gL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE V°L.'7.NO.i JOURNAL JANUARY, 1940 WE’RE I\ THE FOREIGN SERVICE TOO!

• So many of our friends in the service send their New York-bound friends and acquaintances to us that at times we, too, feel we are in the

Foreign Service. That is why we go out of our way to make them com¬

fortable; meet them at the pier and do everything possible to please them in an effort to justify your kindness in referring them to us.

The New Yorker has long been Foreign Service headquarters in New York

because of its convenient location — handy to everything you want to see

and do in this fascinating town of ours. Make it your home when you are again on leave in New York.

Further, the New Yorker is the nearest large hotel to all the principal piers and is connected by private tunnel to Pennsylvania Station. Four popular priced restaurants.

2,500 Rooms from $3.50

HOTEL NEW YORKER 34TH STREET AT EIGHTH AVENUE, NEW YORK Ralph Hitz, President Leo A. Molony, Manager CONTENTS (JANUARY, 1940)

For Prize Contest Notice See Page 40

Cover Picture OOD NEIGHBOR" LAND Flying Fortress (See also page 39) WWs eat land — greater than you've ~ Iceland ever imagined — with scenic wonders By Agnar Klemens Jonsson 5 that will leave you breathless — cities J. Butler Wright, In Memoriam 8 that stand proudly among the great urban Department Assignments for Foreign Service centers of the world—a life pulsing with Offi cers forward-looking enthusiasm. Mingling By George H. Butler 9 Hi the pioneer spirit of our own past with Commercial Aviation in Costa Rica as the rich heritage of Latin culture, these By John B. Ocheltree 11 good neighbor" lands to the South Helsinki Photographs 14-15 challenge the attention of every well- The U. S. Secret Service traveled person. By Barry Sullivan 16 lORTUNE Calls al (lie State Department 18

Editors’ Column

Secretary’s Annual Greetings to the Depart¬ ment Personnel 20 Addition to Journal staff 20 News from the Department B By Reginald P. Mitchell 21 " ^S!VRG^I^

New's from the Field 24 )Tn New lodVlaieUo The Bookshelf R\O de Janeiro rbados Montevideo /. Rives Childs, Review Editor. 26 Santos Irinidao The F irestone Enterprise in Liberia luenos ft’ires By Morrison B. Giffen 29 Promotions 30 Foreign Service Changes 32 mS ; Service Glimpses 33 ’ 7h ,pb°ard activities^ Commerce Curriculum in the F. S. O. Training School By Vernon L. Fluharty. 36 Prize Competition Notice 40 ... In Memoriam . 40

Marriages 40

Visi,ors 56

LeHe1- 56

Issued monthly by American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879. mi"** Si

1 For fast, accurate and reliable telegraph service to Central and South America and to the West Indies, send your messages — “via dll dtnerica tTlackay Commercial IKadio Cables Tostal Telegraph

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Cablegrams “via All America” may be sent from any Postal Telegraph Office

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THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS

American Export Lines 45 American Security and Trust Company 31 Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba . 55 Brewood (Engravers) 54 Bowling Green Storage & Van Co. __ 35 HOST jSxvk Calvert School 44 Campbell, The W. D. Co 49 Cathay Hotel—Shanghai 55 Chase National Bank 34 WORLD Continental Hotel—Paris , 55 Crillon Hotel- Paris 55

Fessenden School, The 44 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co 4 France et Choiseul Hotel—Paris 55 General Motors Corporation 53 George V, Hotel—Paris 55 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Export Co 51 Grace Line 56 Glide Bros. Co 39 Hay-Adams House 54 International Telephone & Telegraph Co 2 Kressmann Si Co., Ed.—Bordeaux 55 IN THE Linguaphone Institute 44 NATIONAL CAPITAL Manhattan Storage & Warehouse Co 38 Mayflower Hotel 3 When you step into the lobby of this -world- Metropole Hotel—Shanghai 55 famous hostelry you instantly feel that it is Montgomery Ward 37 a great hotel, great in the sense that it is the Moore-McCormack Lines 1 home of international personages and a color¬ ful setting for the great events occurring National City Bank 42 daily within its corridors. This endless pro¬ National Geographic Magazine 41 cession of important happenings and distin¬ New England Mutual Life Insurance Co 49 guished guests never fails to thrill the dis¬ New Yorker Hotel II COVER criminating traveler seeking a standard of service conforming with individual require¬ Pagani’s Restaurant—London 55 ments in comfort, hospitality and service. Palazzo-Ambasciatori Hotel—Rome 55 That is why they stop at The Mayflower, Pan-American Airways, Inc 38 when visiting the National Capital. Its every Park Hotel—Shanghai 55 modern service and convenient location as¬ Plaza Hotel 46 sures the most for a pleasant stay, yet, its Sapp, Earle W., C.L.U. 49 rates are no higher than at less finely ap¬ Savoy-Plaza Hotel 34 pointed hotels. Schenley Products III COVER Sea Captains’ Shop, The—Shanghai 55 Diplomatic discount extended Security Storage Company of Washington 31 to officers of the Foreign Service Sloane, W. & J. 48 in Washington on active duty. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc 47

Turner’s Diplomatic School 44 WASHINGTON’S FINEST HOTEL Tyner, Miss E. J 54 Underwood Elliott Fisher Company 52 United Fruit Company 46 United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 49 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV COVER The HlflVFlOlUER Woodward & Lothrop : 43 WASHINGTON, D. C. R. L. Pollio, Manager

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FOREIGN SB I JOURNAL Eft PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION m VOL. 17, No. 1 WASHINGTON, D. C. JANUARY, 1940

Iceland Looks at The ITnited States Specially written for the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL by Agnar Klemens Jonsson, Attache to the Legation of H. M. The King of Denmark and Iceland, at Washington, D. C.

THE relations between America and Iceland are In the latter part of the nineteenth century many very old. The first white man who ever saw the Icelanders emigrated to the United States and Can¬ American mainland was an Icelander, Leif Ericson, ada, and during and especially after the World War son of Eric the Red, who colonized Greenland. In the commercial relations between the tw'o countries the spring of the year 1000 Leif was on his way to have been increasing considerably. Greenland from Norway when he missed the south¬ There is some mystery about the discovery of ernmost part of Greenland (now known as Cape Iceland. The venerable Bede (A. D. 673-735) Farewell) and reached an unknown land, which speaks of an island called Thule “where there are was the coast of North America. no nights in the summer,” and another author, an In commemoration of this event the Congress of Irish monk Dicuilus in his work “Liber de mensura the United States of Amer¬ orbis terrae,” written in the ica presented a statue of year 825 tells about some Leif to the Government of Irish monks who lived on Iceland at the millenary an island far to the north¬ celebration of the Icelandic west. Both these descrip¬ Althing (parliament) in tions could refer to Iceland, 1930. This statue bears and there seems to be little the following inscription: doubt that Thule is identi¬ “Leifr Eiricsson Son of Ice¬ cal w'ith Iceland. land Discoverer of Vinland It was between 860 and The United States of Amer¬ 870 that the Norwegian ica to the People of Iceland vikings discovered Iceland. on the One Thousandth An¬ According to Landnama- niversary of the Althing bok. the most famous of the A. D. 1930.” Although the Icelandic Sagas, the first relations between the Unit¬ Norwegian to reach Ice¬ ed States and Iceland there¬ land was a viking by the fore are old the two coun¬ name of Naddoddr. He was tries have not been closely on his way to the Faroe connected with each other Islands from Norway, but during the centuries. Not w'as driven out of his until recently have they had course by gales in the any cultural or commercial North-Atlantic Ocean and relations with each other. Agnar Klemens Jonsson discovered an unknown

5 country. A few years later another Norwegian, Floki, sailed to the island in order to settle there. He brought with him sheep and cattle but did not have the foresight to gather any hay during he summer. The following winter was very cold and he lost nearly all the animals which he had brought with him. Next summer he decided to leave the island, but first he climbed a high mountain and saw a firth full of ice. He called the firth Isafjordur, or the firth of ice, and gave the country the uninviting and rather misleading name, Iceland. The first man to live permanently in Iceland was also a Norwegian, Ingolfr Arnarson, who settled down in Reykjavik (which later became the capital of Iceland) in the year 874. During the following 60 years Iceland became entirely set¬ tled, mostly by Norwegians, but also by other Scandinavians and people of Celtic race. In 930 the Icelandic commonwealth was founded by the establishment of the Althing, i.e., the general assembly for the whole country. At the same time laws were adopted for the whole country, too. The Icelandic commonwealth which was a free and sovereign state existed for more than 300 years, or until 1262, when the people of Iceland in a treaty with the King of Norway gave him an oath of alle¬ giance and promised to pay him taxes. It was during this period that the events happened which created a literature, which is unique in the world. Because of this literature, which is known all over the world as the Icelandic Sagas, Iceland is often referred to as “The Saga Islands.” This literature consists both of poetry and prose. Many of the best poems are to be found in the famous “Older Edda,” a compilation of poems which reflect the life, the cus¬ toms, and the philosophy of the people of the Viking Age. Of the prose the above mentioned Icelandic Sagas are the most outstanding. Many of them are biographies of famous people or even of whole families through generations. Com- plemental to the Sagas stands the Landnambok (the book of settlement) giving the names of over 400 settlers and their families besides much other historical information. All this literature is written in the Icelandic language, a language which a thousand years ago was spoken all over the Scan¬ dinavian countries. The language has not changed much during the centuries, and the people of modern Iceland can read the Old Icelandic literature without any difficulty. In 1380 Iceland together with Norway came under the rule of the Danish kings, and this political connection be¬ tween Denmark and Iceland has lasted ever since. About a century ago the Icelanders took up a struggle for freedom and independence, a struggle which lasted until 1918. In that year Denmark and Iceland agreed upon a Danish-Icelandic Art of Union, which became effective the first of December of the same year. By this Act, which really

Top: A view of Reykjavik, the Capital of Iceland, showing tourist steamers in the roads. Center: The peaks of the Snaefellsjokull glacier. Below: A farm in the south of Iceland.

f) is a treaty, Iceland became a sovereign state. The first ar¬ ticle declares that Denmark and Iceland are free and sov¬ ereign states united by a common king and by the agreement contained in the Act. The Union is therefore of two kinds: a personal union, which is not based on. but is the basis of, the Act of Union, and the union based on the agreement contained in the act. In 1920 a new constitution for Iceland came into force, its first article stating that the form of government is constitu¬ tional monarchy. The most important points in the Act of Union are to be found in Art. VI and VII. In the first one it is stated that Danish subjects in Iceland shall enjoy in every respect equal rights with Icelandic subjects born in that country and vice versa; and according to article VII, Denmark is entrusted with the safeguard of Iceland’s foreign affairs. The Icelandic cabinet in conjunction with a special com¬ mittee for foreign affairs, elected by the Althing, determines the foreign policy. The Icelandic Minister in charge of the foreign affairs then informs the Danish Minister for Foreign Affairs, who carries out the wishes of the Icelandic government through the Dan¬ ish Foreign Service. When acting on behalf of Iceland. Dan¬ ish Foreign Service officials sign documents and communi¬ cations by writing the words “For Iceland” just above their signature. In later years Icelandic officials with the consent of the Danish Minister for Foreign Affairs have negotiated with foreign countries concerning trade, etc. Regarding other important provisions in the Union Act it may be mentioned that Danish and Icelandic merchandise and products shall mutually in no respect be subjected to less favorable treatment than the merchandise or products of any other country. Another very important provision of the Act is that Ice¬ land upon becoming a sovereign state declared her perma¬ nent neutrality. This is, of course, a one-sided declaration but Iceland puts her sole trust in the hope that other coun¬ tries shall respect her neutrality and her solemn wish to live in peace with the whole world. Consequently, Iceland has neither army, nor navy, nor fortifications. She has never been involved in hostilities with a foreign country. The validity of the Union Act is limited to 25 years, but, according to one of the provisions, the treaty can be revised after 1940. The negotiations with Denmark in 1918 were carried on in a friendly spirit and both countries are proud that their relations could be settled in such a friendly way. Now let us look at the country itself, its geography, cli¬ mate, etc. Iceland is situated in the North Atlantic, within the shadow of the Arctic circle, at an almost equal distance from Europe and North America. The area of the country is about 40,000 square miles, or nearly the same size as Kentucky. The pop¬ ulation is now 120,000, and nearly one-third thereof, or 37,- 000, are living in Reykjavik. The coast of Iceland is very

(Continued on page 42)

