1812 against the interest of Great Brit- ain. However, since the US Navy could not challenge the British Navy, the United States could not conquer Canada. Britain attacked New York and burned Wash- ington, DC, to the ground in August of 1814. The Treaty of Ghent ended the war on December 24, 1814.

Chapter 2

1. A major aspect of this chapter was published as “Conceptualizing and Theoriz- ing Terrorism in the Historical and Global Context” in Humanity and Society 34, no. 4 (November 2010): 317–349. Its improved version is published here with permission. 2. In expanding their colonial territories, the Mongols terrorized people by mas- sacring innocent noncombatants and occasionally allowing survivors to flee so that their stories of terror would disseminate to another target and result in the town or area’s surrender before the Mongols had actually arrived (Turnbull 2003: 76–77). 3. For example, according to Walter Enders and Todd Sandler (2006: 3–4), states do not perpetrate terrorism; only individuals or subnational groups commit terror- ism. According to Albert J. Bergesen and Omar Lizardo (2004: 50), terrorism is “the use of violence by non-state groups against noncombatants for symbolic pur- poses, that is, to influence or somehow affect another audience for some political, 232 NOTES

social, or religious purpose.” For Martha Crenshaw (1981: 379), terrorism is “the premeditated use or threat of symbolic, low-level violence by conspiratorial organizations.” 4. For example, Kent Layne Oots’ (1986: 7) definition of terrorism includes the fol- lowing elements: it is a violent crime introduced to create fear by causing mate- rial or economic destruction, attacking victims and forcing them to change their behaviors, committing crime for publicity and political purpose such as political and/or economic gains. While Charles Tilly (2004: 5) defines terrorism as “sys- tematic deployment of threats and violence against enemies using means that fall outside the forms of political struggle routinely operating within some current regime,” Caleb Carr (2003: 6) explains it as “the contemporary name given to, and the modern permutation of, warfare deliberately waged against civilians with the purpose of destroying their will to support either leaders or policies that the agents of such violence find objectionable.” Austin T. Turk (1982: 122) also defines ter- rorism as an “organized political violence, lethal or non-lethal, designed to deter opposition by maximizing fear, specifically by random targeting of people or site.” 5. This principle suggest that soldiers and state-persons can override the rights of innocent, noncombatant people under the rule of necessity to protect human values and society that are targeted for destruction. Justifying why Great Brit- ain bombed Germany cities and killed women and children in the early 1940s, Michael Walzer (1977: 253) argues that since Nazism’s “threat to human values [was] so radical that its imminence would surely constitute a supreme emergency; and this example can help us understand why lesser threats might not do so.” 6. For example, the Israeli domination and repression of Palestinians have changed organizations such as Hamas to terrorist organizations. Several Palestinian organ- izations have engaged in terrorism to fight against Israeli state terrorism. 7. Alexander, Browne and Nanes (1979: ix–x) argue that “terrorists are distinct from ordinary criminals because they are ostensibly dedicated to an altruistic ideologi- cal or political cause. Nourished by various cultural roots, their spiritual mentors include Robespierre, Bakunin, Marx, Lenin, Trotsky, Sorel, Hitler, Marighella, Castro, Guevara, Debray, Guillen, Marcuse, Fanon, Mao, and Malcolm X. They consist of ethnic, religious, or nationalist groups, such as the Provisional Wing of the Irish Republican Army; Marxist-Leninist Groups, as, for example, the Basque Separatist Sixth Assembly; anarchist groups, including the Red Cells in West Ger- many; neo-fascist and extreme right-wing groups, such as the Mussolini Action Squads in Italy; ideological mercenaries of which the Japanese United Red Army is typical; and pathological groups as exemplified by the Symbionese Liberation Army.” 8. Since September 11, 2001, scholars and commentators have showed more inter- est in terrorism studies, and more than one hundred books have been published on terrorism. See Mark S. Hamm, Terrorism as Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond (New York: New York University Press, 2007), p. 3. 9. A few scholars, such as Bartolomé de Las Casas, Martin Shaw, William D. Perdue, and Annamarie Oliverio, wrote about colonial or state terrorism. See B. de Las Casas, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (London: Penguin Books, 1992); W. D. Perdue, Terrorism and the State: A Critique of Domination Through Fear(New York: Praeger, 1989); M. Shaw, War & Genocide (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2003). 10. The term genocide was invented in the twentieth century when the Jews and other groups were exterminated in Europe despite the fact that this practice started with the devastation of Native Americans beginning with the arrival Christopher NOTES 233

Columbus in 1492 in the Americas. Raphael Lemkin (1944: 79) invented the con- cept of genocide in his book, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, explaining it as the annihilation of “the essential foundations of life of national groups” and the disin- tegration of “the political and social institutions of culture, language, national feel- ings, religion, and the destruction of the personal security, liberty, health, dignity, and even lives of the individuals belonging to such groups.” Martin Shaw (2003) summarized terrorism “as the deliberate destruction of a people, principally but not only by means of killing some of its members.” 11. Although the United Nations rarely plays its appropriate role in stopping or pre- venting genocide because some of its powerful member states engage in such crimes against humanity, it defines genocide as the following: “Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, such as: (1) killing members of the group, (2) causing seriously bodily or mental harm to members of the group, (3) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part, (4) imposing measures intended to prevent birth within the group, and (5) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group” (Kuper 1981: 210–214). 12. It was Karl Marx who started the study of the emergence and development of capi- talism as the modern world system. Although he did not adequately explain the consequences of terrorism and genocide on indigenous peoples of the Americas, Asia, and Africa, he briefly mentions the devastating effects of colonial capitalism on these peoples. According to Karl Marx (1867: 753–754), “The colonies secured a market for the budding manufactures, and, through the monopoly of the market, an increasing accumulation. The treasures captured outside Europe by undisguised looting, enslavement, and murder, floated back to the mother country and were turned into capital . . . As a matter of fact, the methods of primitive accumula- tion are anything but idyllic . . . In actual history it is notorious that conquest, enslavement, robbery, murder, briefly force, play the great part.” See Andre Gunder Frank (1979) for global accumulation of capital between 1492 and 1789. Immanuel Wallerstein (1974, 1980) also wrote several books and articles to explain how capi- talism became the global system. Despite this, he, too, has not adequately explained the role of terrorism in creating and maintaining the capitalist world system. 13. According to Asafa Jalata (2001: 8), “Capitalism bought large-scale and long-term structural changes first in Western Europe and then the whole world. The process of expropriation, slavery, and colonialism resulted in hierarchical organization of world populations through the creation of an elaborate discourse of racism to maintain the system. It is essential to provide a pragmatic definition of racism . . . As the meaning of race is complex, so is that of racism. Racism is a discourse and a practice in which a racial/ethnonational project is politically, culturally, and ‘sci- entifically’ constructed by global and regional elites in the capitalist world system to naturalize and justify racial/ethnonational inequality in which those at the top of the hierarchy oppress and exploit those below them by claiming biological and/ or cultural superiority.” 14. See the film narrated by Robert Richter, Hungry for Profit, 1990 (New Day Film library, 22 D Hollywood Ave., Ho-Ho-Kus, NJ 07423). In this film, Richter explains how transnational corporations in agribusiness work with Third World govern- ments and international banks, international agencies, foundations, and the World Bank to engage in terrorizing and evicting peasants or forcing them at gunpoint to sell their lands, thus impoverishing them in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. These 234 NOTES

governments use military and paramilitary forces to implement these draconian economic policies through state terrorism. Sometimes those who lost their lands also engage in revolutionary or peaceful resistance to regain their liberty and life. 15. For some scholars, weak and desperate groups that lack popular support to redress what they consider grievances engage in terrorism. For instance, according to Martha Crenshaw (1981: 384), “Terrorism is the resort of an elite when conditions are not revolutionary . . . terrorism is most likely to occur precisely where mass passivity and elite dissatisfaction coincide.”

