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Variation of Total Column Ozone (TCO) During the Time of Landfall of Tropical Cyclone in Extra-Tropical Region

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Variation of Total Column Ozone (TCO) During the Time of Landfall of Tropical Cyclone in Extra-Tropical Region Variation of Total Column Ozone (TCO) during the time of Landfall of Tropical Cyclone in Extra-tropical Region. S.K. Midya, Ph.D.1,3*; T. Mukherrjee, M.Sc. (in view)1; S.S. Dey, Ph.D.1; 2 and G.K. Das, M.Sc. 1Department of Atmospheric Science, 51/2 Hazra Road, Kolkata - 700019, West Bengal, India. 2Regional Meteorological Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. 3Indian Centre for Space Physics, 43 Chalantika Garia Stn. Road, Kolkata - 700084, West Bengal, India. E-mail: [email protected]* ABSTRACT region, the nature of change of TCO may not be same as we have obtained for landfall of tropical The paper presents the variation of total column cyclone over tropical country (Midya et al., 2012). ozone (TCO) before, after and during landfall of The purpose of the paper is to verify this tropical cyclone when it passes through an extra- hypothesis. tropical zone over the East Pacific region. Analysis reveals that there occurs a variation in A tropical cyclonic storm forms a large vortex in ozone concentration during the occurrence of the the atmosphere with diameters between 150 to tropical cyclone − a rise in ozone concentration 1200 km. They intensify over tropical oceans and occurs during the landfall of tropical cyclone in the cross over land and dissipate. Sometimes they extra-tropical region. It is also confirmed that move towards extra-tropical regions and increase of TCO in percentage decreases with ultimately dissipate over land. the increase of wind speed. Possible explanations are also presented. The storms have different names in different areas such as Cyclone in Indian Ocean, (Keywords: tropical cyclone, extra-tropical, TCO, O3) Hurricanes in Atlantic, Typhoons in West Pacific and South China Sea and Willy-willies in West Australia. Seasonal variations in tropical cyclone INTRODUCTION activity depend upon several factors. Globally, tropical cyclones are affected dramatically by the The purpose of this paper is to present the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. In some basins, El variation of total column ozone (TCO) before, Niño events increase tropical cyclone formation after and during landfall of tropical cyclone when (Revell and Goulter, 1986). Decreases of tropical it passes through an extra-tropical region. Midya cyclone events were observed with the El Niño et al., 2012 already reported the variation of TCO events in the Australian region (Nicholls, 1979). before, during, and after tropical cyclones occurred in pre-monsoon and post monsoon In another study, it was reported that La Niña’s periods over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea typically related with tropical cyclone in opposite when landfall takes place over tropical country for conditions (Chan, 1985). It was also reported that the period 1997 to 2009. From this analysis it was global warming is highly related with typhoon concluded that TCO decreases steadily before activity (Chan and Liu, 2004) and more frequent and during the formation of cyclone and more or or more intense hurricanes are expected from an less an increasing trend is followed after increase in the local sea surface temperature dissipation of cyclone over land. It is also (Arpe and Leroy, 2009). Solar activity may directly observed that when a cyclone reaches its pick influence a hurricane's intensity. It was reported intensity with its maximum wind speed there is a that Caribbean tropical cyclone activity and U.S. sudden fall in ozone concentration over those hurricane counts have a pronounced 10-year regions where the cyclones are intensified and periodicity. The tropical cyclone intensities depletion of TCO in percentage increases with inversely correlated with sunspot number on the the increase of wind speed of cyclone. When a tropical cyclone passes through an extra-tropical The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology –123– http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm Volume 13. Number 2. November 2012 (Fall) inter-annual and daily time scales (Elsner et al., al., 1995; Katsambas et al., 1997; Kondratyev et 2008). al., 1996). It has now been established that definite correlation exists between weather Ozone is a minor constituent of the atmosphere conditions in troposphere and ozone content in and it is mainly distributed in the stratosphere. the stratosphere. There is a relation between the The unique role of ozone in absorbing certain long-term coupling between column ozone and wavelengths of incoming solar ultraviolet light was tropopause properties (Varotsos et al., 2001). The recognized in the latter part of the nineteenth passage of a warm front is accompanied by a