7 3f. putler OTrtgt)t 3u jHemortam

Funeral services for the late American Ambassa¬ COMMENT BY MR. WELLES dor to Cuba, the Honorable J. Butler Wright, who December 5, 1939. died at his post on December 4, were held at the I have to announce with the deepest regret the Washington Cathedral, Monday, December 11, at death .... of Ambassador J. Butler Wrigbt . . . . 12:00 noon. The Right Reverend Janies E. Free¬ His wide experience, and his exceptional ability and man, Episcopal Bishop of Washington, and the devotion to the interests of his Government made Right Reverend Hugo Blankingship, the Episcopal him an invaluable representative of the United Bishop of Cuba, officiated. Interment was at the States. He had the capacity to a unique degree of Washington Cathedral. making friends, and his loss will be deeply mourned Accompanying Mrs. Wright from Cuba were her by all those who had the privilege of knowing him. two daughters, Miss Mary Wright and Miss Edith ACTING SECRETARY OF STATE. Wright; the Under Secretary of State of Cuba, Commandante Luis Rudolfo Miranda; the Episcopal J. BUTLER WRIGHT Bishop of Cuba, the Right Reverend Hugo Blank¬ AN APPRECIATION ingship, and Mr. Ralph Miller, Second Secretary of By COERT DU Bois the American Embassy at Habana. American Consul General, Habana The following persons served as honorary pall There are some men who go through life think¬ bearers: ing that the The Honor¬ people with able Sumner whom they Welles; come in con¬ The Honor¬ tact are better able George S. and finer than Messersmith; they really are The Honor¬ and making able Hugh those people Wilson; try to live up The Honor¬ to that idea. able William Mr. Wright R. Castle; was that sort. The Honor¬ He b r o u g h t able Robert out the best in Woods Bliss; people. He The Honor¬ was endowed able Wilbur J. in a greater Carr; degree than Mr. Jay any other man Pierrepont I have ever Moffat; known with Mr. Philip The U.S.S. Omaha brings the body of Ambassador Wright to Wash¬ (Continued on W. Bonsai. ington for burial. page 54)

8 Department Assignments for Foreign Service Officers

By GEORGE H. BUTLER, Second Secretary of Embassy, Lima

AN IRISHMAN has been defined as a man who The establishment of new Divisions, a reallocation I~\ does not know what he wants and who will be of work among several Divisions, the Government’s damned if he will have it, anyway. It would be general program of reorganization, new legislation fairer to apply the definition to the human race as a and regulations, and a careful study and revision of whole. Perhaps the officers of the Department who the Department’s own regulations and procedure struggle with personnel problems think that the defi¬ are among the major changes which have been nition should apply only to a certain small group made or which are in the process of being carried of individuals rather than to mankind generally. out. All of them will have an important effect upon The question of assignments of personnel in govern¬ the organization and work of the Department. One ment services certainly involves plenty of headaches. phase of the broad problem has to do with an inter¬ Government employees stationed abroad prob¬ change of service in the Department and in the field. ably have meditated bitterly, at one time or another, Ghiefs of Division in the Department naturally upon the injustice of their having to lead a dog's are concerned with building up permanent staffs life just because the staff at Washington have noth¬ which will assure efficient work and continuity in ing to do except to deluge the field with cables and that work. At the same time, experience and prac¬ instructions and regulations. While there may be tice seem to confirm the necessity of having a tem¬ a grain of truth in this view, it probably is only a porary and changing group of Foreign Service offi¬ grain. There is more to be said for the further cers as a part of the Department organization. For thought that it would be a most welcome change to certain types of work, especially country desk work be on the sending rather than the receiving end of in the geographical Divisions, it has heen difficult the barrage from Washington. The change is a to find personnel as well qualified as Foreign Serv¬ welcome one in many ways. It is interesting and ice officers. Also, the assignment of Foreign Service instructive. It is personally enjoyable from many officers to the Department makes for greater flexi¬ angles. It also means just about twice as strenuous bility and enables the Department to adjust its per¬ service as is the case in most ordinary assignments sonnel rapidly to meet any given situation. This in the field. advantage probably more than balances the disad¬ The individual experiences of Foreign Service vantage of a larger turnover in personnel at the officers during tours of duty at the Department dif¬ Department. fer so widely that generalizations are likely to be Work in the Department is quite different from inaccurate or misleading. An officer’s reaction to work in the field. The first few months there are the experience, and what he gains from it, are in¬ more confusing than the corresponding period at a fluenced materially by the nature of the assignment new post in the field. Office procedure is different. -the Division in which he works and the kind of There is, as a rule, constant pressure. Action and work that he does. My own observations are based decisions have to be taken promptly, and there is upon an experience of four years in the Division of less time for study and reflection than is generally the American Republics, involving both routine possible in the field. The policy officers of the De¬ country desk work and some specialization in cer¬ partment must have accurate and complete infor¬ tain of the current problems pertaining to inter- mation regarding problems they are handling, and American relations. It will be understood, of subordinate officers are expected to be ready to fur¬ course, that these observations are entirely personal nish any details, data and background required. A ones. I am not qualified to reflect whatever official substantial amount of time is spent by drafting offi¬ views may be held by the Department regarding cers upon the preparation of memoranda covering a the matters discussed, nor do I wish to give any wide variety of subjects. impression that I am so qualified. New problems in international relations and the A difficult administrative problem is presented by increase in activity in foreign affairs have made the organization of the staff at the Department so necessary a closer cooperation among many depart¬ that the heavy demands made upon it can be met. ments and agencies of our government, as well as

9 better coordination of their policies and actions. posts would complete the reporting schedule. Prob¬ This situation has resulted in the appointment of a ably a large amount of material now sent to the great many—perhaps too many—intradepartmental Department could better be filed as background ref¬ and interdepartmental committees. Meetings of erence material at posts in the field. Meanwhile, these committees make a heavy demand upon offi¬ officers in the field can furnish substantial relief by cers’ time. In addition to attendance at the meet¬ making the subject of reports or despatches as accu¬ ings, there are the preparation for them and the rately descriptive as possible, by sticking to one necessary follow-up work. The favorable side in¬ subject, by being concise, and by giving clear inter¬ cludes the increased knowledge of the work of our pretive comment upon the facts reported. own and other Departments and the personal con¬ Comment upon two other considerations relating tacts that are made. to Department assignments is rather a difficult and While there is much more desk work in the De¬ delicate matter. Brief personal views regarding partment than in the field and while individual offi¬ promotions and the financial question are submitted, cers may in many cases have less variety of work in however, for what they may be worth. It seems to the Department, an assignment there does give an me very doubtful that the mere fact of being on officer a better perspective. At a post in the field, duty at the Department has an important effect, one the problems of a particular office naturally and way or the other, upon an officer’s efficiency rating. properly receive most of the time and attention of His work, in many cases, does come more directly officers. That has a restrictive effect, even when to the attention of the higher officers of the Depart¬ counteracted to some extent by normal transfers. In ment. If the work is good, it may receive prompter the Department, the geographical area with which recognition than similar good work in the field; if an officer is concerned is an entire country or group it is not good, shortcomings which might not be so of countries instead of a single city or district. noticeable in the field are thrown into relief. Rap¬ Problems such as those relating to trade agreements, idity of promotion in the very great majority of exchange control, defaults on debts, American in¬ cases probably will be directly related to the officers’ vestments abroad, and the conflicting interests of records over their entire period of service rather many nations can be studied in their broader as¬ than to assignments, or lack of assignments, at the pects. Department. A statistical study would show, I be¬ One especially salutary experience in the Depart¬ lieve, that a disproportionate number of promotions ment is to witness the tremendous volume of incom¬ have not gone to officers on duty in the Department, ing correspondence. It comes in a constant stream unless their records as a whole justify the promo¬ and overflows everywhere unless kept moving by tion. Work in the Department is exacting, and it equally constant attention. During busy periods in seems fair to assume that in the majority of Depart¬ the Department, which is the normal condition these ment assignments the tendency will be to select offi¬ days, most officers, I am sure, have nightmares cers from among those having better than average about being buried under a flood of papers. Mes¬ records. If such assignments were a regular part of sengers bringing additional armfulls become sym¬ all officers’ careers, the Department would be in a bols of the devil. There is very soon developed a better position to select those who would best meet realization of the necessity for conciseness, clarity its requirements at any given time or for any spe¬ and intelligent interpretive comment in reporting cific work. from the field. Solemn resolutions are made—and Many officers do not want an assignment to the probably not faithfully kept—to help reduce the Department because of the financial burden entailed, flood of paper that descends on Washington when dll at is especially true of junior officers who have one returns to the field. families to support. The loss of all allowances dur¬ It is not strange that the Department occasionally ing service in Washington is a serious matter. The calls for information that already is in its files. In cost of living, even with greatly reduced social ob¬ view of the tremendous mass of material that ligations, is higher than the average cost at posts in reaches the Department, it is a wonder that the Di¬ the field. Rentals, domestic service and food are vision of Communications and Records can keep comparatively expensive. Modern conveniences, it the indexes and files in working shape. An ideal is true, are more readily available than in many for¬ system of reporting might be one under which the eign cities; but the individual effort that most go long list of periodical called for reports would dis¬ into routine duties of daily life is greater. Recrea¬ appear except for those submitted on standard tion, even normal physical exercise, is less frequent forms, and under which officers would be held re¬ and involves greater expense than at most foreign sponsible for voluntary reports designed to give the posts. Since the duration of the period to be spent Department essential information. Replies to spe¬ in Washington is comparatively short and uncer- cific instructions to individual posts or to groups of (Continued, on page 39)

10 Commercial Aviation in Costa Rica

By JOHN B. OCHELTREE, Consul, San Jose

THERE can be no doubt that commercial aviation Pacific port of Puntarenas, where the first attempt in Costa Rica has developed swiftly and safely. at growing cotton in Costa Rica was made a dec¬ Eight years ago two young American flyers on a ade ago. Passengers from Panama to San Jose were barnstorming flight through Central and South four hours by plane to Chomes and often eight hours America set their old and dilapidated Fokker J5 from there to San Jose, travelling by automobile, down on the Sabana, or common pasture land of the ox cart or on horseback to the coast, thence by City of San Jose, Costa Rica. Through the fortui¬ launch to Puntarenas and railway to San Jose. Mail tous circumstance (for them) of a wash-out on the was shuttled direct from Las Loras at Chomes to San railway connecting the upland city with the Atlantic Jose in a Stearman J6 biplane operated by Pan seaport of Limon, which paralyzed all land traffic American Airways, the trip taking less than an hour for four months, they remained to found the first by plane. Early in 1931 passenger traffic was also commercial aviation company in Costa Rica. Today routed by air from the international airport at three local companies with a total of 20 airplanes Chomes to San Jose. A Fairchild Model 71 was em¬ maintain daily services to all parts of the country, ployed in this service. Soon afterwards the new connecting districts isolated by mountains and airport at Santa Ana was inaugurated, but for six jungle from the capital at San Jose. months during the first rainy season the field was With the exception of the settled portions of the too soft for landings, and the Fairchild was used Costa Rican to shuttle pas¬ highlands, the sengers between airplane is pre- Managua, Nica¬ ceding other ragua, and San forms of mod¬ Jose, Costa Rica. ern transporta¬ The shuttle tion in the eco¬ plane landed at nomic develop- the Sabana in ment of the San Jose where country. The in¬ it used a hangar habitants o f a built by the large part of Costa Rican Costa Rica Government t o where the ox house the Santa cart is still in Marla a plane wide use have which like its missed the ex¬ famous n a m e- perience of wit¬ Two J6 Travelairs al San Isidro del General on ihe occasion of the sake started for nessing the va¬ inauguration of the new landing field early in 1935. new horizons, rious stages in but unlike Col¬ the development of railway and highway transporta¬ umbus’ flagship did not make a good landfall. tion. Airplane travel, like Pallas Athene sprung fully- The Santa Maria, a Gnome-powered azcarate, was armored from the head of Zeus, has come to supple¬ manufactured in Mexico and presented by the Mexi¬ ment the primitive ox cart and pack-mule, and it is can Government to the Government of Costa Rica. literally true that the peon steps barefooted from the It was shipped to Costa Rica and demonstrated by jungle into that most modern of conveyances—the a Mexican pilot, Captain Yieytez, before an incredu¬ airplane. lous but admiring audience in San Jose. After the departure of the Mexican flyer, the pilotless plane When the American flyers, Kenneth N. Poe and was kept in a specially constructed hangar at the C. N. Shelton, landed in San Jose on October 11, Sabana, where one day in starting the motor the 1931, Pan-American Airways in the field of inter¬ plane nosed over inside the hangar and broke its national transport were already making regular stops propeller. A new wooden propeller wras fashioned in Costa Rica. The landing field then being used by in Costa Rica and installed. At the same time it this company was Las Loras at Chomes near the was noted that one of the wings of the plane was