Chapter 3

1. A version of this chapter was published in Sociology Mind 1, no. 1 (2011): 1–15. Its improved and shortened version is published here with permission. 2. See the film narrated by Robert Richter, Hungry for Profit, 1990 (New Day Film library, 22 D Hollywood Ave. Ho-Ho-Kus, NJ 07423). In this film, Richter explains how transnational corporations in agribusiness work with governments in the Global South and international banks, agencies, foundations, and the World Bank to engage in terrorizing and evicting peasants or forcing them at gunpoint to sell their lands in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. 3. David DeGraw, “The ‘War On Terror’ Is a $6 Trillion Racket, with $1 Trillion in Interest Alone, Exceeding the Total Cost of World War,” AmpedStatus Report II, http://www.policyshop.net/home/2011/6/29/cost-of-wars-may-excee-6-trillion .html, referenced on February 1, 2013. 4. King Menelik Has Investments Here,” The New York Times, November 7, 1909. 5. Amnesty International, “Because I am Oromo: Sweeping Repression in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia,” November 2014, p. 8. 6. Amnesty International, ibid. 7. The United States considered “its investment in Ethiopia as an investment toward the future realization of its wider interests in Africa” (Agyeman-Duah 1984: 209) and the Middle East. It modernized the Ethiopian military by training and equip- ping it with modern weapons and organizational skills. According to F. Halliday and M. Molyneux (1981: 150), “Between 1951 and 1976 Ethiopia received over $350 million economic aid from the U.S.A. and a further $279 million in military aid.” After 1977, the former Soviet Union allied with the military regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam and continued to do the same thing the U.S. did (Molyneux 1981; Aggyeman-Duah 1984). 8. Washington has refused to characterize the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) as a terrorist organization although the Meles regime has tried its best to convince the United States government that this organization is a terrorist organization. It has also allowed the OLF to have an office in Washington, DC, and has given political asylum to thousands of Oromo to settle in the United States. David DeGraw, “The War On Terror.”

Chapter 4

1. A major aspect of this chapter was published as “The Impacts of Terrorism and Capi- talist Incorporation on Indigenous Americans” in Journal of World-Systems Research XIX, no. 1 (2013): 130–152. Its improved version is published here with permission. NOTES 235

Chapter 5

1. This chapter was originally published in Sage Open 3, no. 3 (July-September): 1–12. Its updated and modified version is published in this book with permission. 2. These names include Airiman, Ajabakan, Ajabatha, Alawa, Alura, Alyawarre, Amangu, Amarak, Amijangal, Anaiwan, Andakerebina, Andinyin, Andya- mathanha, Anguthimri, Ankamuti, Anmatyerre, Antakirinja, Araba, Arabana, Arakwal, Arrernte, Arnga, Atjinuri, Awabakal, Awarai, Awinmul, Awngthim, Baada, Badjalang, Badjiri, Baiali, Baijungu, Bailgu, Bakanambia, Balardong, Ban- bai, Bandjigali, Bandjin, Barada, Baranbinja, Baraparapa, Barbaram, Barimaia, Barindji, Barkindji, Barna, Barunggam, Barungguan, Batjala, Beriguruk, Daii, Dainggati, Darambal, Darkinjang, Darug, Dharawal, Diakui, Dieri, Duwala, Eora, Erawirung, Ewamin, Gaari, Gadjalivia, Gambalang, Gandangara, Gia, Goeng, Ilba, Idindji, Iwaidja, Ingura, Iningai, Irukandji, Ithu, Iwaidja, Jaadwa, Jaako, Jaara, Juburara, Jadira, Jadliaura, Jagara, Janda, Jeidji, Jiegara, Kaantiju, Kalali, Kamilaroi, Kamor, Kandju, Koa, Kula, Laia, Larrakia, Madoitja, Nakako, Nana, Ngalea, Oitbi, Ola, Pini, Rakkaia, Tagalag, Taior, Ualarai, Wadere, Wik, Yolngu, and Yuin. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_group_names; http:// wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_different_aboriginal_tribes_in_Australia; http:// australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/dreaming, Australia.gov.au 4. “Australian Indigenous Cultural Heritage,” http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/ australian-story/dreaming, Australia.gov.au, accessed on July, 7, 2015. 5. “Practice Implications: The Dreaming, Working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and Their Communities,” http://www.workingwithatsi.info/content/ PI_dreaming.htm, accessed on July 7, 2015. 6. “The Dreaming,” http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/ dreaming, accessed on July 7, 2015. 7. “Before European Settlement,” http://pals.daa.wa.gov.au/en/Resources/before-euro pean-settlement/, accessed on July 7, 2015. 8. Tasmania was named after Abel Tasman. 9. “Aboriginal Resistance Heroes,” http://www.nfsa.gov.au/digitallearning/mabo/ info/aboriginalResistanceHeroes.htm, accessed on July 7, 2015. 10. R. Lemkin (1973 [1944]: 90) raises similar issues in explaining the consequences of terrorism and genocide. 11. Terrorism and genocide studies ignore “the full extent of the humiliation of the ethnic group through the rape of its women, the symbols of honor and ves- sels of culture. When a woman’s and [or a girl’s] honor is tarnished through illicit intercourse, even if against her will, the ethnic group is also dishonored. The after affects of rape—forced impregnation, psychological trauma, degrada- tion, and demoralization—go beyond the rape victims themselves” (Sharlach 2002: 107). 12. Explaining such abuses, Catharine MacKinnon (1994: 11–12) says: “It is . . . rape unto death, rape as massacre, rape to kill and to make the victims wish they were dead. It is rape as an instrument of forced exile, rape to make you leave your home and never want to go back. It is rape to be seen and heard and watched and told to others: rape as spectacle. It is rape to drive a wedge through a community, to shatter a society, to destroy a people. It is rape as genocide.” 236 NOTES

Chapter 6

1. A major version of this article was published as “The Colonial Terrorism, Global Capitalism and African Underdevelopment: 500 Years of Crimes Against African Peoples” in The Journal of Pan-African Studies, 5, no. 9 (March 2013): 1–43. Its modified version is reprinted here with permission. 2. Basil Davidson (1984) estimated around 15 million in his film Africa: The Bible and the Gun. 3. For example, Portugal financed the expedition of Bartholomew Dias to the Cape peninsula in 1487 and to the coast of Angola. It also financed the voyage of Vasco da Gama to explore the Cape of Good Hope between 1497 and 1498; he sailed along the east African coastline to Malindi (modern Mombasa), crossed the Indian Ocean to Calcutta, India, and returned to Portugal after 26 months. Simi- larly, Spain financed the four voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas: 1492–1493, 1493–1496, 1498–1500, and 1502–1504. The crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 by Christopher Columbus and the crossing of the Indian Ocean in 1497 by Vasco da Gama “changed the course of both Western and Eastern history.” 4. Portugal was interested in Africa for four major reasons. The first reason was to exploit African economic resources. The second reason was to obtain African labor to exploit Brazil, and it also needed slave labor for its African colonies. The third reason was to dominate commerce on the Atlantic and Indian oceans and between the West and Asia. The fourth reason was to create alliances with some African rulers against the Ottoman Empire (see Rodney 1972). 5. David Birmingham (1999: vii) notes that “until in 1488 one of the sea-captains, Bartholomew Dias, reached Africa’s furthest shore at the Cape of Good Hope. For the next 10 years Portugal concentrated on buying gold in West Africa and estab- lishing missionary bridgehead in the kingdom of Kongo [sic], but in 1498 another sea-captain, Vasco da Gama, rounded the tip of South Africa and opened direct communication between Europe and the city states of the East African coast.” 6. Antam Conçalvez with his nine-man crew sailed on the Atlantic coast of Africa in 1441 and captured one African man and one African woman in order to col- lect information on Africa and its peoples (Davidson 1961: 33–34). According to Basil Davidson (1961: 34–35), “This need for information merged in Europe, as in Africa, with the commercial and social advantages of capturing people who could be sold as slaves.” Nuňo Tristăo, another Portuguese slaver was also on the coast and joined Conçalvez to engage in slave raiding. The Portuguese attacked a few Africans and took 12 African captives to Lisbon (Basil 1961: 35). 7. The Portuguese used slavery, commerce, and colonialism to dominate and exploit the African coast. According to Arslan Humbaraci and Nicole Muchnik (1974: 85), “The history of Portuguese colonialism in Africa stretches from 1445 right up to [the mid-1970s], and it is in many ways a classic example of its kind. The Por- tuguese were the first to approach the unexplored continent, by way of the Cape Verde Islands. In the fifteenth century, Portugal was at the height of her power, and at the instigation of Henry the Navigator she began a systematic exploration of the African continent.” 8. The Portuguese invested in the Canary Islands to establish the wine industry. Using its vessels and cannons, they started to engage in raiding and owning Africans to use them as free labor. They also purchased slaves from African slave hunters who collaborated with Europeans in merchandizing their own people. Portuguese ships NOTES 237

