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Asymbiotic Seed Germination and in Vitro Seedling Development of Habenaria Macroceratitis (Orchidaceae), a Rare Florida Terrestrial Orchid

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Asymbiotic Seed Germination and in Vitro Seedling Development of Habenaria Macroceratitis (Orchidaceae), a Rare Florida Terrestrial Orchid Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult (2006) 86:147–158 DOI 10.1007/s11240-006-9098-y ORGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro seedling development of Habenaria macroceratitis (Orchidaceae), a rare Florida terrestrial orchid Scott L. Stewart Æ Michael E. Kane Received: 12 December 2005 / Accepted: 23 February 2006 / Published online: 7 July 2006 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2006 Abstract Continuing loss of native orchid habitat L/D). In vitro seedlings cultured under 8/16 h L/D has lead to an increased emphasis on orchid conser- conditions produced the highest number of tubers per vation. Major obstacles in the production of native seedling (1.06) with the greatest tuber (42.7 lg) and orchid seedlings for use in conservation have been: (1) shoot (fwt = 69.5 lg) biomass and tuber diameter development of efficient and reliable seed germination (3.1 mm). protocols and (2) an understanding of early seedling growth and development. Effects of six asymbiotic Keywords Conservation Æ Cytokinin Æ media (Modified Lucke, Murashige & Skoog, Linde- Long-horned rein orchis Æ Native orchid Æ Photoperiod mann, Vacin & Went, Malmgren Modified, Knudson C), four exogenous cytokinins (BA, Zea, Kin, 2-iP), Abbreviations and three photoperiods (0/24, 16/8, 24/0 h L/D) were 2-iP 6-(c, c-dimethylallylamino) purine examined on seed germination and early protocorm BA benzyladenine development of Habenaria macroceratitis, a rare na- Kin kinetin tive Florida terrestrial orchid. Finally, the effects of KC Knudson C three photoperiods (8/16, 12/12, 16/8 h L/D) on in LD long day vitro seedling development were examined. Percent LN Lindemann’s seed germination was highest on both LM and KC ML Modified Lucke’s after seven weeks culture (LM = 89.1%, MM Malmgren’s Modified Terrestrial Orchid KC = 89.2%); however, protocorm development was Medium enhanced on MM after both seven and 16 weeks. Both MS Murashige & Skoog zeatin and kinetin at 1 lM enhanced seed germination SD short day (Zea = 58.1%, Kin = 47.2%). Final percent seed VW Vacin & Went germination (91.7%) and protocorm development Zea zeatin (Stage 4) was increased in the absence of light (0/24 h S. L. Stewart (&) Æ M. E. Kane Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Introduction Florida, PO Box 110675, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA E-mail: [email protected]fl.edu Tel.: +1-352-392-1831 x207 The ongoing loss of hardwood hammock habitat Fax: +1-352-392-1413 throughout the southeast United States (e.g. Florida) 123 148 Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult (2006) 86:147–158 has prompted interest in preservation and restoration recent study suggests the two are separate species of these critical sub-tropical habitats. These habitats (FNA 1993). are considered highly productive for both animal Little information exists on the seed germination (Maehr and Cox 1995) and plant (Sprott and Mazzotti and in vitro seedling development of H. macrocera- 2001) species. This loss, due mostly to habitat con- titis. Stewart and Zettler (2002) proposed a symbiotic version for home sites, agriculture, and habitat mis- co-culture seed germination protocol for H. macro- management, has greatly impacted populations of ceratitis, although protocorms did not develop to many rare and endangered herbaceous understory advanced leaf-bearing stages in their study. In this plants throughout Florida (Sprott and Mazzotti 2001), paper, we provide an efficient seed germination including many native orchids. Many native Florida technique for H. macroceratitis that facilitates pro- terrestrial orchids inhabit this threatened habitat (S.L. tocorm development through a leaf-bearing stage, as Stewart, personal observation) and are at risk of well as describe the effects of germination medium, population decline or extinction unless an effective cytokinins, photoperiod, on asymbiotic seed germi- method of propagation can be developed to provide nation and in vitro seedling development. plants for restoration purposes. Seed germination represents the most efficient method of native terrestrial orchid propagation for Materials and methods conservation purposes. However, orchid seed germi- nation studies are often viewed as unreliable or Seed source and sterilization unrealistic since little is known concerning the ger- mination and in vitro seedling developmental Seeds were obtained from mature capsules prior to requirements of many North American native ter- dehiscence on 26 October 2003. Habenaria restrial orchids (Arditti et al. 1981). Compounding macroceratitis seeds were collected from a privately this difficultly, Stoutamire (1974, 1989) found that owned site near Brooksville, Florida (Hernando many North American native orchids