11 set higher than the other (to offset the rotary mo¬ bizar” instead of “aterrizar” in the sense of putting tion of the Gnome engine). This presumed defect the plane down in a “guaba” tree). in the construction of the plane was remedied by Flying in Central America at the time was not placing the wings level. without its thrills and incidents, which are amusing Meanwhile, a Costa Rican, Tobias Bolanos, had in retrospect regardless of the anguish and discour¬ succeeded in convincing his countrymen that he was agement they no doubt caused the early pioneers of an experienced flyer with a war record in France, the air. Kenneth Poe, when asked how it happened and had received permission to fly the plane. Ac¬ that he came to Costa Rica, replied that he was work¬ cording to the story told by eye-witnesses, a large ing for an airline company operating out of Los throng of people assembled at the Sabana to watch Angeles, California, under the ownership and man¬ the flight. The intrepid airman succeeded in taking agement of William M. Schoenfeldt. Then came the the ship off the ground and made a series of daring depression, and the best that the owner of a failing manoeuvres that greatly impressed the spectators, business could offer was a 220 H. P. Fokker J5 with but afterwards they were realized to have been only his blessing and the suggestion that Poe and Shelton his efforts to secure control of the plane. A forced try to recoup the company’s fortune in the virgin landing in a tree-top ensued, and the aviator was territory extending southward to Patagonia. The hurled to the ground. The fact that he had a flight started from Los Angeles with the two enter¬ wooden leg may have something to do with the prising pilots and two Colombian passengers who credibility of the following account of what occurred had agreed to pay $500 each for passage to Bogota. when the first persons reached the scene of the acci¬ Colombia. Assembling their savings and the pro¬ dent. It is said they excitedly inquired of the air¬ ceeds from the sale of an automobile, together with man whether he needed a doctor, and were told, an advance payment of $200 each from the two “No, bring a carpenter.” In any event, since the Colombians, the entrepreneurs started off with mishap of the Santa Maria, “to land ’ a plane is wit¬ $1,000 to meet operating and living expenses. Gas¬ tily referred to in Costa Rica as “to tree” it (agua- oline, oil and extraordinary expenses incurred en

12 route cut heavily into the fund. At Tapachula. Mexico, the plane was so heavily loaded it would not take off, and ran off the runway into high elephant grass. The aviators had to hire a crew of peons with machetes to cut the plane out of the twelve-foot grass. A peon, un¬ familiar with automobiles, cut one of the rubber tires of the plane through with a machete. At Panama the plane was seen by a United States Department of Commerce inspector. Pointing to the plane he asked the two young Americans if they were going to Colombia in that, and when they assured him they were, he replied, “Well, you still have your N. C. g of the first bi-motor brought to Costa Rica. 1934. license, so you are grounded right Roman Macava, Senora Macaya, and I’adrc Ricardo here.” They managed, however, to Zuniga. make an early start the following morning, and took off at 5 A. M. for Barranquilla, Rican students at a fee of 1,500 Colones each for a Colombia. Arriving at Barranquilla, they found to course of instruction. The plane, a Cirrus powered their surprise that there was no landing field—only a Great Lakes training plane was flown down in due seaplane anchorage. On landing in a meadow, the time by a pilot of the company, but after arrival cloth on one side of the fuselage was torn off. This not a single course of instruction ever materialized. accident caused the exercise of some ingenuity. As Nevertheless, the commercial prospects of the un¬ there was no airplane cloth to be had. nor money to dertaking were favorable, and seven months after pay for it anyway as their funds were exhausted, their arrival the owner of the enterprise, William they repaired the plane with a sheet, painted over M. Schoenfeldt. left Los Angeles for San Jose with with ordinary red oxide exterior house-paint. The his wife in a small Fleet, accompanied by Pilots flight to Bogota to carry the two passengers to their Bert Echstein and Rudolf Sehlutzmeyer in a Sun¬ destination was made on a loan of gasoline from the beam and Romair. In Mexico, fortunately without SCADTA. a German air-transport company operat¬ injury to the pilots, the Sunbeam and Romair ing in Colombia. At Bogota, although the two pas¬ cracked-up on a beach and were washed out to sea sengers decided that the money they had advanced with all the expedition’s baggage, but Mr. and Mrs. was sufficient for the trip from Los Angeles and re¬ Schoenfeldt arrived safely at San Jose in the small fused to pay the balance due, barnstorming touristic f leet, the plane profusely patched with adhesive tape flights at $ 10 per person raised the magnificent sum covering rents in the fabric. As the cruising range of $750 in two-and-a-half days and enabled Poe and of the Fleet was only 250 miles, it had been neces¬ Shelton to begin the long journey homeward. Dis¬ sary to land frequently on beach or meadow and re¬ heartened and discouraged by the prospects of com¬ fill the tanks from 5-gallon cans carried in the plane. mercial aviation in Central America, they landed at On August 30, 1932, not long after his arrival, San Jose, Costa Rica. On the night of their arrival Schoenfeldt organized the ENTA and obtained from a wash-out occurred on the railway connecting San the Government of Costa Rica a mail contract which Jose with Port Limon. They were immediately ap¬ was to ensure the financial success of the newly-or¬ proached by officials of the line with an offer to ganized Costa Rican company in the transportation make chartered flights carrying passengers and mail. of mail, passengers and express freight. By the When through railway service was resumed four time the contract was approved by the Costa Rican months later the two airmen were firmly entrenched Congress, the other pilots had returned to the United in a commercial undertaking in one of the smallest States or gone to work for TACA in Honduras, leav¬ and most attractive countries in Central America. ing Poe as the only pilot of the Costa Rican com¬ In their first report to the Los Angeles company, pany, with two planes to start the service—the Fleet they urged that a training plane be sent down, on and Fokker Universal. Additional planes were the assurance of being able to obtain twenty Costa (Continued on pag<■ 34)

13 The American Legation at Helsinki

THESE photographs of the Legation and com¬ bined office quarters at Helsingfors were taken on November 18th and clearly portray the advanced stage of completion of the building at that date. The appropriation for this project is $300,000. American-made furniture, carpets, and draperies have been shipped to Finland, and the mechanical equipment, such as electric light fixtures, tele¬ phones, etc., are in transit as this issue of the JOUR¬ NAL goes to press. The Foreign Building Office reported on Decem¬ ber 13th that although the new building was sched¬ uled to have been completed, work may be partly delayed because of the fact that, according to word received from the Legation at Helsinki, the factory making the panelled woodwork for the interior was destroyed by an incendiary bomb early in Decem¬ ber. American Legation and Consulate quarters in Helsinki, rented until completion of the project on the Government- owned property.

The Palace of the President of Finland

The Market Place, Helsingfors, with the Russian Church in the Background The IT. S. Secret Service

By BARRY SULLIVAN, Washington Post Correspondent

ASSASSINS who would attack the President or tecting Presidents had demonstrated the ability of his family, and counterfeiters conspiring to its agents to assume the heavy responsibility in¬ mulct the public with bogus currency, are the twin volved in safeguarding the sovereigns of a friendly enemies engaged by the United States Secret Serv¬ nation. ice in a continuing offensive. Arrangements made by the State Department in Both these major duties were bestowed on the cooperation with the Secret Service began before Treasury agency during emergencies. Criminal ac¬ Their Majesties left England. They continued until tivities arising from extraordinary conditions gen¬ the King and Queen had completed their visit to erally have been the sources from which the Serv¬ the United States and returned to Canada. ice, now celebrating its seventy-fifth anniversary, Every mile of railroad travelled by the sovereigns has gained new functions throughout the years. was inspected by a Secret Service agent. Routes In 1901, shortly after the assassination of Presi¬ through Washington and New York were laid out dent William McKinley, the Service was charged to provide maximum safety. with the protection of the President. Later it was Enormous crowds in both cities made the task made responsible for the safety of the Chief Execu¬ more difficult, but precautions were taken unobtru¬ tive’s family and the candidate elected to the high¬ sively to prevent untoward happenings during the est office in the land. It is proud that since it be¬ official visit. came the guardian of Presidents, no chief magis¬ Agents mingled with the throngs. They ran be trate has been harmed. side the cars carrying the King and President Roose “To the quiet competence of this service,” Rep¬ velt and Mrs. Roosevelt and the Queen. They in resentative John J. Cochran, of Missouri, told the vestigated cameras and packages carried by indi House of Representatives in June, “we owe the viduals watching processions and ceremonies every-day safety of our Chief Executive.” They looked at the spectators and not at the spec When preparations were under way for the visit tacle. They did not become officious. of King George and Queen Elizabeth, the State De¬ After successful completion of the hair-raising partment called upon the Secret Service to guard task, commendation came from many sources. the royal visitors during their three-day stay in the Notable was the letter from Chief Constable Albert United States. Canning, of Scotland Yard, to Secret Service Chief The service’s long and successful record in pro¬ Frank J. Wilson, extending his congratulations, “on

Secret Service men surrounding the au¬ tomobiles of Presi¬ dent Roosevelt and the King, and Mrs. Roosevelt a n d the Queen, upon the visit of the British Roy¬ alty to the United States. To the right and left of the offi¬ cial cars can he seen Secret Service cars with their agents on the running boards, preceded by Secret Service motorcycles. the very efficient and effective manner in which the tion in this manner,” he continued. “I shall be Secret Service protected Their Majesties during frank and say to you that, without this assistance their visit to your country.” from our banker friends, our efforts to suppress I he Secret Service work has grown steadily since counterfeiting would be retarded in great measure.” the Civil War organization of General L. C. Baker, “With a comparatively small field force scattered provost marshal of the War Department, was taken throughout the country, the responsibility for keep¬ over by the Treasury to form the nucleus of the ing our money clean rests squarely upon this mo¬ present organization. bile regiment of trained investigators, and we must General Baker’s organization was created by depend upon banker aid in coping with a problem President Lincoln to deal with investigative prob¬ which, in recent years, has developed into an or¬ lems which arose during the War Between the ganized racket with underworld connections ex¬ States. Counterfeit currency and worthless bank¬ tending to all parts of the country.” notes flooded the country, creating conditions of “We value highly this assistance from the banks, business chaos that demanded immediate and thor¬ large and small, and it is our desire that all bank ough enforcement of law. Every third banknote, tellers shall consider themselves Secret Service reliable observers said, involved a loss for the in¬ agents without portfolio . . . always on the qui vive dividual accepting it. In five years after its incep¬ for that shady commodity which is the spawn of tion, however, the Secret Service squelched the wide the criminal engraver and criminal printer.” dissemination of counterfeits and established the Fifty or sixty years ago, counterfeit notes usual¬ integrity of the national currency which it has since ly were printed from hand-engraved plates of ex¬ maintained. cellent workmanship and some of the issues were The Secret Service has done its work so well that such fine engravings that experienced tellers found at no time since the emergency which brought it it difficult to identify the fraudulent paper. into being has the orderly flow of currency to the With the simplification of printing and engraving, hanks of the United States or the public been inter¬ it has become easier for the counterfeiter to practice rupted. Its effectiveness has brought it not a les¬ his “trade” and the work of the Secret Service has sening of responsibility, but an increase in work. increased correspondingly. Nevertheless, the aver¬ In its early years, the Service was the general age counterfeit circulated today does not compare law enforcement agency for the Federal Govern¬ in excellence with the product in circulation many ment. Its trained investigators were “borrowed” years ago. by departments and independent agencies to per¬ With the introduction in 192B of the small size form specific tasks requiring training in enforce¬ currency, the Treasury Department dealt a body ment activities. blow to the activities of a certain type of counter¬ The Secret Service participated in investigations feiter known as the note-raiser, who is not concerned which led to smashing of the whiskey ring, the beef with the detail and expense of assembling a printing trust, the Louisiana lottery, sugar frauds, national outfit. He elects, instead, to tamper with genuine bank embezzlements, naturalization frauds and notes, erasing the corner numerals and denomina¬ fraudulent land grants in many Western states. tional lettering and substituting in ink or paint the The drive against counterfeiting is waged on a artistic touches which are needed to raise the note triple front. Banks, especially tellers, are the Secret to a higher denomination. He may even tear off the Service’s first line of defense in the detection and corners of genuine notes and paste these over the elimination of spurious currency. Professional in¬ numerals on the subject note, which is usually a SI vestigators carry the burden of detecting members silver certificate. of counterfeit rings and stopping their activities, Before the small size notes were issued, various while an educational campaign is underway to teach portraits appeared on notes of several varieties of the public to discriminate between genuine and the same denomination. For identification pur¬ counterfeit money. poses, the system was confusing and aided the note- In an address before the Florida Bankers’ Asso¬ raiser. The new currency, however, carries a stand¬ ciation. Julian T. Baber, of the Secret Service, paid ard portrait for each denomination, regardless of tribute to the banks for their work in detecting bad the type whether it be silver certificate, United bills. States note or Federal Reserve note. “They perform a splendid service through the Since a note-raiser has never been able success¬ general efficiency of their tellers in detecting coun¬ fully to alter a portrait to resemble the picture ap¬ terfeit notes and coins included innocently in cus¬ pearing on a note of higher denomination, the tomer deposits,” lie asserted. change has proved an additional protection. “Many new counterfeits first come to our atten¬ (Continued on page 52)

17 Left to right: Laurence Duggan, Chief of the Division of Ameri¬ can Republics; James C. Dunn, Political Adviser for Europe; Undersecretary Welles; Jay Pierrepont Moffat, Chief of the Di¬ vision of European Affairs. Maxwell M. Hamilton, Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Af¬ fairs; Herbert Feis, Adviser on International Economic Affairs; and Stanley Hornbeck, Political Adviser for the Far East.