reached the Cape Verde Islands in 1460, the Gulf Guinea in 1449, the islands of Săo Tomé and Príncipe in 1449, and the mouth of the Congo in 1490. 9. For instance, in 1505, de Almeida’s expedition captured, looted, and burned Kilawa, the wealthiest city, and Mombasa in east Africa. After occupying Kilawa, “the Vicar- General and some of the Franciscan fathers came ashore carrying two crosses in procession and singing the Tem Deum. They went to the palace, and there the cross was put down and the Grand-Captain prayed. Then everyone started to plunder the town of all its merchandise and provisions. Two days later de Almeida fired the town, destroying . . . [and calling it] ‘the greater part of this city of abomination’” (Davidson 1991: 164). 10. Portugal allied with Abyssinian/Ethiopian rulers to mobilize them against Egypt and Turkey. When an Islamic force defeated Christian Abyssinia in the sixteenth century, “Vasco da Gama’s grandson and several hundred Portuguese soldiers were dispatched and proved crucial in turning the tide against Ahmed Graň, who was killed in battle with a new Christian ruler in 1543” (Freund 1984: 42). 11. MPLA was formed on April 4, 1961, PAIGC on January 23, 1963, and FRELIMO on September 25, 1964. Revolutionary nationalists of the Movimiento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA), the Partido Africano da Independencia de Guiné e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), and the Frente de Libertaçă de Moçambique (FRELIMO) were terrorized and brutalized. According to Birmingham (1999: 133), “On 4 Feb- ruary 1961 the young people of the city of Luanda experienced terror. Some of them, led by their elders, had hot-headedly tried to storm the prison in order to liberate leaders of the incipient nationalist movement in the city. They had failed and the white population launched a revenge vendetta of extreme virulence. The police allowed expatriate and settlers to have weapons and to enter the suburbs and slums in search of potential nationalist sympathizers. An informal white mili- tia led a savage vendetta . . . Adolescents were dragged from their beds and mur- dered in the streets.” Similarly, on June 16, 1960, the governor of the Cabo Delgado district ordered “the deliberate massacre of at least a thousand Africans” because they petitioned for their independence (Humbaraci and Muchnik 1974: 146). 12. Bartolomeu Dias sailed two little vessels in 1486 from Portugal in search of an ocean road to India; Dias named the Cape of Storms, but King John II named it the Cape of Good Hope. English, Dutch, and French ships followed the Portuguese to India after a long interval (Theal 1969: 10). 13. There were three factors for this: “First, the company released some of its employ- ees from their contracts and gave them land with the status of ‘free burghers.’ Sec- ond, the company landed slaves at the Cape and set them to work under Dutch supervision on creating the basic infrastructure for the colony—a fort, a jetty, roads, orchards, vegetable gardens, and arable fields. Third, as the Dutch settle- ment expanded slowly but surely from the shore of Table Bay and engrossed and enclosed land for cultivation, it did so at the expense of the local pastoralists, who had the option of withdrawing from the fresh water resources and the rich pas- tures of the northern part of the Cape peninsula or remaining there as servants or clients of the Dutch” (Thompson 2001: 33). 14. The British “launched a wave of aggressive wars that would decide once and for all that Britain and its Cape Colony were the ultimate owner of these newly found riches of South Africa . . . In 1873 the British made war against the Hlubi; and in 1877 against the Gcaleka and the Pedi; and against the Ngqika, Thembu, Pondo, Griqua, and Rolong in 1878. The Zulus were next in 1879, the Sotho in 1880, the Ndebele in 1893, and the Afrikaner republics in 1899. The Cape 238 NOTES

absorbed the Transkei and its peoples during 1879–1894. Prior to that, Britain had annexed Basutoland in 1868, Griqualand West in 1871, the South African Republic in 1877, Zululand in 1887, Matabeleland in 1894, and the Afrikaner republics in 1900. The Zulu rebellion in 1906, in which nearly four thousand Africans were killed, marked the last stage in 250 years of armed struggle by the traditional societies against white invaders” (Magubane 1996: 53).

Chapter 7

1. A major version of this piece was published as “State Terrorism and Globalization: The Cases of Ethiopia and Sudan” inInternational Journal of Comparative Sociol- ogy 46, no. 1–2 (2005): 79–102. Its improved and modified version is published in this book with permission. 2. Jonassohn’s (1998: 11) description of the conspiracy of “collective denial” of genocide by perpetrators captures this reality: “There are many reasons for this: (a) in many societies such materials are not written down, or are destroyed rather than preserved in archives; (b) many perpetrators have recourse to elaborate means of hiding the truth, controlling access to information, and spreading carefully contrived disin- formation; and (c) historically, most genocides were not reported because . . . there appears to have existed a sort of conspiracy of ‘collective denial’ whereby the disap- pearance of a people did not seem to require comment or even mention.” 3. Genocide studies ignore “the full extent of the humiliation of the ethnic group through the rape of its women, the symbols of honor and vessels of culture. When a woman’s honor is tarnished through illicit intercourse, even if against her will, the ethnic group is also dishonored. The after effects of rape, forced impregnation, psychological trauma, degradation, and demoralization go beyond the rape vic- tims themselves” (Sharlach 2002: 107).