fall century. Maximum concentration of ozone takes in the ozone content, while a cold front is place around 25 km altitude. This layer absorbs accompanied by a rise in the ozone 97–99% of the sun’s high frequency ultraviolet concentration. These effects are, however, light, which is potentially damaging to life on Earth observed only when the fronts extend well into (Alexandris et al., 1999). the stratosphere (Mitra, 1992). At the time of maximum intensity of cyclones, the negative TCO Several studies have investigated ozone trends anomalies (more than 20 DU) is also reported over different places of the world (Varotsos, 2004; (Singh and Singh, 2007). Gernandt et al., 1995; Kondratyev et al., 1994; Varotsos et al., 1994). Total ozone content exhibits high natural variability in both space and DATA AND METHODOLOGY time (Varotsos, 2002). It’s variability at a particular location is strongly influenced by the The tropical cyclone data required for our study movement of air from one region to another has been taken from CIMMS (Varotsos, 1989). Thus, ozone exhibits temporal (http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/hazards) and the column variability over hourly, diurnal, synoptic (3–5 ozone data are from the NASA website on ozone days), weekly, seasonal, and long-term (5–20 mapping (http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/). TCO years) timescales (Varotsos, et al. 2004). variation over a particular location is plotted, considering 15 days before and 15 days after the Several studies on ozone concentration related to cyclonic disturbance. The cyclone occurrence day solar control and associated meteorological has been indicated with an arrow marks in Figure parameters are now a hot topic of research 1 (a-g). (Cracknell and Varotsos, 1994, 1995; Varotsos et HURRICANE IRENE(20-29 AUG 2011) 285 280 275 OZONE 270 265 260 07/26/ 07/31/ 08/05/ 08/10/ 08/15/ 08/20/ 08/25/ 08/30/ 09/04/ 09/09/ 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 DATE Figure 1a. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology –124– http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm Volume 13. Number 2. November 2012 (Fall) HURRICANE MARIA(6-16 SEPT 2011) 350 300 250 200 150 OZONE 100 50 0 08/30/ 09/04/ 09/09/ 09/14/ 09/19/ 09/24/ 09/29/ 10/04/ 10/09/ 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 DATE Figure 1b. HURRICANE OPHELIA(21-3 OCT 2011) 350 300 250 200 150 OZONE 100 50 0 09/14/ 09/19/ 09/24/ 09/29/ 10/04/ 10/09/ 10/14/ 10/19/ 10/24/ 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 DATE Figure 1c. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology –125– http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm Volume 13. Number 2. November 2012 (Fall) HURRICANE IGOR(8-21 SEPT 2010) 300 295 290 285 280 OZONE 275 270 265 260 08/30/ 09/04/ 09/09/ 09/14/ 09/19/ 09/24/ 09/29/ 10/04/ 10/09/ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 DATE Figure 1d. HURRICANE ISAAC(27 SEPT-2 OCT 2006) 350 300 250 200 150 OZONE 100 50 0 09/15/0 09/20/0 09/25/0 09/30/0 10/05/0 10/10/0 10/15/0 10/20/0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 DATE Figure 1e. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology –126– http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm Volume 13. Number 2. November 2012 (Fall) HURRICANE KATRINA(23-30 AUG 2005) 265 260 255 OZONE 250 245 08/06/ 08/11/ 08/16/ 08/21/ 08/26/ 08/31/ 09/05/ 09/10/ 09/15/ 09/20/ 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 DATE Figure 1f. HURRICANE RITA(18-26 SEPT 2005) 270 265 260 255 OZONE 250 245 240 09/05/0 09/10/0 09/15/0 09/20/0 09/25/0 09/30/0 10/05/0 10/10/0 10/15/0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 DATE Figure 1g. Figure 1: Variation of Ozone Concentration During Landfall of Tropical Cyclone in the Extra-tropical Zone. Arrow Marks Show the Landfall Date. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology –127– http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm Volume 13. Number 2. November 2012 (Fall) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION where M is the third body which conserves energy and momentum of the reaction. Several cyclones between the time periods 2005- 2011 are taken into consideration. The ozone The net reaction for the formation of ozone in data of first landfall is taken to find the trend of stratosphere is given below: variation of TCO for the period of 15 days before to 15 days after the landfall of the cyclone in the O2+O2→ O2+O+O=O3+O extra-tropical zone. O+O2+M=O3+M Variation of TCO over different places on which 3O2=2O3 the cyclone hits is shown in Figure1. The general trend analysis clearly shows that the trend is The formation of ozone is endothermic reaction. increasing before and during the cyclone period That means if the temperature of the reaction and it follow more or less decreasing trend after medium is increased during the formation of dissipation of cyclone.
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