FOHTFXE Calls at Hie Stale Department

“rT''HE Department of State” and “Career Diplo- 1 mat” are two feature articles of the December issue of FORTUNE. The photographic illustrations for the latter article were furnished by THE AMERI¬ CAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and typify photo¬ graphs used on the Service Glimpses page. Foreign Service Officers will be particularly inter¬ ested in “Career Diplomat” “. . . in which are traced

Henry F. Grady, Assistant Secretary of State; and Harry C. Hawkins, Chief of the Trade Agreements Division. the imaginary steps of one Foreign Service Officer out of 833, in fifteen out of 300-odd posts all over the world.”

FORTUNE furnished the JOURNAL with the origi¬ nal drawings of its artist, Georges Schreiber, who paid a visit to the Department and produced the composite pictures w'hich are re-portrayed on these pages of the JOURNAL. These drawings were used by FORTUNE, together with photographs, to illus¬ trate the article on “The Department of State.”

Joseph C. Green, Chief of the Division of Controls; Green II. Hackworth, Legal Adviser, and “Judge” Robert Walton Moore, Counselor of the State De¬ partment.

Assistant Secretary Messersmith; Wallace Murray, Chief of the Division of Near Eastern Affairs; and Michael McDermott, Chief of the Division of Current Information.

Assistant Secretary Adolf Augustus Berle, Jr. THfc EDITORS’ COLUMN

FOREIGN E JOURNAL OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY rU v«»i. i~ JANUARY, 1910 rfh To THE PERSONNEL OF THE DEPARTMENT:

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN In extending to the personnel of the Depart¬ ment of State my best wishes for Christmas SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. and the New Year I wish to take this oppor¬ The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription tunity to express my very real appreciation of in the United States and abroad at the rate of S4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ the loyal and effective service which is being pearing herein represents only personal opinions. rendered by you. The great demands which Copyright, 1940, by the American Foreign Service Association have been imposed upon the Department dur¬ The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this ing the year which is approaching a close publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the editors. could not possibly have been met without the most complete measure of your cooperation. JOURNAL STAFF That these burdens have had to be without any material increase in personnel is in itself HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman 1 eloquent testimony of the devotion with which CHARLES W. YOST HERDEKT S BURSLEY — Editorial you have responded. I am deeply apprecia¬ tive of the service you are giving and am well LEO D. STURGEON | aware of the personal sacrifices which this has EDWARD PAGE, JR in many cases involved. I commend the per¬ JANE WILSON, Secretary GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manager sonnel of the Department on its fine record of RORERT F. WOODWARD Assistant Business Manager performance during the past year and am con¬ CHARLES B. HOSMER Treasurer fident of the continued devotion and efficiency of its members.

The American Foreign CORDELL HULL. Service Association Department of State, The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of December 21, 1939. the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. Honorary President CORDELL HULL Secretary of State ADDITION TO JOURNAL STAFF Honorary Vice-Presidents SUMNER WELLES Under Secretary of State The Executive Committee RORERT WALTON MOORE .. Counselor of the Foreign Service As¬ GEORGE B. MESSERSMITH Assistant Secretary of State sociation takes pleasure in ADOLPH A. BERLE, JR Assistant Secretary of State r\ announcing the appoint¬ HENRY F. GRADY Assistant Secretary of State ment of Mr. Robert F. JOHN K. DAVIS President Woodward as Assistant JOHN FARR SIMMONS. Vice-President LLEWELLYN E. THOMPSON, JR Secretary-Treasurer Business Manager of the JOURNAL. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Mr. Woodward has served JOSEPH W. BALLANTINE, Chairman at Winnipeg, Buenos AVRA M. WARREN, Vice-Chairman Aires, Bogota and Rio de CHARLES B. HOSMER, ELLIS 0. BRICGS, Janeiro. He is now assigned LOY W. HENDERSON to the Division of American Alternates 11. F. Woodward JOSEPH FLACK, LLEWELLYN E. THOMPSON, JR. Republics.

Entertainment Committee The Editorial Board extends to Mr. Woodward a JAMES K. PENFIELD, LEWIS CLARK AND GERALD A. DREW cordial welcome to the JOURNAL staff.

20 News from the Department

By REGINALD P. MITCHELL, Department of Stale

The Secretary the following day the Secretary hade good-by to Secretary and Mrs. Hull returned to Washington President Vincent at Union Station. on November 23 after a nine-day stay at Forest Hills On December 14 he and Mrs. Hull were dinner Hotel in the environs of Augusta, Georgia. guests at the White House and attended the Diplo¬ matic Reception which followed. The Secretary and Under Secretary Welles were at the Union Station on November 30 to greet Presi¬ The Under Secretary dent Roosevelt on his return from Warm Springs, In his capacity as chairman of the Inter-Ameri¬ Georgia. The Secretary visited the White House can Financial and Economic Advisory Committee, twice on that day, and once each on both December Under Secretary Welles attended the sessions of 1 and 2. On December 2 he received in his offices this body in November and on November 27 wras Melvyn Douglas, movie star, and Mrs. Douglas host at a dinner at the Sulgrave Club in honor of l Miss Helen Gahagan, stage star!., visiting Wash¬ the members of this Committee. ington in connection with relief activities for mi¬ As Acting Secretary he visited the Union Station gratory workers in California. on December 6 and accorded a welcome to Presi¬ The Secretary journeyed to Chicago on December dent Vincent of Haiti, who arrived by train from 4 and delivered an address on the following day be¬ Miami, Florida, after journeying by plane from fore the American Farm Bureau Federation. Haiti. Mr. Welles attended the various functions On December 7 he attended a luncheon at the honoring President Vincent. Haitian Legation in honor of the President of Haiti, Stenio Vincent, and on the same evening attended Assistant Secretary Messersmith a dinner of the National Press Club honoring Presi¬ Assistant Secretary Messersmith delivered an ad¬ dent Roosevelt. He attended the annual dinner of dress on the subject, “Fundamental Features of Our the Gridiron Club on December 9 at the Willard Foreign Policy,” at the Governors’ session of the Hotel. 15th New England Conference in Boston on No¬ On December 11 he and Mrs. Hull visited the vember 23. Washington Navy Yard and met the U.S.S. Omaha, Ambassador Joseph E. Davies bearing the remains of the late Ambassador J. But¬ ler Wright from Habana, and subsequently attended The Ambassador to Belgium, Mr. Joseph E. funeral services at Washington Cathedral. Davies, arrived in New York City on December 12 On December 11 the Secretary attended a lunch¬ on the S.S. Rex from Naples and was accompanied eon given by President Roosevelt at the White by his private secretary, Mr. Stanley Richardson. House honoring President Vincent of Haiti, and on While en route from Brussels he conferred with Am-

21 bassador William C. Bullitt in Paris on December Miami on the same day and were welcomed to the 1 and with Ambassador William Phillips in Rome United States on behalf of President Roosevelt by on December 3. Following arrival, he proceeded Stanley Woodward, Assistant Chief of the Division to Washington and conferred with both President of Protocol, who proceeded with the party to Wash¬ Roosevelt and Secretary Hull. ington. Mr. Mayer remained in Washington for about one week before returning to Port-au-Prince. Ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy The Ambassador to Great Britain, Mr. Joseph P. Minister Fay Allen Des Portes Kennedy, arrived on the “Dixie Clipper” at Port The Minister to Guatemala, Mr. Fay Allen Des Washington, Long Island, on December 6 from Lis¬ Portes, accompanied by his son, Fay A1 Des Portes, bon and planned to spend the Christmas and New Jr., who is serving as his private secretary, arrived Year holidays with his family. He conferred with in New York City on November 30 on the S.S. Ambassador Bullitt in Paris on November 29 while Antigua. He visited Washington for about 10 days en route from London. Prior to departure from and left for his home in Winnsboro, South Caro¬ London he was received in audience by King George lina, to spend Christmas. He said that he planned and later had luncheon with the King and Queen to leave Washington about January 1 and motor to Elizabeth. Ambassador Kennedy visited Washing¬ Guatemala City. ton on December 8 and conferred with President Minister Boaz Long Roosevelt and Secretary Hull. The Minister to Ecuador, Mr. Boaz Long, arrived Ambassador William Dawson in Washington on December 14 and spent about a The Ambassador to Panama, Mr. William Daw¬ week or 10 days before visiting New York City, fol¬ son, acted as the special representative of President lowing which he intended to motor in Vermont if Roosevelt with the rank of Ambassador Extraordi¬ weather conditions permitted. Since his arrival in nary and Plenipotentiary at the inauguration of the New York City from his post on October 31 he has President-elect of Peru, Manuel Prado, at Lima on visited in New Mexico nad has made a trip to December 8. He was accompanied on the trip by Mexico City. He stated that there was a possibility Mrs. Dawson. that he would be in Washington for two or three weeks in January. Minister R. Henry Norweb The Minister to the Dominican Republic, Mr. R. Minister Hugh G. Grant Henry Norweb, arrived in Washington by plane on The retiring Minister to Albania, Mr. Hugh G. December 14 from Ciudad Trujillo. On the follow¬ Grant, was received by President Roosevelt at the ing day announcement was made by the Depart¬ White House on December 6. ment that he had been chosen as delegate of this Foreign Service Officers Government to the Second Inter-American Radio Conference, scheduled to meet on January 17-23 at Raymond H. Geist, until recently Consul and First Santiago, Chile. Joseph T. Keating, of the Division Secretary at Berlin, visited the Department in late of International Communications, was designated as November and early December and was received by secretary of the American delegation and as techni¬ President Roosevelt at the White House on Decem¬ cal adviser. ber 1. He had proceeded from his post to Genoa Mr. Norweb planned to have left Washington by and arrived at New York City on October 21 on the plane on December 21 for Ciudad Trujillo for a S.S. Conte di Savoia following which he visited his Christmas party which he planned for the American home in Cleveland, Ohio. His assignment to the community there. He stated that the new residence Department was announced on December 16. of the Minister will be dedicated on February 22 Everett F. Drumright, Second Secretary at (the new Chancery was opened last July 4), and Chungking, visited the Department in early Decem¬ that the first American Naval Attache of the Lega¬ ber and began a detail of one month in the Division tion, Lieutenant John Butler, is due there soon to of Far Eastern Affairs on December 18, replacing assume his duties. James K. Penfield, who went on leave to his home in San Francisco. Mr. Drumright left Chungking Minister Ferdinand L. Mayer on December 9 and flew to Yunnanfu, proceeding The Minister to Haiti, Mr. Ferdinand L. Mayer, to Hanoi, where he journeyed by a coastal ooat to left Port-au-Prince on December 4 by plane in ac¬ Hongkong. He arrived in San Francisco on Octo¬ companying President Vincent of Haiti to the ber 12 on the S.S. President Coolidge and visited United States on an unofficial visit. Accompanied relatives in the Southwest before continuing to by President Vincent’s entourage they arrived at Washington.