Chapter 9

1. These imperialists includes the Macedonian leader Alexander the Great in fourth century BC; the Kushans in the third century AD; the White Huns or Hephtha- lites in the fourth century AD; Muslim Arabs, who imposed Islam on various Afghan peoples between the seventh and eighth centuries AD; and Genghis Khan of the Mongols who invaded Asia in AD 1220 (Baynard 2006; Ewans 2006). These various empire builders imprinted their cultures, belief systems, and religions on various ethno-national groups in Afghanistan and increased the complexity and diversity of this country. 2. The father of bin Laden, Mohammed, arrived in Saudi Arabia in the early 1930s, when the kingdom was very poor and not yet unified. It was ruled by Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman who “put down a vicious revolt by a group of religious fanatics called the Ikhwan, a direct predecessor of al-Qaeda” (Wright 2006: 72). The Ikhwan despised the king because of his attempt to bridle jihad, his polygamous lifestyle, and his alliance with Britain (Wright 2006: 72). The king used British bombers and their technologies such as motorcars and machine guns in defeating Ikhwan (Wright 2006: 72). “By awarding the king the sole power to declare jihad, the Wah- habi clerics reaffirmed their position as the arbiters of power in a highly religious society” (Wright 2006: 72). The founder of the Wahhabi movement, Mohammed ibn NOTES 239

Abdul Wahhabi, was an eighteenth-century revivalist who believed that Muslims had drifted away from the true religion as it had been expressed during the Golden Age of the Prophet and his immediate successors” (Wright 2006: 72). Mohammed bin Saud, the founder of the first Saudi state, formed partnership with Abdul Wah- habi: “The essence of their understanding was that there was no difference between religion and government. Abdul Wahhabi’s extreme views would always be a part of the fabric of Saudi rule” (Wright 2006: 73). The Ottomans crushed the first Saudi kingdom. The second Saudi kingdom in the nineteenth century was disintegrated by family infighting: “When Abdul Aziz returned the Saudis to power in the twenti- eth century for a third time, the doctrine of Abdul Wahhabi became the official state religion, and no other forms of Islamic worship were permitted” (Wright 2006: 73). Wahhabism as Salafism considers all other schools of Muslim thought heretical. The discovery of oil transformed the barren and impoverished peninsula to economic boom in the early 1950s. The Arabian American Oil Company, Aramco, helped in the discovery of oil, although it was invited to search for water and gold. Moham- med bin Laden, who started his career as a dockworker, got a job with Aramco as a bricklayer, and his “fortunes began to lift as the American engineers, under pressure from the Saudi government to train and hire more local workers, began giving him projects that were too modest for the major firms” (Wright 2006: 74). He established the Mohammed bin Laden Company, and then he won favors from King Abdul Aziz (Wright 2006: 75). This laid the financial foundation of Osama bin Laden, as he was born to a wealthy family. 3. He was born in Jenin, Palestine, in 1941; he fled to Jordan when Israel captured the West Bank in 1967. He received a doctorate degree in Islamic Jurisprudence from al-Azhar University in Cairo in 1973. Because of his Palestinian activism, Azzam was fired from the University of Jordan in 1980. 4. See for example, Ibrahim Klin, “War, Failed States and ISIS terrorism,” Daily Sabah, http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/ibrahim-kalin/2015/02/07/war-failed -states-and-isis-terrorism, accessed on July 12, 2015. 5. “Who Are Isis? A Terror Group Too Extreme Even for al-Qaida, ” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/11/isis-too-extreme-al-qaida-terror -jihadi, accessed on July 12, 2015. 6. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2014/08/26/zakaria-isis-may-be-most -significant-terrorist-organization-weve-faced, accessed on July 12, 2015. 7. “How ISIS Became the Richest Terrorist Group in the World,” CTV News, http:// www.ctvnews.ca/world/how-isis-became-the-richest-terrorist-group-in-the -world-1.1872634, retrieved on July 12, 2015. 8. “Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS,” NYTimes.com, http://www. nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/middleeast/army-know-how-seen-as-factor-in -isis-successes.html?_r=0, accessed on July 12, 2015. 9. http://blog.oup.com/2015/01/isis-ideology-conducive-political-environment/, accessed on July 12, 2015. 10. “ISIS: The First Terror Group to Build an Islamic State,” CNN.com, http://www .cnn.com/2014/06/12/world/meast/who-is-the-isis/index.html, accessed on July 12, 2015. 11. “Will ISIS Plan 9-11-Style Terror Plot against the U.S.,” CBS News, http://www .cbsnews.com/news/will-isis-plan-a-911-style-terror-plot-against-the-u-s/, received on July 12, 2015. 12. See MIT Center for International Studies, “Iraq: the Human Cost,” http://web.mit .edu/humancostiraq/ accessed on May 7, 2013. 240 NOTES

13. See Citizen Journalist Review, “US War Causalities—Afghanistan (by date), http:// citizenjournalistreview.wordpress.com/us-war-casualties-afghanistan-by-date/, accessed on May 7, 2013. 14. “Civilian Deaths in War in Afghanistan Drop for First Time in 6 Years,” Los Ange- les Times, February 19, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/19/world/la-fg -wn-afghan-civilian-deaths-drop-20130219, accessed on May 7, 2013. 15. For instance, on November 2, 2004, Mohammed Bouyeri, a naturalized Moroccan Dutchman, shot and killed van Goh, a filmmaker who was riding bicycle, and cut his throat. It was not clear whether this terrorist was linked to al-Qaeda or not. A group of mostly Moroccan Spanish jihadists bombed the transportation system of Madrid several times on March 11, 2004, and killed 191 and wounded hundreds more. On July 7, 2005, four men committed suicide by detonating bombs. This act killed 52 passengers and maimed hundreds more on three underground trains in London; this “was the deadliest terrorist attack in British history and the first time that British citizens [Pakistani descent] had conducted suicide operations in their country” (Bergen 2011: 197–198). 16. See Malou Innocent, “The Iraq War: Still a Massive Mistake, http://www.cato.org/ publications/commentary/iraq-war-still-massive-mistake, p. 2; accessed on May 7, 2013. Bibliography