require up to County). Immediately after collection, capsules were eight years of ex vitro growth before reaching dried over silica gel desiccant for two weeks at reproductive maturity. To overcome these problems 25 – 5°C, followed by storage in darkness at À18°C some have suggested the development of optimized for 52 days. Seeds were surface sterilized for 1 min in asymbiotic seed germination methods for entire a solution containing 5 ml ethanol (100%), 5 ml genera or individual species (Kauth et al. 2005). This 6.00% NaOCl, and 90 ml sterile deionized water. approach shows great promise and is employed here. Following surface sterilization, seeds were rinsed Habenaria macroceratitis Willdenow, the long- three times for 1 min each in sterile deionized water. horned rein orchis, is a rare sub-tropical terrestrial Solutions were removed from the surface sterilization orchid of central Florida, Mexico, the West Indies, vial using a sterile Pasture pipette that was replaced and Central America (Fig. 1a–d). In Florida, the after each use. Sterile deionized water was used to species is restricted to five counties in the west cen- resuspend the sterilized seed, and a sterile bacterial tral peninsula (Brown 2002). Plants typically inhabit inoculating loop was used to sow the seed. An moist hardwood hammocks where a rich layer of average of 124 seeds per Petri plate was sown. organic matter is present on the hammock floor. Associated canopy trees include Quercus virginiana Asymbiotic media survey (live oak), Magnolia grandiflora (magnolia), Liq- uidambar styraciflora (sweet gum), Pinus elliottii Six basal media (Table 1) were assessed. Three of the (slash pine), Pinus palustris (long-leaf pine), and media were commercially prepared and modified by Sabal palmetto (cabbage palm) (S.L. Stewart, PhytoTechnology Laboratories, LCC (Shawnee Mis- unpublished data). Habenaria macroceratitis has sion, KS): Murashige & Skoog (MS), Malmgren historically been segregated as a variety of H. quin- Modified Terrestrial Orchid Medium (MM; queseta (Hawkes 1948, 1950; Luer 1972); however, a Malmgren 1996), and modified Kundson C (KC). 123 Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult (2006) 86:147–158 149 Fig. 1 Habenaria macroceratitis. a H. macroceratitis inflorescence in habitat. b H. macroceratitis plant in greenhouse prior to anthesis. c H. macroceratitis flower. d Vegetative plant of H. macroceratitis in situ. Scale bars, 1 cm Two of the media were commercially prepared and Pittsburg, PA). Surface sterilized seed were placed modified by Sigma Chemical Company (St Louis, into the center of each plate and the seed evenly MO): Vacin & Went (VW; Vacin and Went 1949) spread on the medium. Ten replicate plates were and Lindemann (LM; Lindemann et al. 1970). The inoculated per medium type. Petri plates were sealed final medium, Modified Lucke (ML), was prepared with a single layer of Nescofilm (Karlan Research according to Anderson (1996). MS, VW, and LM Products, Santa Rosa, CA) before being cultured in were further modified by the addition of 2% sucrose continual darkness at 25 – 3°C for seven weeks and 0.8% TC agar (PhytoTechnology Laboratories, without light interruption. At seven and 16 weeks Shawnee Mission, KS) and ML modified by the germination and protocorm development were as- addition of 0.8% TC agar to be consistent with MM sessed by use of a dissection stereoscope. Germina- and KC. Media were adjusted to pH 5.8 with 0.1N tion and protocorm development were scored on a KOH after the addition of carbohydrate source and scale of 0–5 (Table 2; Stewart and Zettler 2002). agar, and were dispensed into 1 l flasks prior to Germination percentages were calculated by autoclaving for 40 min at 117.7 kPa and 121°C. dividing the number of seeds in each individual Sterile media were dispensed as 25 ml aliquots germination and development stage by the total into 9 cm diameter Petri plates (Fisher Scientific, number of viable seeds in the sample. Data were 123 150 Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult (2006) 86:147–158 Table 1 Comparative mineral salt content of asymbiotic orchid seed germination media: Murashige & Skoog (MS), Malmgren’s Modified Terrestrial Orchid Medium (MM), Knudson C (KC), Vacin & Went (VW), Lindemann (LM), and Modified Lucke’s (ML) MS MM KC VW LM ML Macronutrients (mM) Ammonium 20.61 10.03 3.78 15.14 0.09 Calcium 3.00 0.24 2.12 0.40 2.12 Chlorine 3.00 3.35 14.08 Magnesium 1.50 0.81 1.01 1.01 0.49 0.43 Nitrate 39.40 8.37 5.19 2.12 4.89 Potassium 20.05 0.55 5.19 7.03 15.07 203.76 Phosphate 1.25 0.55 1.84 2.24 0.99 199.80 Sulfate 1.84 0.10 4.91 5.30 8.10 Sodium 0.10 0.10 Micronutrients (lM) Boron 100.27 16.40 Cobalt 0.19 Copper 0.16 0.10 Iron 183.00 99.99 89.90 183.00 17.96 94.30 Iodine 5.00 0.60 Manganese 111.91 9.12 33.60 33.70 37.63 Molybdenum 1.54 Nickel 0.24 Zinc 53.26 3.50 Total N (mM) 60.01 n/a 18.40 8.97 17.26 4.98 + À NH4:NO3 0.52 n/a 1.12 0.73 7.14 0.02 MS, MM and KC as prepared and modified by PhytoTechnology Laboratories, VW and LM as prepared and modified by Sigma Chemical Company, and ML as prepared according to Anderson (1996).
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