22 Quincy F. Roberts, Consul at Chefoo, Walter J. Donnelly, Commercial At¬ accompanied by Mrs. Roberts, arrived tache at Rio de Janeiro, visited the De¬ at Los Angeles on December 7. Mr. partment for about ten days, beginning Roberts spent two days in Washington November 24. in mid-December and planned to visit his sisters in Knoxville, Tennessee, and Hugh Corby Fox, Second Secretary at Mexico City, has resigned from the Amarillo, Texas, before joining Mrs. Q. F. Roberts Roberts and his mother in San Francis¬ Foreign Service to become associated in co. They planned to sail from the West an important capacity in the Compania Coast on the S.S. President Coolidge on Central Financiera, S. A. in Mexico City. February 9 for the Orient. He visited the Department in early De¬ cember. Edward Anderson, Third Secretary and Consul at Ciudad Trujillo, visited A. Bland Calder, Assistant Commer¬ the Department on simple leave on No¬ cial Attache at Shanghai, registered at vember 20 and remained several days af¬ the Department in mid-November. From ter which he visited relatives in New November 22 to December 2 he was on Jersey. He sailed from New York City trade conference work in Philadelphia, on the S.S. Leif for his post on Decem¬ New York City, Boston, Buffalo, Cleve¬ ber 7. His mother is making her home land, Detroit, Chicago and St. Louis. with him in Ciudad Trujillo. E. Anderson Laurence E. Salisbury concluded his Frederic C. Fornes, Jr., Consul at assignment in the Division of Far East¬ Hongkong, accompanied by Mrs. Fornes ern Affairs on December 9 and sailed and their two children, arrived in Los from Los Angeles on December 15 on Angeles on December 7 on the S. S. the S.S. President Coolidge for Manila President Coolidge. They proceeded di¬ to assume new duties there. It was an¬ rect to their home in Buffalo, New York, nounced that his principal duties in to spend leave. Manila for the time being rvould be con¬ fined to advising and assisting the Lawrence S. Armstrong, Consul at United States High Commissioner to the Nogales, visited the Department for sev¬ Philippine Islands in the supervision of eral days beginning November 20. Af¬ control of the foreign affairs of the Com¬ ter leaving Washington he planned to monwealth of the Philippines and that visit at his home at Penn Yan, New he also would study the situation in the York, before returning to Nogales. L. E. Salisbury Philippines with a vieyv to preparing data for consideration by the Govern¬ Albert H. Cousins, Jr., until recently ment in connection with the possible as¬ Consul at Buenos Aires, registered at signment of other duties. He will have the Department on November 14 follow¬ the title of Consul. His mother, who has ing his arrival at New York City on the been residing in Peking, planned to join preceding day on the S.S. Uruguay. He him en route at Shanghai and make her intended to spend most of his leave in home with him in Manila. Washington and was joined by his father and mother from Portland, Oregon. He Donal F. McGonigal, Vice Consul at planned to proceed to his new post at Amsterdam, sailed from New York City Tegucigalpa in mid-January. on November 18 on the S.S. Pennland for Amsterdam following leave and a Frederick van den Arend, until re¬ brief detail in the Special Division. cently Consul at Surabaya, registered at Shiras Morris, Jr., Vice Consul at the Department on December 8 and be¬ A. H. Cousins, Jr. gan an assignment in the Special Divi¬ Montevideo, accompanied by Mrs. Mor¬ sion. ris and their three children, sailed for their post from New York City on De¬ Cabot Coville, until recently Second cember 1 on the S.S. Argentina at the Secretary at Tokyo, assumed his new conclusion of home leave and Mr. Mor¬ duties in the Division of Far Eastern Af¬ ris’ temporary assignment in the Divi¬ fairs on December 11 in replacing Mr. sion of Current Information. Salisbury. (Continued on page 44)

23

Cabot Coville Xews From the Field iV.V.V.V.V.V.W.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.VV.V.VV/.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.VV.’.V.'

FIELD CORRESPONDENTS

ACLY, ROBERT A.—Union oj South Africa HALL, CARLOS C.—Panama BARNES, WILLIAM—Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay HICKOK, THOMAS A.—Philippines BECK, WILLIAM H.—Norway, Sweden JOSSELYN, PAUL R.—British Columbia BOHLEN, CHARLES E.—U.S.S.R. KUNIHOLM, BERTEL E.—Baltic countries BONBRIGHT, JAMES C. H.—Belgium, Holland LANCASTER, NATHANIEL, JR.—Portuguese East AfricaJ BRADDOCK, DANIEL M.—Venezuela, Colombia LATIMER, FREDERICK P., JR.—Turkey BUTLER, GEORCE—Peru LEWIS, CHARLES W., JR.—Central America BYINGTON, HOMER, JR.—Yugoslavia LYON, CECIL B.—Chile DICKOVER, ERLE R.—Netherlands Indies MCGREGOR, ROBERT G., JR.—Mexico ENGLISH, ROBERT—Eastern Canada PLITT, EDWIN A.—Northern France FERRIS, WALTON C.—Great Britain REAMS, R. BORDEN—Denmark FULLER, GEORGE G.—Central Canada SCHULER, FRANK A., JR.—Tokyo area GADE, GERHARD—Ecuador SERVICE, JOHN S.—Central China GATEWOOD, RICHARD D.—Brazil SMITH, E. TALBOT—Nairobi area, Kenya GROTH, EDWARD M.—India American Embassy, Berlin—Germany American Consulate General, Algiers—Algeria American Consulate, Yokahama—Yokohama area

V.V.V.'.V.V.'/.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.’.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V OSLO Mrs. George F. Kennan, Prague; and Since the end of August the American Foreign Mrs. George M. Abbott, Marseilles. Service colony in Oslo has been pleasantly aug¬ On the evening of October 24, at the Aula (as¬ mented by the addition of eleven wives and their sembly hall of the University of Oslo) a concert children, evacuated from Berlin and Warsaw7. was rendered by Mrs. Cyrus B. Follmer (Maria Though a few7 have Maximovitch), w7ife of now left, the colony Vice Consul Follmer, originally consisted at Berlin. The Oslo of: Foreign Service w as in¬ Mrs. Carl Birkeland, deed proud of its Ber¬ Warsaw; lin representative, since Mrs. C. Burke El- Mrs. Follmer received brick, Warsaw; one of the most favor¬ Mrs. John K. Davis, able musical criticisms Warsaw; ever accorded a visit¬ Mrs. E. Tomlin ing artist. Bailey, Warsaw; Since the outbreak Mrs. Monroe Wil¬ of hostilities in Europe liams Blake, Warsaw; the American Minister, Mrs. Douglas Jen¬ the Honorable Florence kins, Jr., Warsaw; J. H a r r i m a n. has Mrs. Jule B. Smith, opened the Legation on Warsaw; Tuesdays and Fridays Mrs. Donald B. from three to seven Heath, Berlin; o’clock for relief work, Mrs. Joel C. Hudson, news bulletins and tea. Berlin; cordially inviting all Ambassador Caffery greets Lieutenant Colonel Rob¬ American women in Mrs. Cyrus B. Foll- ert Olds upon the arrival at Rio de Janeiro of the mer, Berlin; “Flying Fortresses” on November 15 to participate in Oslo to take advantage the celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the of this opportunity. Mrs. James W. Rid- founding of the Brazilian Republic. Major Lawrence dleberger, Berlin; C. Mitchell, Military Attach**, is in the background. WILLIAM H. BECK.

24 Clippings from the Paramount City of Flint film taken in Bergen on November 8, showing from top to bottom: Minister Harrinian with Captain Gainard of the City of Flint on board. Mrs. Harrinian, Consul Dunlap, Admiral Tank- Nielsen and Consul Abbott who was passing through as courier that day. On the wharf of Bergen’s Naval Station waiting to hoard the City of Flint. Minister Iiarriman with Admiral Tank-Nielsen, the Bergen naval officer who freed the City of Flint. Minister Harrinian. Consul Dunlap and Admiral Tank-Nielsen.

BERGEN Even the epical voyage of the City oj Flint had its humorous note. Upon dropping anchor in the Bergen harbor, the crew was for¬ bidden any communication with those on shore, every precaution being taken to prevent contact between them and the press until the Captain's re¬ port could be transmitted to and acted upon by the | Department. But the news leaked out as follows: A young woman was noted dangling at the I foot of a precarious ladder. She had ordered her launch away and swung helplessly to and fro until rescued by a gallant crew. It developed that she was an American girl, the wife of a Nor- Iwegian journalist, who at once expressed deep I interest in the various members and wanted to I hear their stories. The following day the world I got her story! A young man selling papers left a launch and |climbed up the ladder. He explained that he ranted nothing for his papers, they were to be [distributed as a gift. Members of the crew were 1 naturally eager to get news of the world—and a [clever reporter got his story and the “first picture [of the crew of the City of Flint after capture.” (Continued on page 49) The Bookshelf

J. RIVES CHILDS, Review Editor

THE WAR IN OUTLINE, by Liddell Hart, Modern Li¬ he was to take so conspicuous a part was to prove brary Edition, pp. 285, $0.95; THROUGH THE FOG OF the opposite. WAR, by Liddell Hart, Random House, pp. 379, $2.50; Hart recalls the uncritical loyalty of Joffre, Foch THE DEFENSE OF BRITAIN, by Liddell Hart, Random and Haig to the dictum of Clausewitz, that the de¬ House, pp. 444, $3.50. struction of the enemy’s military force will settle Anything that Liddell Hart contributes to mili¬ everything. The attempts in this respect of the tary science and history is illuminating. His per¬ French and English are recalled in tragic outline: suasive, limpid prose calls to mind that great critic 850,000 casualties in 1914. almost 2,000,000 in of men and manners of the last century, Sainte- 1915, 420,000 British casualties alone in the four Beuve, with whom Hart’s name is not unworthy to months’ Somme offensive of 1916, of whom 60,000 be linked. were sacrificed on the first day of the attack, and A great deal is being written these days about the then Passchendaele—a name of such tragic import “phoney” character of the present war. Hart has in British military annals—when another 400,000 been for some years now probably the greatest ex¬ British youth were sacrificed to a vain offensive. ponent of a defensive military strategy for Great Hart writes: “For this futility on the western Britain and her ally France. He has been widely front much had been sacrificed beyond the imme¬ reported as enjoying exceptional favor at Whitehall. diate loss of life,” including Bulgaria to the Triple The adoption of the defensive rather than an offen¬ Entente, Serbia to being overrun, and the botching sive role in warfare is something of a startling in¬ of eastern operations generally. He adds: “And, at novation after 1914-1918 and this new strategy of the end, as crowning irony, the issue would be de¬ the allies may yet explain a war which appears so cided more by an economic means, the blockade, inexplicable to armchair critics. than by any decisive victory in battle.” In so far as the germ of the present is to be found Finally, in 1918, by a further irony, as Hart ob¬ in the past, there can be no better introduction to a serves, it was the German offensive which achieved study of the present war than Hart’s The War in for the Allies what their own offensives of 1915, Outline, published three years ago— as compact as 1916 and 1917 had failed to realize, namely, the a soldier’s kit and as clear as a well-kept rifle bore. exhaustion of the German Army. Hart quotes from the British Field Service Regu¬ Through the Fog of War is a series of sketches of lations that high command in war requires “the some of the principal actors and the campaigns of broadest possible outlook and knowledge, of social the World War, 1914-1918. Liddell Hart’s high as well as of military questions.” The author com¬ objectivity is best illustrated in some of his general¬ pares this with the admissions in Charteris’ biog¬ ized conclusions: “We learn from history that in raphy of Haig that: every age and in every clime the majority of people “He (Haig) took little interest in politics. . . . have resented what seems in retrospect to have been He had strangely little learning; his military work purely mater-of-fact comment on their institutions. absorbed him, and he only glanced at other subjects, We learn, too, that nothing has aided the persistence never studied them ... he read few books ... he of falsehood and the evils resulting from it more had not a critical mind.” than the unwillingness of good people to admit the Yet as Hart concludes, “Generals need to be truly truth when it was disturbing to their comfortable general in their knowledge and understanding” for assurance ... It is rare to find anyone whose first the “higher the plane of war, the more the solution reaction to anything is to ask: ‘Is it true?’ . . . An¬ of its problems depends on wide knowledge, broad other lesson in history is that the most dangerous outlook and depth of thought.” folly of all is man’s failure to recognize his own In the 1914-1918 stage of the World War, how¬ aptitude for folly.” ever, the military minds of Europe were absorbed To continue quoting: “History teaches us, again, with Napoleon’s dictum that victory lay with the big that expediency has rarely proved expedient . . . how battalions, with a consequent underrating of the differently the affairs of this world would go—with value of weapon-power, compared with mere man¬ a little more decency, a little more honesty, a little power. Hart quotes Foch, when a colonel, as de¬ more thought. . . . One can understand the point of claring that “any improvement in firearms is bound view of the man who goes in for unabashed ‘piracy’ to strengthen the offensive,” when the war in which and seeks his own profit regardless of others. But