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Index

Aaronsohn, Aaron 140 Ali, Hassan 121 Abdel Qader 147 Ali, Tariq 200–201, 22o Abduh, Mohammad 183 al-Ikhwan al-Musilim 184 Abraha, Seye 39 Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Union) Abraham 135 188–189 Abyssinians (Amhara-Tigrayans) 33, aliyah/aliyot 141–142 110, 115–117 al-jihad 180, 193 Achebe, Chinua 212 al-Qaeda al-Askariy (military base) 178 Adams, W. Y. 116 al-Qaeda al-Sulbah 178 Adams, John 62 al-Qaeda 1–2, 6, 7, 17, 30, 45–46, 154, Addis Ababa Master Plan (also called 159, 161–165, 167, 175, 178–181, 186, Master Genocide) 44 188, 189–190, 191, 193–203, 205–207, Adelman, J. R. 135, 152 210–212, 221, 227 Afghan mujahidin 176–177 al-Qaeda’s global terrorism 201 Afghan state 166 al-Qaeda’s terrorism 200, 210 Afghanistan 163, 165–171, 173–175, al-Qassam, Sheik el-din 147 177, 179–181, 190, 191, 195, 197–198, al-Shabab 221 202, 221 al-Sharif (Dr. Fadi) 177 Aflaq, Michel 148 al-Turabi, Hasan 188–189 Africa Confidential 130 Alvarez, Sonia E. 52 Africa Watch 45 al-Zawahiri, Ayman 161, 177–178, Africa 3, 15, 24, 30, 84, 87, 135, 222 180–184, 186, 188, 193, 196–198 African Diaspora 87, 89, 112 al-Zayyat, Montasser 180 African Union 38 American apartheid democracy 209 Afrikaner commandos 98 American Colonization Society Afrocentricity 113 (ACS) 110 Age of terrorism 17 American hegemonic power 222 Ahmed, Akbar 205–206 American Revolution 15 Aidid, Mohammed Farah 189 American War on Terror 205 al-Adl, Saif 196 American Zionist Emergency al-Ansar, Harakat 193 Council 141 al-Banna, Hassan 172, 183 American-led global system 161 al-Bashir, Omar Hasan 188 Americas vii, 3, 23–24, 51–52–56, 84, Alexander, Yonah 17, 21 89–90, 209 al-Faisal, Turki 173–174 Americo-Liberians 111 Algería, Ricardo 57 Amnesty International 44–45, 127 Algerian FLN 15 Annuak people 43 al-Husseini, Hajji Amin 148 anti-semites 154 262 INDEX anti-Semitism 137, 139 Bible 135 Anti-Terrorism Act 190 Bickel, S. 127 Anya-Nya 126 Bickerton and Kapitan 134 Arab Afghan jihadists 172 Bickerton and Klausner 134, 145 Arab Afghan 187 bin Laden, Osama vii, 7, 17, 161–162, Arab Afghanistan mujahidin 177 164, 169, 172, 174–175, 176–177, Arab Asian mujahidin 179 179–182, 186–188–189, 190–193, Arab mujahidin 177, 180 195–196, 198, 200, 201, 209–211 Arab nationalism 148 Birmingham, David 89–91, 93–95 Arab nationalist movement 148 Birnbaum, Nathan 136 Arab world 181 Bitter Harvest 180 Arabia 115–116 Black Hawk Down 189 Arab-Israeli conflict 145–146 Black September 13 Arabization and Islamization 115–116 Black, Donald 9, 11, 17, 26–27, 29 Arabs 89, 141 Blackhawk, Ned 57 Arafat, Yasser 148 Blakeley, Ruth 50–54 Arendt, Hannah 50 Blin, Arnaud 32 Aruri, Naseer 145, 148 Bodley, John H. 23–24 Asia 3, 23, 30, 43, 84, 89, 222 Bonney, Richard 182 Atef, Mohammed 188 Botany Bay 77 Atlantic slave trade 91 Bourke, Eleanor 74 Atwan, Abdel Bari 163, 168, 175–176, Bradsher, Henry S. 165 178, 181 Brafman and Beckstorm 191, 196 Australia 3, 23, 43, 77, 84 Branche, Raphaëlle 93 Aweys, Sheik Hassan Dahir 189 Brennan, William 67–68 Axumite kingdom 115–116 Britain 120, 124, 137, 174 Aziz, Salman bin Abdul 176 Britain’s M16 169 Azzam, Abdullah 174–177, 181–182, British government 140 186, 193 British mandate 147 Broome, Richard 77–78, 81–82 Baath Party 148, 203 Browne, Marjorie 17, 21 Balfour Declaration 140–141, 146–147 Brysk, Alison 52 Balfour, A. J. 140 Bulatovich, Alexander 34, 35 Balibar 68 Bulhan, Hussein Abdilahi 45, 53 Barta, Tony 50 Bull of Donation 56 Basil Congress 138 Bultin, G. 74–75, 81 Basil Program 138 Burbach, Roger and Jim Tarbell Bayt al-Ansar (House of the Supporters) 203–204, 227 176 Burber, Martin 134 Beachey, R. W. 117 Bush administration 200, 203–205 Becker, Mark 52 Bush, George H. W. 187, 204 Begin, Menachem 154, 157 Bushnell, P. Timothy 18, 22, 31 Belgium 23, 87, 107, 109 Berberoglu, Berch 50 Cabral, Amilcar 113 Bereciartu 224 Cairns, James 225–226 Bergen, Peter L. 163, 168–169, 174–175, caliphate 161, 180, 199, 211 181, 188, 190, 191–192, 195, 201–202 Campanella, T. 22 Bergesen, Albert 11 Cannon, Michael 78–80, 84, 86 Besteman, Catherine 118 Cape of Good Hope 95–96 Beyan, Amos T. 110 capital accumulation 218 INDEX 263 capital/wealth 211, 213 Cooper, H. H. A. 15 capitalism 1, 25, 138, 215 Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine 101 capitalist civilization 213 Corbban, Helena 147 capitalist world system 1, 22, 49–50, 52, Córdoba, Juan-Carlos 54 152, 162–163, 165, 198, 206, 209–210, corporate terrorism 162 214, 223, 226 Cortés, Hernando 59, 66 capitalist world-economy 49 Courtois, Werth 214 Caplan, Neil 134, 137 Cranstone, B. A. L. 73–76 Casey, William 168–19 Crenshaw, Martha 11 Central America 30, 59 Critical terrorism studies 216 Central Asia 163, 165, 170, 173, 180 Cultural indigenocide 81 Chaliand, Gerard, 32 Curse of Columbus 210 Chalk, F. and Kurt Jonassohn 122 Curtis, Mark 50–51 China 22, 30, 36–38, 110, 173–174, 213–214, 222 Dallin and Breslauer 214 Chomsky, Noam 2, 55, 158, 210, Damascus-based Higher National 217–218 Committee 147 Christian absolutism 217 Davidson, Basil 88–90 Christian American lobby 145 Davis, Britton 64 Christian Europeans 21 Davis, Mike 25–26 Christian Science Monitor 16 De Las Casas, Bartolomé 20–21, 24, Christian terrorism 200 56–58, 200 Christian theology 146 De Salviac, Martial 33–34, 35 Christianity 87, 115 Debo, Angie 56, 62, 64 Chua, Amy 225 Defense of Muslims lands 176 Churchill, Ward 84 Deletant, Dennis 214 CIA 168–169, 173–174, 176–177 Deng, M. 126 CIA-ISI 172 Der Judenstaat (the Jewish state) 137 Clark, A. Kim 52 Deschamps, Bénédicte 101 Clegg III, Claude A. 110 Deschamps and Prum 78, 85 Cline, Ray S. 15, 169 Devji, Faisal 162 Coady, C. A. J. (Tony) 14, 32 Diamond, Jared 59 Cogan, James 202, 204 Diaspora Palestinian nationalism 148 Cohen, J. M., 21, 55, 57 Diemen, Anthony Van 77 Cold War 145, 165, 168, 174 Dominquez, Jorge I. 70 Coleman, Dan 164 Dreaming stories 76 Collier, Paul 229 Dreyfus Affairs 136 colonial terrorism 5, 20–21, 49–50, Du Bois, W. E. B. 209 52–53, 87–88, 92, 107, 154, 210, 215 Dunaway, Wilma 53–54 Colson, Elizabeth 23 Durrani Pashtuns 166 Columbus Day 209 Dutch East India Company 77 Columbus, Christopher vii, 54–56, Dutch East Indies 77 209, 210 Duyfken 77 Columbus’ terrorism 211 Committee of National Defense 147 Easter Jerusalem 133, 145, 149 Condon, Stephanie 205 egalitarian democracy 7, 223, 225, 227 Connell, Raewyn 49–50, 215 egalitarian multinational democracy 224 Conquest 214 Egyptian Islamists 179 Conquistadors 58–59 Egyptian jihadists 178 Cook, James 77 Eisenstein, Hester 26 264 INDEX