26 one cannot see sense ... in those who maintain any opined that “England had no tactics, very seldom standards of decency in private life yet advocate, or good generals; but a technical form which suited at least condone, the law of the jungle in public and their temperament; a spirit little capable of the international affairs. More illogical still are those offensive, but difficult to shake.” who talk of patriotic self-sacrifice, and of its spir¬ The great significance of Hart’s works for us at itual sublimity, while preaching pure selfishness in the moment is the extent to which they enable us world affairs. Only a perverse patriotism is capable to evaluate the present course of events. Even before of such hopeless folly. . . . September, 1939, he raised the question of what “I have come to think that accuracy, in the deep¬ action Britain and France could take to relieve est sense, is the basic virtue: the foundation of pressure on their Allies in the east if Germany progress. Sweeping judgments, malicious gossip, should move in that direction. As to this he wrote: inaccurate statements which spread a misleading im¬ “In the West, the ratio of space to force is such as pression— these are symptoms of a moral and mental to offer no adequate scope for an offensive strategy recklessness that give rise to war. . . . against opponents who are at least equal in equip¬ “Only second to the futility of pursuing ends ment. Battering rams, also, are out of date. In the reckless of the means is that of attempting progress face of such conditions, nothing could be more dan¬ by compulsion. History shows how often it leads gerous to the capacity of Britain and France than to to reaction. . . . Reforms that last are those that indulge in a combined general offensive.” Hart come naturally, and with least friction, when men’s adds: minds have become ripe for them. . . . “Above all, it should be realized that defense is a “It is strange how people assume that no training psychological attack—on the mind and morale of is needed in the pursuit of truth. ... He (the pur¬ the enemy peoples. ... It is easier to launch a nation suer I has to learn how to detach his thinking from into an aggressive war than to hold together its mul¬ every desire and interest, from every sympathy and titudinous components in a prolonged struggle, and antipathy—like ridding oneself of superfluous tissue, maintain their will to continue fighting for palpably the ‘tissue of untruth which all human beings tend aggressive aims.” to accumulate for their own comfort and protec- Liddell Hart makes the observation in The De¬ tion. fense of Britain that “the second Great War of the It is to be seen that Liddell Hart, if a critic ap¬ 20th century began in July, 1936, following the en¬ proaching the stature of Sainte-Beuve, is also not couragement and experience which had been gained unworthy to be coupled as an author of maxims by Japan in Manchuria and Italy in Abyssinia.” with Joubert. Would it not, however, be more nearly correct per¬ The Defense of Britain was written shortly before haps to state that the Great War of the 20th century the recent outbreak of hostilities on the Western entered into its second decisive phase sometime Front. Notwithstanding that it is the latest of Lid¬ during the period 1931-1939? However that may dell Hart ’s works it is probably the least satisfactory. be, there is some crumb of comfort that in the dark¬ Aside from the technical studies of which it prin¬ ness which has enveloped us there are some few left, cipally consists, it contains little of general interest such as Liddell Hart, devoted with calm detachment that is not to be found in his previous books. to the perception of truth. Hart elaborates his general thesis of the superior¬ Is it not. however, a striking commentary on our ity. except in cases where the quantitative variation times that a man of the intellectual integrity of Lid¬ is at least three to one, of the defense over attack. dell Hart should have to be sought among students He concludes that “in the majority of battles which of war? are engraved in the pages of history the loser was J. R. C. the army which was the first to commit itself to the attack. Here a lesson from our own American ex¬ AMKRICA’S CHANCE OF PEACE, by Duncan Aikman perience may be recalled, the decisive battle of and Blair Bolles. Doubleday Doran & Co., pp. 161, $1.00. Gettysburg, and, even more particularly, the fact that the turning point in the fortunes of the Con¬ Though this little book covers a wide field and federates came with Lee’s invasion of Pennsylvania. touches lightly on most of the problems connected There is a further question, bearing on all this, with American neutrality, it bears the scars of hasty which Hart emphasizes as entitled to consideration, preparation. It has attained the coveted goal of -that of national aptitude. He recalls that it was timeliness only by virtue of superficiality and incon¬ a cardinal principle in the teachings of Guibert. the clusiveness. The authors, like many in the field it is preceptor of Napoleon, “that each nation’s tactics true, have found it easier to raise questions than to should he fitted to the national character. Guibert (Continued on page 47)

27 A native Liberian woman sits in the doorway of her mud house and spins cotton into rough thread preparatory to making herself a gown. The cotton is native grown and is spun by hand., being pulled and twisted with one hand and wound around a stick with the other. The waist and skirt which the woman wears are of native cloth woven on crude hand looms. The turban on her head is of gayly colored cotton from Manchester, Eng¬ land. The hut in the background is made of mud, plastered by hand on a lattice framework of saplings.

28 The Firestone Enterprise in Liberia

By MORRISON B. GIFFEN, Division of Research and Publication

FOLLOWING the efforts of certain European Governments in 1922 to restrict the production of rubber in the Far East, the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio, began to consider means for creating an independent American rubber planting industry. Two conditions seemed neces¬ sary for success in any country to be selected for the enterprise: a suitable soil and climate, and polit¬ ical stability. After a methodical search, the Fire¬ stone Company found that Liberia admirably ful¬ filled these conditions. In 1926 the Firestone Company acquired a con¬ cession in Fiberia for the lease of a million acres for rubber plantations, at a rental of six cents an acre for ninety-nine years, with payment to the Liberian Government of a royalty of one percent of the New York price on all rubber shipped from the plantations. Simultaneously, a loan agreement was concluded between the Liberian Government and the Firestone interests (Finance Corporation of America), which provided for a forty-year loan of $5,000,000 at seven percent to the Liberian Government, through the National City Bank as fiscal agent. I Bonds for only A view of pari of a village of houses provided by llie $2,500,000 were issued.) The Liberian Government, Firestone Company for its native employees. The on its part, agreed to appoint a Financial Adviser, houses are of briek with corrugated iron roofs and who should be designated by the President of the consist of two inner rooms and a covered veranda. United States, and who with a staff of officials should One of these dwellings is provided rent free for each laborer with a family. supervise the collection of the Government’s rev¬ enues and expenditures. By these transactions the Firestone Company stands to the Liberian Republic as its most impor¬ tant concessionaire and also as its principal creditor. A native tapping a rubber tree oil one of the planta¬ The two Firestone agreements have been twice tions operated by the Firestone Company in Liberia. modified, first in 1935 and in 1937, the principal modifications being a reduction from seven percent to five percent in the rate of interest on the loan and a reduction in the number of the American fiscal officers. Relations between the Firestone interests and the Liberian Government are excellent and since the re¬ adjustment of the Loan Agreement in 1935 all pay¬ ments on interest and amortization have been fully and promptly met. The Firestone Company has taken up and im¬ proved only a small part of the million acres which it is privileged to select for leasing under the 1926 Planting Agreement. It now has under cultivation about 67,000 acres, to which will be added 10,000 lContinued on page 40) PROMOTIONS

Foreign Service Officers promoted effective No¬ FROM CLASS VII TO CLASS VI vember 16, 1939: H. Merrell BenninghoffPeiping 2nd Sec. Daniel M. Braddock Caracas 2nd Sec. FROM CLASS II TO CLASS I James E. Brown, Jr. London 2d Sec. Walter A. Adams Department Con. Gen. Gerald A. Drew Department 2d Sec. Joseph W. Ballantine Department Con. Gen. Kenneth C. Krentz Canton Consul Pierre deL. Boal Mexico City Counselor Horace H. Smith Shanghai Consul Monnett B. Davis Buenos Aires Con. Gen. Robert S. Ward Foochow Consul Herschel V. Johnson London Counselor Archer Woodford Maracaibo Consul John Farr Simmons Ottawa C. G.-Coun FROM CLASS VIII TO CLASS VII S. Pinkney Tuck Buenos Aires Counselor George Wadsworth Jerusalem Con. Gen. Robert English Ottawa Con.-3d S. Willard Galbraith Batavia Consul Randolph Harrison, Jr. Rio de Janeiro 3d Sec. FROM CLASS III TO CLASS II Frederick P. Latimer, Istanbul Consul Jr. Department Consul George L. Brandt Cecil B. Lyon Department 3d Sec. Callao-Lima C. G.-lst S Homer Brett John B. Ocheltree San Jose Con.-3d S. Department 1st Sec. Joseph Flack Edward Page, Jr. Department V. C.-3d S. James K. Penfield Department Consul John C. Shillock, Jr. Lisbon Consul FROM CLASS IV TO CLASS III Stanley G. Slavens Tokyo Consul Ralph C. Busser Leipzig Con. Gen. Gerald Warner Taihoku Consul

FROM UNCLASSIFIED (A) TO CLASS VIII FROM CLASS V TO CLASS IV William C. Affeld, Jr. Kobe V. c. George Atcheson, Jr. Department 2nd Sec. Charles A. Cooper Shanghai V. c. J. Rives Childs Department 2nd Sec. Theodore J. HohenthalVienna v.c. John Carter Vincent Geneva Consul E. Allen Lightner, Jr. Riga V. C.-3d S. H. Gordon Minne- Singapore gerode V. c. FROM CLASS VI TO CLASS V John S. Service Shanghai V. c. Maurice W. Altaffer Zurich Consul FROM UNCLASSIFIED (B) TO UNCLASSIFIED (A) George J. Haering Warsaw Consul A. Dana Hodgdon Berlin Con-2d S, Jay Dixon Edwards Tokyo Lang. Off. John F. Huddleston Department Consul Joel C. Hudson Berlin Con-2d S, FROM UNCLASSIFIED (C) TO UNCLASSIFIED (B) Quincy F. Roberts Chefoo Consul Philip D. Sprouse Peiping Lang. Off. INSURANCE for foreign Foreign Service service officers Officers Throughout the World

Wherever you are you can obtain an annual Government Service Policy covering fire, BANK lightning, burglary and theft, and marine hazards, or a special trip policy or a baggage HERE policy by writing us. Give the value of the AMERICAN SECURITY is serv¬ goods to be insured, the date the policy is ing the financial needs of foreign to start. If for a trip policy, also give date service officers stationed through¬ of shipment, routing and name of vessel if possible. out the world through its gen¬ eral banking, trust and safe de¬ Even if your letter is received after posit facilities. the departure of the ship, or after Wherever your post of duty the date you wish the annual policy may be, you will find it advan¬ to start, the insurance will be in tageous to establish and maintain force from the time specified, pro¬ a banking connection here in vided that no known loss has oc¬ Washington, D.C. American Se¬ curred before the writing of the curity gives special attention to order for insurance. the requirements of such ac¬ counts and their need for spe¬ Since it costs no more . . . perhaps less, cialized service. Give American Underwriters a Chance We cordially invite your inquiry.