El Mahdi, M. 124 France 23, 25, 30, 87, 91, 110, 140 Elkin, A. P. 80 Frank, Andre Gunder 1, 3, 25 Elkins, Caroline 50 Franklin, Benjamin 62 Emadi, Hafizullah 165, 166, 174 Fraser, T. G. 135, 148–151, 156 England 23, 25, 30, 87, 91, 110, 158 Frederick, John 66 enslaved Africans 34 French Annales School Approach 4 Eretz-Israel (Land of Israel) 135 Frente de Libertaçäo de Moçambique Escobar, Arturo 50, 52 (FRELIMO) 94 Ethiopian Empire 46 Freund, Bill 90–91, 95 Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Frost 77 Democratic Front (EPRDF) 120 Ethiopian racism 120, 138 Gabriel, Richard A. 9 Ethiopian state terrorism vii, 1, 131 gadaa system 34 Ethnic cleansing 152 gadaa/siqqee (Oromo democracy) 117 Ethnocide 81 Galeano, Eduardo 53–54, 65, 219 Euro-American hegemonic scholarship/ Ganiage, Jean 88, 93, 101 knowledge 49–50 Garang, J. 125 Euro-American states 3 Gareau, Frederick 32, 46 Euro-centrism 50 Gaventa, John 215 Europe 43, 89–90 Gaza Strip 133, 144–145, 149–150 European colonial expansion 3 Gelvin, James L. 134–136, 138–139, European colonial terrorism 6, 112 141–142, 144–145, 147–148, 154 European Union (EU) 37–38 General Assembly of the United Nations European-dominated capitalist world 124, 141 system 5, 20, 53, 73 Genocidal Convention 123 Genocide Alert 130 Fadl 178 Genocide Watch 42 Fallaci, Oriana 155 genocide 5, 12, 16, 20–21, 23–24, 50–52, Falola, Toyin 89, 99–100 54, 73, 76, 81, 88, 115, 123–124, 141, Farmer, Paul 50, 219–220 209, 211–212 Farsoun and Aruri 145–146, 148, Geo-cultures 50 153–154 German Reich 135 fascism 13, 138 German Union of Rabbis 139 fascist Germany 14 Germany 13, 23, 30, 87 Fatah (the movement for the liberation Gershoni, Yekutiel 110–111 of Palestine) 148, 149 Gewald, Jan-Bart 106 Fatwa/s 176, 189, 191, 193, 197 Ghraib, Abu 202 Faulk, Odie B. 64 Gibbs, Jack P. 19–22 Fenelon, James V. 53 Gilbert , Martin 134–142 Fenn, E. A. 54 Gilles, Kepel 182 Ferguson, R. Brian 53 Giorgis, Tamrat G. 37 Finfinnee (Addis Ababa) 37, 44 global capitalism 24, 38, 218 first Gulf War 161 global capitalist system 165 First Nations of Canada 68 global capitalists system 9 First Palestine General Congress 147 global Islamic revolution 162 First Zionist Congress 138 global jihad 164, 173, 180–181 Fischer, Edward F. 68, 70 Global North 50 Fluehr-Lobban 124–125, 130 Global South 30, 51, 218 Force Publique 107–109 global system 1, 5 Fossati, Bruna 40 global terrorism 6, 17, 163 INDEX 265 global terrorist network 163 Herman, Edward S. 30 global terrorist organizations 189–190 Herzel, Theodor 136–138 Global War on Terrorism 222 Hezbollah (Party of God) 156 Glubb, Sir John Baggot 12 Hinnebusch, Raymond 203–204 gobal jihadist movement 198 Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs 110 Golan Heights 145, 185 Hirst, Paul 227–228 Goodwin, Jeff 11–12, 18, 26 Hitler’s Germany 143 Gordon, Neve 144 Hizbawi Adera 39, 122 Graham, John 96 HM Bark Endeavour 77 Gramsci, A. 130 Hobbes, Thomas 22 Great Britain 36, 140, 145–146, 166 Hochschild, Adam 29, 88, 101–102, Great Game 166 107–110, 112 Greco-Romans 116 Holcomb and Ibssa 117 Green, Penny 202 Holcomb, Bonnie 33, 117 Grigorenko, Petro 209 Holland 23, 87, 91 Guelke, Adrian 220–221 Holocaust 25, 135, 141 Gul, Hameed 173–174 Holt and Daly 125 Gunaratna, Rohan 163, 165, 176–180, Holy Land 146 183, 196–198 Holy war (jihad) 168, 175 Gurr, Ted Robert 70, 220 Honderich, Ted 143–144, 151 Horn of Africa 51, 117, 130, 163, Habash, George 148, 155 188–189, 194 Hafs, Abu 178, 196 Howard, John 85 Haganah 137, 142 Hughes, R. 81 Haile Mariam, Mengistu 35, 45, 110 Human Rights League 44, 122 Haile Selassie government 36 Human Rights Watch 39, 41, 43, 120 Haile Selassie regime 45, 110 Humbaraci and Muchink 94 Hajer, Abu 189 Humbaraci, Arslan 90 Hall and Fenelon 68 Hussein, Saddam 187, 202, 204 Hall, Thomas D. 53–54, 57, 61 Hybel, Alex Roberto 182, 200 Halper, Jeff 152–153, 158 Halwani and Kapitan 134, 140–141, Ideological fundamentalism 211 146, 150 Ikhwan (Muslim Brotherhood) 172 Hamas 150, 154, 156, 177 Imam, Sayyid 180 Hammond, Thomas T. 165 Impact International 129 Hamzah, Sheik Mir 193 In the Shade of the Quran 184 Haraway, D. J. 50, 216 Indies 20, 55 Harms and Ferry 135–136, 149–150, 156 indigenous Africans 6, 87, 115 Harvey, David 38, 50, 218 indigenous Americans 5, 49–50, 53, 55, Haskala (Jewish Enlightenment) 139 57, 70, 210–211, 213, 217 Haskala movement 139 indigenous Australian peoples 5 Hasselblatt, Gunnar 36 indigenous Australians 73, 75, 77 Hassen, Mohammed 39, 42, 122 indigenous peoples 20–21, 77, 87, 201 Hazony, Yoram 138 International Criminal Court (ICC) 42, Heaney, Thomas 216 221, 223 Heemskerck 77 International Islamic Front 193 Hegel, George W. F. 22 international Islamists 177 Hegemonic and counter-hegemonic International Monetary Fund (IMF) viii, international law 51 37–38, 131 Herbert, Edwin 94, 98, 102–105, 107 Intifadas (shaking off) 150, 156 266 INDEX

Iranian Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 182 Josephy, Alvin M. Jr., 53, 55, 65–66 Iraq Communist Party 203 Juma Namangani 195 Irgun 142, 151 Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) ISI (Pakistan Intelligence) 168, 127, 131 173–174, 177 Islamic fundamentalism 7, 161–165, Kapitan, Tomis 142, 148, 151–155, 157 167, 171, 181, 183, 186, 206, 220 Karmal, Babrak 168 Islamic government 180 Keck, Margaret E. 52 Islamic Jihad 154 Khalid, Leila 155 Islamic jihad 180 Khalil 202 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) Khan, Abdul Rahman 167 198–199, 203 Khan, Genghis 9 Islamic state of Taliban 190 Khan, Mohammed Daud 167–168 Islamic terrorism 200 Khasnabish, Alex 69 Israel 121, 129, 133, 137, 145, 147, 149, Khost tunnel complex 176 181, 211, 219 Kieranan, V. G. 4, 29, 58–59, 61, 63–64, Israeli government 156, 163 75, 78–81, 88, 92, 102–103, 105–106, Israeli state terrorism 133, 152 112, 200 Israeli state 133–134, 144, 148 King David Hotel 143 Israeli-Palestinian conflict 157–158 King David 135 Istakhbarat (Saudi Intelligence) 174 King Farouk 183 Italy 14, 25, 87, 110 King Ferdinand of Spain 54 Ittihad e-Islami (Islamic Union) 174 King George III 77 Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigade 156 King Leopold II 107–109 King Solomon 135 Jackson, Andrew 63 King Zahir Shah 166 Jackson, Richard 53 Kitchener, Horatio Herbert 103 jahiliyya 182 Kociumbas, Jan 81–84 Jalata and Harwood 117 Koran or Qur’an 40, 124 Jalata, Asafa 1, 33, 35–36, 38, 46, Ku Klux Klan 212 50–52, 67, 116–120, 130, 205, Kuper, Leo 52 213, 219 Jamiat ul-Ulema 193 Langer and Muñoz 68 Janjaweed (Arab militia) 127 Laqueur, Walter 19 Japan 14, 30 Law 143 Jeddah’s King Abdul Aziz University 181 League of Nations 140, 147 Jefferson, Thomas 62 Legesse, Asmarom 34, 117 Jenkins, Brian M. 12 Lehi militias 151 Jerusalem 134–135, 141, 151 Lemkin, Raphael 52 Jewish Agency 137 Lenin, V. I. 22, 183 Jewish Diaspora 136–137, 144, 157 León-Portilla, Miguel 59, Jewish government 136 Liberation knowledge 216 Jewish National Fund 139 Liberian Frontier Force (LFF) 111 Jewish state 135–137, 141, 152–153 Lindqvist, Sven 73 Jewish terrorist group 12 Lizardo, Omar 11, 29 Jews people 133, 138 Loewen, James W. 209–210 Jews 12, 133–137, 140, 144–145 Lonsdale, John 87, 110 jihad (holy war) 173, 176, 193 Lopez, George E. 16 jihadists 179 Lowy, Michael 69 Jonassohn, Kurt 21, 41, 52, 122, 124 Lucero, Waynee 69 Jongman, Albert J. 10 Lumumba, Patrice 113 INDEX 267

Ma’alim fi al-Tariq (Milestones) 184–185 Movimento Popular de Libertaçäo de Macha/Tulama Association 122 Angola (MPLA) 94 MacKinnon, Catherine 40 Mozersky, D. 127 MacMichael, H. A. 116 Muchnik, Nicole 90 Magubane, Bernard 96–97 Mujahidin (Islamic holy fighters) Maguire, John 22 167–171, 173–176, 178, 181, 192, 194 Maji Maji Rebellion 106 Mukhtab al-Khadamat lil Mujahidin Makhtab al Khidmat or Service Center (MAK), Afghan Service Bureau 174 176, 179 Mameluk Egypt 90 Mulvaney, D. J and J. P. White 74 Mannheim, Karl 18 Mulvaney, John 75–76 Marcus, H. 119 Muslim Brotherhood 174, 177, 181, Marks, Shula 97 183–184, 186 martyrdom 164, 176 Muslim world 175, 191 Marx, Karl 22, 24–25 Muslim-Christian Associations 147 Marxism 185 Maskilim 139 nafxanya-gabbar system (semi-slavery) 35 Masud, Ahmad Shah 167 Nameera, Lydia 40 Mausner, Khazai, Alsis, and Loi 205 Nanes, Allan S. 17, 21 Mawdudi, Sayyid Abu’l-A ‘la 182 Nassar, Jamal R. 12, 145–147, 155 Maxim and Gatling 100 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 149, 184 McCamant, John F. 17 National Security Strategy of the United McCarthy, Charles 104 States 46 McCormick, Gordon H. 69 national self-determination 145, 223 McGovern, Seana 215 nation-states 22 McMichael, Philip 50–51 Native Americans 68 Mediterranean Sea 89 NATO 173 Meles regime 120 Nazi concentration camps 109 Mendes-Flohr, R. Paul 134 Nazi Germany 12 Menelik 34, 110 Nazi 141 Mengistu regime 36 Nazis 135, 141 Metcalf, Alida C. 60–61 neocolonial African states 6 Michels, J. W. 116 Neoliberalism 50, 218, 226 Middle East 6, 15, 26, 116, 133, 135, Neo-Zionism 144, 151, 157 137, 140, 144, 146, 156–160, 163, Netherlands 25 165, 179, 182–183, 199, 203–204, Nevinson, Henry 91 210, 212, 222 New Holland 77 Middle passage 89 new jihadi 195 Mignolo, Walter D. 68 New South Wales 77 Miller, Joseph C. 91, 92 New World 20, 56, 210 Milton-Edwards, Beverly 134, 136–137, New York Times 154 140, 143 New York’s World Trade Center 3, 31 modern terrorism 9 Nigeria’s Boko Haram 198 modern world system 14, 17, 29, 172 Niggli, Peter 40 Mohammed, Abdul Salam 193 Nikaba (disaster) 152 Mohammed, Khaled Sheik 193 Niña 55 Mongols 9 9/11 vii, 1, 45–46, 154, 163, 191, Moran, Mary H. 111 197–198, 201, 203–204, 206, 222 More, Thomas 22 Nishul 152 Moros 173 Nkrumah, Kwame 113 Moses, Dirk 81–82 nonstate terrorism 212 268 INDEX

North America 43 Palestinian nationalist organizations North Sea 89 147, 149 Palestinian oppositional terrorism 6, O’Ballance, Edgar 12, 125–126 133, 154–155 Obama, Barack 205 Palestinian Student Movement 148 Old Testament 146 Palestinian terrorism 152 Olesen, Thomas 69–70 Palestinian-Israeli conflict 6 Oliverio, Annamarie 3, 11, 22–23, Palestinians 133–138–151, 153–155, 157, 39, 128 159, 161 Omer, Mullah Mohammed Palmer, David Scott 69 170, 191 Pandó, J. 65 Operation Restore Hope 189 Pan-Somali caliphate 189 oppositional terrorism 133, 151 Pathologies of power 219, 224 Orient 20, 56 Patriarch Abraham 134 Oromia Support Group 43, 122 Pemulwuy 78 Oromia 34–35, 36, 41, 51, 102, 110, Pentagon 3, 31, 32, 154 117–118, 121, 123–124 Perdue, William D. 12, 17–19, 65 Oromo American 1 Petras, James 223 Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) 36–37, Philip, Arthur 77 39, 130–131 Pinta 55 Oromo national movement 1 Pirio, Gregory 165, 189 Oromo nationalism 123 Pizzarro, Francisco 59, 66 Oromo people 37, 40, 123 Plato 22 Oromo People’s Democratic Polanyi, Karl 26 Organization (OPDO) 36, 39 political Islam 162 Oromo refugees 44 Political repression 21 Oromo Relief Association 36 Political terrorism 13 Oromo students 123 Political violence 9, 23–24, 115 Oromo 33–34, 38, 44–45, 116, 119, political Zionism 138–139 121–122, 129–130, 213 Pollock, Sue 39 Oromummaa (Oromo culture, identity Pope Alexander VI of Rome 56, 66 and nationalism) 44 Popular Democratic Front for Orthodox Christianity 116–117 the Liberation of Palestine Orthodox Judaism 135 (PDFLP) 149 Ottoman colonial rule 133 Popular Front for the Liberation of Ottoman Empire 90, 117, 140–141, Palestine (PFLP) 149, 155 147, 185 Portugal 22, 25, 87, 89–90, 94 Oxford Analytica 128–129 Postero and Zamosc 68 Prendergast, J. 127 Pakistan Jamaat 172 Primoratz, Igor 151 Pakistan 165, 167, 169–173–174, 186, 191 Prophet Mohammed 172, 200 Palestine 12, 133–141, 144, 146–147, Prum, Michael 78 154–155, 212 Palestinian Arabs 12 Qaeda 177 Palestinian Diaspora 136 Quan, H. L. T. 214 Palestinian Liberation Army 149 Queensland 77 Palestinian Liberation Organization Qur’an 40, 170, 181, 183 (PLO) 149–151, 154, 156 Qutb, Mohammed 182 Palestinian nationalism 147, 155 Qutb, Sayyid 177, 181–184, 188, 193 INDEX 269