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31 Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the For¬ Harold L. Williamson of Chicago, Illinois, Ameri¬ eign Service since November 4, 1939: can Consul at Hamilton, Bermuda, has been as¬ The assignment of Landreth M. Harrison of Min¬ signed American Consul at Guatemala, Guatemala. neapolis, Minnesota, as Second Secretary of Lega¬ Cabot Coville of Los Angeles, California, Second tion and American Consul at Bucharest, Rumania, Secretary of Embassy at Tokyo, Japan, has been has been cancelled. Mr. Harrison has now been assigned for duty in the Department of State. designated Second Secretary of Embassy and Ameri¬ Herve J. L’Heureux of Manchester, New Hamp¬ can Consul at Berlin, Germany, and will serve in shire, American Consul at Stuttgart, Germany, has dual capacity. been assigned American Consul at Antwerp, Bel¬ William D. Moreland, Jr., of Portland, Oregon, gium. American Vice Consul at Bordeaux, France, has The assignment of Charles A. Converse of Val¬ been assigned for duty in the Department of State. dosta, Georgia, as American Consul at Palermo, Edward B. Rand of Shreveport, Louisiana, Ameri¬ Italy, has been canceled. Mr. Converse has now can Consul at Panama, Panama, will resign from been assigned American Consul at Manchester, the Foreign Service effective February 3, 1940. England. Frederick J. Cunningham of Boston, Massachu¬ Gordon H. Mattison of Wooster, Ohio, Third Sec¬ setts, American Foreign Service Officer, designated retary of Legation and American Vice Consul at as Assistant Trade Commissioner at Johannesburg, Baghdad, Iraq, has been assigned American Vice Union of South Africa, has been assigned for duty Consul at Madras, India. in the Department of State. Harlan B. Clark of Brookfield, Ohio, American The assignment of Paul C. Daniels of Rochester, Vice Consul at Birmingham, England, has been des¬ New York, as Second Secretary of Embassy and ignated Third Secretary of Legation and American American Consul at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has Vice Consul at Bangkok, Siam, and will serve in been cancelled. Mr. Daniels has been assigned for dual capacity. Non-Career duty in the Department of State. Thomas R. Flack of Chicago, Illinois, American E. Tomlin Bailev of Hasbrouck Heights, New Vice Consul at Vienna, Germany, has been ap¬ Jersey, American Vice Consul at Warsaw, Poland, pointed American Vice Consul at Frankfort-on- has been designated Third Secretary of Legation Main, Germany. and American Vice Consul at Kaunas, Lithuania, and will serve in dual capacity. HAPPY ACCIDENT Place de la Concorde, Non-Career Athens, November 16, 1939. Harry C. Reed of New Hampshire, American American Legation, Athens. Clerk at Quito, Ecuador, has been appointed Ameri¬ SIRS: can Vice Consul at that post. We have the honor to send you herewith infor¬ Erland Gjessing of Mt. Vernon, New York, Amer¬ mation regarding the effects of Mr. , to be ican Vice Consul at Copenhagen, Denmark, will shipped to New York on the S. S. Export. retire from the Foreign Service effective March 31, On this occasion we wish to mention that during 1940. the loading of the lift van on to the vessel on the 14th instant at eleven o’clock in the evening, by The following changes have occurred in the For¬ bad handling of the vessel the crane gave way and eign Service since November 18, 1939: the van fell on to the quay, happily, however, with¬ William H. Beck of Washington, District of Co¬ out causing accident to our men. lumbia, American Consul General at Oslo, Norway, In bringing this matter to your attention, Mes¬ has been assigned American Consul General at sieurs, we present to you the assurance of our very Hamilton, Bermuda. high consideration. SOCIETE DE . Head Hunter Geer kin displays a trophy taken at historic Fort San Lorenzo, Canal Zone.

The candid camera caught the Pays code room in fervid activ¬ ity. Anyhow, the gas masks and blacked-out windows lend a bel¬ ligerent atmosphere. Left to right: Messrs. Connelly, Dunaway, Mur¬ ray, Earl and Falvey, with Bas- tianello conducting.

On the Bosphorus, in the Em¬ bassy launch, behind the dark glasses, are: Patricia Brent, a friend, and Rebecca Latimer.

Consul General Stewart flanked by Consul Goforth and Vice Con¬ sul Krausse who met him at the Brownsville airport upon his re¬ turn from Washington.

Joe and Maruca Maleady pose Indian fashion on Lake Caote- peque, El Salvator. That's Ana- bell and Micky balancing the bow. COMMERCIAL AVIATION IN COSTA RICA Outstanding (Continued, from page 13) Foreign Banking Facilities brought down from the United States, and when the company was fairly established, Schoenfeldt trans¬ The foreign banking organization of The ferred his interest in the company to Robert Gor¬ Chase National Bank includes branches don, Eric Murray and their associates, all of whom and representatives on three continents are American citizens. supplemented by thousands of correspon¬ While these developments were taking place a young Costa Rican, Roman Macaya, was in the dents. Branches are located in London, United States studying aviation. In September, Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San 1933, Macaya, accompanied by another pilot, Paul Juan. In addition, the bank maintains McCarthy, flew his first plane, a Curtiss-Robin, from offices for its representatives in Rome, Oakland, California, to Costa Rica. His arrival was Berlin and Mexico City. Through an the occasion for national rejoicing by Costa Ricans affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are who saw in his achievement a similarity to the deeds of Lindbergh, a resemblance also suggested by the operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong name of his plane, “Espiritu Tico” (Spirit of Costa and Tientsin. Rica). THE In looking back on the flight, Macaya is con¬ vinced a guardian angel was watching over him and CHASE NATIONAL BANK McCarthy. Cloudy weather was encountered on the greater part of the trip. Before leaving Managua. OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Nicaragua, they were advised by radio from the Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation southbound Pan American plane not to take off as the weather in Costa Rica was bad. Ignoring the advice they arrived in Costa Rica to find the meseta central and capital of San Jose shut off from view by a heavy cloud overcast. At this juncture and with the gasoline supply running low Macaya decided to ^Modern head for the Atlantic Coast in the hope that at¬ mospheric conditions at Port Limon would be favor¬ ‘Diplomacy able for a landing. Avoiding the high volcanoes of Poas, Barba and Through subleties of Irazu in the vicinity of San Jose, they reached the service and open Atlantic coast to find good weather and visibility. covenants of hospi¬ Uncertain whether Limon lay to north or south of tality, the Savoy- his position and with insufficient gas remaining to Plaza has won the fly very far in either direction, Macaya saw a man hearts of travelers at the mouth of a small river. He hastily scribbled from everywhere. a few words in Spanish on a scrap of paper—• Smart shops, theatres “Which way to Limon”—and wadding it up, flew and subway nearby. low to throw it at the man’s feet. They watched A 25% discount from room eagerly as the peon picked up the message, read it charges is allowed members and pointed in the direction of Limon. The plane of the Foreign Service. sped down the coast and ten minutes later landed at Henry A. Rost, Limon with only one quart of gasoline to spare. Managing Director George Suter, Macaya had no difficulty in forming a local stock Resident Manager company, Aerovias Nacionales, with capital sub¬ scribed entirely by Costa Ricans. The construction of hangars at the Sabana was started and he re¬ turned to the United States to purchase another SAVOY- plane. On May 12, 1934. he and Howard B. Craw¬ Overlooking Central Park ford, an American licensed transport pilot, arrived FIFTH AVE., 58th to 59th Sts., NEW YORK in Costa Rica with the first bi-motor ever brought to

34 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL the country—a Curtiss Kingbird. Operations under a mail contract secured from the Costa Rican gov¬ ernment were begun August 1st of the same year. The airmail contracts granted by the Government of Costa Rica made possible the development of na¬ tional companies engaged in the transportation by plane of passengers, mail and express. Contracts were for five years’ duration, and provided a gov¬ ernment subsidy of 6,000 Colones per month (equivalent of $1,000 to $1,500 per month depend¬ ing on fluctuations in exchange during the life of the contracts). In return the companies were obliged to carry mail and maintain a minimum specified number of services weekly to various points throughout the country. Of further assistance was the fact that airplanes, parts and aviation fuel are imported into Costa Rica free of duty. In this part of Central America the Atlantic and FOREIGN and DOMESTIC Pacific Oceans are separated only by the 140 mile REMOVALS in safe steel lift width of Costa Rica. During the long rainy season vans, wooden vans or cases. clouds roll in daily from both oceans, and close in over the cordillera at anytime after eleven o’clock in the morning and before four in the afternoon. Scheduled flights, whenever possible, are made early in the morning in order to avoid blind-flying in a country dotted with lofty volcanoes. Nevertheless, with the exception of the loss of one plane, there have been no casualties nor even minor injuries caused to passengers during the last seven years, even though forced landings have occasionally had to be made. Air traffic in Costa Rica since its beginning only seven years ago has increased remarkably. The latest figures for the operations of only one of the three national companies for the five months period from January to June of this year show a total of 7,403 passengers flown and 913,364 pounds of freight carried. Another of the companies has ob¬ tained a contract from the United Fruit Company to transport 2,000,000 pounds of freight from Puerto STORAGE of household effects, Cortes to Kilometer 33, where the fruit company Works of Art, furniture, office is constructing a railroad in the jungle. All kinds of heavy supplies from railroad ties and rails to records and private automobiles. tractors and culverts will be flown by plane to Kilo¬ meter 33. Service facilities have kept pace with these developments, and today almost any type of plane passing through Costa Rica could be ser¬ viced and obtain the proper gasoline or oil needed. The Sabana, or meadow land, where the early fly¬ ers set their planes down, is gradually being con¬ verted into one of the finest landing fields in Cen¬ tral America and passenger facilities will be greatly improved with the completion of the new municipal airport building now under construction.

JANUARY, 1940 35 Commerce Curriculum in llitk Foreign Service Officers' Training School

By VERNON L. FLUHARTY

IN some far capital there is decreed an increase or freight terminal are unloaded, and the goods are in import duties. The rates will affect Ameri¬ returned to the warehouse. can goods coming to that market. The American By the prompt action of the American Foreign Commercial Attache, or other Foreign Service Of¬ Service and the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic ficer on commercial detail, makes immediate in¬ Commerce, the American exporter has been saved quiries. It is found that the duties will prevail a considerable sum. against goods in transit at the time the new sched¬ This incident, frequently re-enacted with only the ule goes into effect. A cable is despatched. characters and the locale changed, is representative Within a few hours the information has spanned of the many services to American business which the ocean and passed over the wires from the Bu¬ were described in detail for the Foreign Service Of¬ reau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce in Wash¬ ficers’ Training School during its period of in¬ ington to its twenty-seven district offices scattered struction in the Department of Commerce, Novem¬ throughout the country from New York to Los An¬ ber 8 to 16, 1939. geles, from New Orleans to Chicago. Soon, in The school, the first to benefit by the intensified many states, telephones on the desks of export man¬ commerce curriculum since the consolidation of the agers are jingling. A brief conversation, and then Foreign Commerce Service and the Foreign Service trucks already on the point of departure for dock of the United States under Reorganization Plan No.

The Hon. Edward J. Noble, Under-Secretary of the Department of Commerce, addresses the F. S. O. Training School. Seated, right to left: Messrs. Kinden, Smythe, Norden, Ray Cunningham, Christianson, Grinnell, Hart, de Leon of Venezuela. Fritzlan, Kidder, Davis, West, Horsey. Standing, left to right: Messrs. Krieg, Cordell, Goodyear, Davenport, Wythe, Noble, Young, Huddle, Murphy, Heacock, Cowles and Belton.

36 II. was welcomed to the Department of Commerce by the Honorable Edward J. Noble, Under Secre¬ tary of Commerce, who stressed the interdepend¬ ence of the Bureau and the Foreign Service. Mr. J. M. Young, Director of the Bureau, aptly pointed out to the school that despite its many di¬ visions and ramified functions, its fundamental pur¬ pose was a simple one: the bringing together of buyer and seller. The manner in which this proc¬ ess is begun, the relaying of requests for informa¬ tion to tbe field, and the question of bridging the gap between the dissemination of field information to the public and the restriction of confidential ma¬ A WORLD-WIDE terial coming to the Department of State was dis¬ cussed by Mr. George Wythe, Commerce Liaison Officer with the State Department. Further evi¬ SELLING ORGANIZATION dence of cooperation between the Departments of State and Commerce was presented by H. C. Mc¬ Wards Products are in steady demand Lean, F. S. 0., in his discussion of the Trade Agree¬ the world over. And no wonder! ments Program. Advanced engineering and painstak¬ Designed to give the school an insight into the ing research insure products of un¬ specific problems facing American exporters and usual quality. Mass production and importers, to relate these problems to the foreign mass distribution assure the mainte¬ and domestic economic situation, and to picture nance of prices that are highly com¬ the organization, functioning and interrelation of petitive. the divisions of the Bureau, the program was both varied and intensified. Hence Wards leadership in the auto¬ motive, electrical and mechanical Under the chairmanship of Samuel H. Day, F. S. specialty fields. Users of Wards Air¬ O. , who was ably assisted bv Fred J. Cunningham, line Radios are now running into the F. S. 0., morning sessions, held in the Department second million. Sales of Wards River¬ of Commerce building, were devoted to lectures by side Tires have now exceeded the division chiefs. 35,000,000 mark. The demand for The schedule follows: Wards refrigerators, washers, vacu¬ um cleaners, power plants, paints, MONDAY, NOVEMBKR 13, 1939 A. M. tools and automotive equipment is 9:00- 9:15—Industry Problems and the Industrial Serv- steady and consistent. vice Divisions. Carroll Wilson, Assistant Director, Bureau Distributors interested in securing of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. exclusive franchise for the distribu¬ 9:15- 9:45—Automotive-Aeronautics. tion of Wards Products should write Paul Mattix, Acting Chief, Automotive- immediately to the Factory Export Aeronautics Trade Division. Division. Franchises are still avail¬ 9:45-10:15—Chemical. able in a number of territories. C. C. Concannon, Chief, Chemical Division. 10:20-10:50—Electrical. Wards Specialties are sold abroad J. H. Payne, Chief, Electrical Division. through Distributors and 10:55-11:20—Foodstuffs. Dealers ONLY C. E. Birgfeld, Assistant Chief, Foodstuffs Division. 11:25-11:55—Forest Products. Phillips A. Hayward, Chief, Forest Prod¬ ucts Division. MONTGOMERY WARD 12:00-12:30—Plans for Export Standards in Developing * i Established 1872 Foreign Trade. fu * FACTORY EXPORT DIVISION (fjS.,# I. J. Fairchild, Chief Division of Trade Standards, Bureau of Standards. r 618 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago, U. S. A. Cables —Thornward P. M. 2:00- 4:00—V isits to Bureau of Standards. Visitors from abroad cordially invited to Chicago Headquarters