Rabbani, Burhanuddin 167 Scramble for Africa 88, 97, 117–119 Rabin, Yitzhak 157 Sears, Alan 225–226 racial slavery 5, 6, 24, 88 Second Anglo-Afghanistan 166 racialized/ethnicized states or Security Council 145 authoritarian terrorist regimes 118 self-determination 224–225, 228 Racism 25, 130, 212 Sen, Amartya 219 Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 74 Senechal de la Roche, Roberta 26 Rahman, Fazlul 193 Sevier, John 63 Rahman, M. A. 216 Shamir, Yitzhak 157 Rahmato, Dessalegn. 37 Sharia or Islamic law 126, 130, 162, 170, Rajagopal, Balakrishnan 51, 220 184, 186, 199, 206 Raleigh, Walter 61 Sharlach, L. 57, 123 Rashid, Ahmed 162–163, 165–174, 176, Sharon, Ariel 157 187–188, 190, 191–194, 199–200 Shaw, Martin 12, 20 Rawls, John 14 Shia 166, 188 religious absolutism 212 Shiffman, R. 120 religious and ideological Shiite Muslims 166 fundamentalism 29 Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) 69 religious fundamentalism 211, 220 Shiva 66 Renique, Gerardo 69 Shlapentokh, Vladimir 31 Reuter, John B. 69 Shura majlis 196–197 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Siad Barre government 189 Colombia (FARC) 69 Sikkink, Kathryn 52 Rhodes, Cecil 99 Singer, Norman J. 35 Richardson, Louise 220 Sivanandan, A. 211 Roberts, Jeffery 165 Skocpol, Theda 4 Robinson, William I. 37–38, 224, 227 Slave system 88 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 209 Slave trade 210 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 22 Solzhenitsysn, Aleksandr 67 Rowley, C. D. 79–80 Somalia’s al-Shabab 198 Russia 30, 140, 166 Sorenson, John 120 Sousa Santos, Boaventura 49–50, 215 Saabm, Bilal Y. 69 South Africa Company 99 Sadat 186 South America 15 Sagale Haara 122 Southern Sudan Liberation Movement Salafi Dawah (call of the Salafi) 180 (SSLM) 126 Salafism 171 Southern Sudan Liberation Movement/ Sanderson, G. N. 99 Army (SLM/A) 126–127 Santa Maria 55 Soviet Central Asia 173 Saryyaf, Abdul Rasul 173 Soviet Communist System 163 Saudi Arabia 163, 170–171, 173–175, Soviet gulag 109 182, 186 Soviet Union 22, 30, 36, 120, 163, Saudi government 172, 174, 176, 186 167–169, 177, 186 Sawa (Awakening) 181 Spain 23, 25, 87, 91 Sawyer, Suzana 52 Spainiards 21, 55–56–58 Schmid, Alex P. 10, 21, 29, 51 Stanley, Henry 107 Schreuder, D. M. 97, 99 Stannard, David 65 Schwaller, John F. 66, 70 Stanton, Gregory 42 Scott, W. R. 119 Starn, Orin 69 270 INDEX state and/or state-sponsored terrorism 1 terrorism studies 4, 5, 10, 216 state terrorism 7, 12, 20–21, 35, 46, 112, Theal, George M. 96 115, 118, 122, 130–133, 151, 154–156, Thompson and Adloff 102 163, 210, 212, 222 Thompson, Leonard. 95–98 Stern Gang 142 Thornton, John 65, 91 Stinger antiaircraft missiles 169 Tibi 182 Stohl, Michael 15–16 Tigrayan authoritarian-terrorist regime Streissguth, Thomas 165 36, 121 Strong, Simon 69 Tigrayan Liberation Front (TPLF) structural violence 219, 224 36, 120 Sturgis, Amy H. 63, 65 Tigrayan regime or government 123 subversive organizations or groups 1 Tigrayan-led Ethiopian government 36, Sudan Liberation Movement/Army 38, 41, 44, 123 (SLM/A) 127 Tilly, Charles 22, 30 Sudan People’s Liberation Army Tindale, Norman B. 74 (SPLA) 126 Tora Bora 175 Sudan People’s Liberation Movement Touré, Samori 101 (SPLM/A) 126, 128 Transnational corporation 23 Sudanese National Islamic Front 189 Trigger, Bruce G. 219 suicide bombers 164 Trueman, Trevor 39–40 suicide bombings 154, 156 Turnbull, Stephen 9 Sullivan, John 62 Turok and Maxey 99 Sunday Times 145 Tyler-McGaw, Marie 110 Sundiata, Ibrahim 110 Sundram, Jeyaratnam 31 Ubaydah, Abu 178, 196 Sunni Hanafi 171 Uighurs 173 Sunni 166, 188 UN Declaration of Human Rights and Suret-Canale, Jean 101 the Declaration of the Rights of Survival International 40 Indigenous Peoples 223 Syria’s Jabhat al-Jabhat al-Nura 198 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international law 223 Taha, Rifai 193 Union of Islamic Court 189 Takfiri (division and conflict) 177 United Nations (UN) 15, 21, 22, Taliban government 192, 198 37–38, 70, 131, 141, 145, Taliban 166, 170–172, 192, 199, 201 187, 188–189 Taraki, Nur Mohammed 168 United Nations Convention 51, 122 Tarazona-Sevilelano, Gabriella 69 United Nations High Commission for Tasman, Abel 77 Human Rights (UNHCHR) 42 Taylor, Alan 65, 69, 110 United Nations High Commission for Tel Aviv 151 Refugees (UNHCR) 43–44 terra nullius (empty land) 73, 79 United States government 146, 161, 164, terror 9, 73, 76, 81, 88, 162 168, 200, 202, 212, 217 terrorism 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11–17, 20–24, 27, United States vii–viii, 2, 15, 17, 36, 29, 41, 46, 50–54, 56, 78, 81, 87–88, 38, 39, 41, 45, 54, 87, 110, 120–121, 97, 107, 118, 133, 155, 158, 161, 163, 124, 129–130, 136, 140–141, 144–147, 199, 209, 212, 216, 220 154–155, 158–159, 161, 163, 165, terrorism from above and below 29 173–175, 179, 181, 185–186, 188, terrorism from below 211 191–195, 201, 202, 203–204, terrorism of Columbus 211 206–207, 211–212, 219, 221–223, terrorism research 18 228–229 INDEX 271

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Wheeler and Wynne 166 and International Convention on white racism 120 Human Rights 223 Whitehead, Neil L. 53–54, 58 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Wilkinson, Paul 9, 16, 24–25 220–221, 223 Williams, Paul L. 161 UNSCOM 204 Wilmer, Franke 52, 70 US government 45–46 Wilson, Samuel 53 US hegemony 218 Wolfe, Eric 38, 53 US imperialism 146 Woodward 125 US war in Iraq 30 Worku, Kenate 37 US-led global war on terror 161 World Bank viii, 37, 131 USS Cole 164, 192 World Muslim League 174 USSR 110, 222 World Trade Center 154, 174, 190 World War I 139–141, 147 Van Cott, Donna Lee 52, 68 World War II 13 Van den Berghe, Pierre 95–96 World Zionist Organization (WZO) 137 Van Riebeeck, Jan 95 Wright, Lawrence 163–164, 173–174, Vandervort, Bruce 92, 94, 98, 100–101, 176–178, 180–190, 194, 196 103–105, 107 Velasco, Jesûs 204 Yashar, Deborah 52 Veltmeyer, Henry 223 Yasser Arafat’s Palestinian Liberation Vietnamese NLF 15 Organization 177 Virginia, Held 13 Yassin, Sheik Ahmed 156 Yost, Charles 16 Wahab and Youngerman 165 Yousef, Ramzi 190–191 Wahhabism 171 Walber, Eric 162 Zagwe Dynasty 116 Wallerstein, Immanuel 1, 3, 68, 205, Zaki, Salim 184 222–223 Zapatista Army of National Liberation Walzer, Michael 13–16, 30 (EZLN) 69 War on Terror 205 Zeehaen 77 War on Terrorism 201 Zenawi, Meles 42–45, 110, 121, 123, Wardlaw, Grant 14–15 129–130 Warren and Jackson 68 Zimmerer, Jürgen 84 Washington, George 62 Zinn, Howard 54–59, 61 weapons of mass destruction Zionism 133–139, 146, 154, 157 (WMD) 203 Zionist Congress 138 Weatherford, Jack 9 Zionist militias 147 Weizmann, Chaim 140 Zionist movement 133, 136–137, Welsh, Bridget 123 141, 151 West Bank 133, 144–145, 149–150, Zionist state 152 153, 185 Zionist Jews 134