37 TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1939 A. M. 9:15- 9:45—Machinery. Lewis M. Lind, Chief, Machinery Division. 9:45-10:15—Metals and Minerals. W. A. Janssen, Chief, Metals and Minerals Division. 10:20-10:50—Motion Pictures—Picture Division. Nathan Golden, Chief, Motion Picture Di¬ vision. 10:55-11:20—Specialties. H. B. McCoy, Chief, Specialties Division. 11:25-11:55—Textiles. E. T. Pickard, Chief, Textile Division. 12:00-12:30—Tobacco. B. D. Hill, Chief, Tobacco Division. P. M. 12:30- 1:00—Leather and Rubber. E. G. Holt, Chief, Leather-Rubber Division.

These discussions dealt with a wide range of sub¬ jects, from the international trade position of spe¬ cific American industries and the problems facing them in world competition, to the broader aspects of world economy and the place which American trade has achieved and may hope to achieve therein as a result of outstanding world economic phe¬ nomena. Afternoon meetings were in the nature of visits The to the various commodity divisions, where groups of four to six members of the school met with di¬ Manhattan Storage & vision chiefs for more detailed discussion of field questions and reporting requirements. Warehouse Company On the closing day of the session, the general 52nd Street and Seventh Avenue trade and economic picture was rounded out by an interesting presentation of outstanding national 80th Street and Third Avenue economic problems, at which Dr. N. H. Engle, As¬ New York City sistant Director of the Bureau, presided. The gen¬ eral trend of economic events, national income, the ♦ ♦ measure of distribution costs, and the general busi¬ SUPERIOR FACILITIES FOR STOR ness outlook were discussed by Dr. Willard Thorp, ACE OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS, Mr. Lowell Chawner, Mr. Robert M. Nathan and Mr. Wilford L. White. Mr. Joseph Mehan and Dr. PACKING, MOVING, SHIPPING V. G. Reed concluded the program with a survey AND LIFT VANS of plans for the 1940 census. ♦ ♦ The program of the Department of Commerce has SPECIAL SERVICE TO MEET been a valuable experience for the school, particu¬ PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS larly in humanizing and vitalizing the routine and machinery of trade work. Not the least factor in ♦ ♦ this respect are the many interesting personal con¬ • Prices Most Reasonable • tacts made while members of the class were guests of the Bureau and its staff.

38 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL DEPARTMENT ASSIGNMENTS Since 1889 FOR F. S. O.’s (Continued from page 10) Perfection i?i tain, it is not possible to make those arrangements and adjustments that could be made to meet the sit¬ FLOWERS! Satisfaction Cnarantecd uation in the event of permanent residence. On the Across the Street or Miles positive side, there are advantages, of course, which Member of may more than balance the financial hardship. the Florist Telegraph These, generally, relate to education and health; al¬ Delivery though there are many purely personal reasons that Association would make a Department assignment desirable in individual cases. Phone NAlional 4276 Washington, D. C. For those who make a choice of the Foreign Serv¬ ice as a career with an intelligent knowledge of its advantages and disadvantages and who succeed in adjusting and adapting themselves to its peculiar FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL form of lile. new situations and changed conditions are the rule rather than the exception. If the De¬ SPECIAL SUBSCRIPTIONS partment were to be made “required service,” some officers would classify Washington with the had Your relatives and friends will welcome that had to be taken along with the good. Others, and. 1 believe, the majority, would welcome the this intimate news about the Service, opportunity to take an active part in the American the people in it and its work. scene at regular intervals. After our voluntary ex¬ ile it is an experience filled with paradoxes—there Send them a subscription at our is strangeness in what was most familiar to us; special rate. there is the meeting with old friends whose interests now are so different from our own; there is the in¬ evitable comparison of our national life and insti¬ T- JOURNAL offers to each active and as¬ tutions with those of other countries; there is the sociate member of the American Foreign Serv¬ shock of discovering that what we had held to be ice Association the privilege of subscribing solid American virtues frequently exist only in our for the JOURNAL for or on behalf of rela¬ own minds; there is the pride and confidence of the tives and friends at the rate of $2 per year. renewed conviction that the essential qualities of our country can well stand comparison with those of any Each member may use up to five of these other in the world. These things are of real value special subscriptions. Please use the coupon to us in our work as Foreign Service Officers of the United States. below.

SPECIAL OFFER COVER PICTURE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, A “Flying Fortress” flying at 13,000 feet altitude Care Department of State, in the vicinity of Dayton, Ohio. The machine is an Washington, D. C. Army Air Corps Boeing B-17. Official photograph, U. S. Army Air Corps. Please send the JOURNAL for one year To

Send bill for $ To

JANUARY, 1940 39 THE FIRESTONE ENTERPRISE that source amount to no more than two and four- IN LIBERIA fifths percent of the country’s total income. (Continued from page 29) acres of new plantings in 1940. During the present TO THOSE WHO BELITTLE THE PRESENT year, the production of dry rubber is expected to “To complain of the age we live in, to murmur reach 10,200,000 pounds, while for next year the at the present possessors of power, to lament the estimate is 15,250,000 pounds. past ... is the common disposition of the greatest The Company is steadily extending its system of part of mankind.”-—Edmund Burke, in “Thoughts motor roads and it has spanned the Du River with on the Cause of Present Discontents,” 1770. a modern steel bridge. At Duside it has erected a “Society has played out its last stroke. It is wireless station checkmated. Young through which it men have no hope. maintains trans - At¬ PRIZE COMPETITION Adults stand like day lantic communication laborers, idle in the and it has asked the The Editors wish to remind Foreign Service Offi¬ streets. None calleth Liberian Government cers and their w ives of the 7iotice regarding the prize us to labor. The pres¬ for a concession to competition for brief articles descriptive of unusual, ent generation is build another station amusing or interesting experiences, which appeared bankrupt of princi¬ near Monrovia. It in the Editors’ Column of the JOURNAL last month. ples and hope, as of has organized the Contestants are urged to send in their articles as property.” — Ralph United States Trad¬ soon as practicable. The competition will close on W aldo Emerson, in ing Company, which July 1, 1940, and manuscripts (not over 2,500 his “Journal,” 1837. engages in retail trade words in length ) must be in the hands of the Editors at various centers. by that date. IN MEMORIAM After the British A committee has been appointed to consider the Mrs. Cornelius Fer¬ Bank of West Africa articles submitted and to aw’ard the prizes. This ris, wife of Mr. Cor¬ withdrew its branch committee is composed of the following members: nelius Ferris, retired at Monrovia in 1930, Harry A. McBride, Chairman, Foreign Service Offi¬ the Company replaced Henry S. Villard cer, on November 16 it with the Bank of Ellis O. Briggs at Washington, D. C. Monrovia, which does Paul H. Ailing Mrs. David A. Sal¬ a general banking The Editorial Board has also approved a slight mon, wife of Mr. business and also increase in the second prize, and the awards now David A. Salmon, serves as official de¬ stand as follow's: Chief of the Division positary of the Li¬ of Communica¬ berian Government tion and Records, on funds. First Prize $50.00 November 16 at Second Prize 25.00 Washington, D. C. In the conduct of Third Prize 15.00 these various enter¬ Mrs. Emina Pastor prises, the Company DuBois, w'ife of the employs an American The JOURNAL reserves the right to publish any late James T. DuBois, staff of nearly one manuscript submitted, with payment ut its usual former Minister to Co¬ hundred persons. Its rates. lumbia, August 29. in native labor force Wiesbaden, Germany. numbers over 10,000 and its annual wage bill is only a little under $1,- MARRIAGES 000,000. Last year the Company built more than Johansen-Norton. Miss Lucy Norton of Eugene, 3,000 additional houses for its native laborers, and Oregon, and Mr. Beppo Rolff Johansen, were mar¬ all labor towns are being planted with oil palms and ried on October 28 at Harbin where Mr. Johansen fruit trees. The Company, by the erection of hospi¬ is Vice Consul. tals and the establishment of a modern medical serv¬ Thomasson-Brooke. Miss Anne Tilton Brooke of ice for its employees, has made a very material con¬ Lexington, Virginia, and Mr. David A. Thomasson, tribution to the welfare of Liberia. Vice Consul at Tokyo, were married on December 2. The Liberian Government has pointed out that the Gade-King. Mrs. Mary Watts King of New' York, National income does not depend directly upon the and Mr. Gerhard Gade, Second Secretary at Quito, Firestone enterprises and that the sums derived from were married on December 17 at Guayaquil.

40 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL CENTURIES-OLD ST. SOPHIA, A PRIZE ATTRACTION OF ISTANBUL, TURKEY PHOTOGRAPHED BY BERNARD F. ROGERS, JR., FOR THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE TO YOU WHO TRAVEL TO PLACES IN THE NEWS:

ERF, is an important suggestion of particular faction of thus sharing your educational observations interest to Foreign Service Officers who can with a vast and eager audience, comprised of more than take good pictures and who like to write. one million reader-families. Liberal payment is made for With your background of personal experiences all manuscripts and photographs accepted for publication. as a traveler and trained observer, you are well equipped Before preparing a manuscript it is advisable that you to render a valuable service to geographic education. send the editor a brief outline of your proposed article. This Magazine invites you to submit photographs that tell a story of human-interest value, and accurate accounts THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE that portray interesting phases of life in all countries, especially nowadays in countries that appear in the Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor headlines and datelines of world news. Enjoy the satis¬ WASHINGTON, D. C.

WRITE TIMELY STORIES FOR THE GEOGRAPHIC

JANUARY, 1940 41 ICELAND (Continued, from page 7) indented with many firths and bays, the only excep¬ tions being the south coast, where there are no bays —only harborless sands. Most of the country consists of mountain regions. Nevertheless, the southwestern part of the country has large areas of lowland with good pasturages. Besides this many great valleys stretch from the firths far into the mainland. Iceland has many vol¬ canic mountains frequently covered by glaciers. The country has often been called by the poets the land of frost and fire, and it certainly is true that Iceland is a land of contrasts. The largest glacier in Europe is Vatnajokull in the southeastern part of Iceland. Under its thick cover of ice and snow there are more than a hundred volcanic craters which often cause disasters. Iceland has numerous hot springs, the most fa¬ mous being the Great Geysir. which has given name to spouting springs (geysers) all over the world. Iceland has many lakes which increase the beauty of the country, and many of her numerous rivers have beautiful waterfalls and yield salmon in abun¬ dance. Most people would think that the climate of Ice¬ land is very cold, a thought which is quite natural, owing to the name of the country and its geographi¬ cal situation. This is, however, not the truth. The climate of Iceland is a temperate insular climate with mild winters and chilly summers. Because the Gulf Stream encircles the country, the harbors of Iceland are ice-free the year round. The mean tem¬ perature for the whole year in Reykjavik is 39 de¬ grees Fahrenheit, which is similar to Quebec, Can¬ ada, and the average temperature in January in Reykjavik is 30 degrees Fahrenheit, or the same as that of January in New York City. In the last 50-60 years Iceland has undergone a complete change. Within that period the country has shifted from a primitive agricultural economy to a modern diversified economy which has been char¬ acterized by industrial expansion. The moderniza¬ Community branches throughout Greater tion of Iceland, it can be said, began in the year New York; overseas offices, affiliates 1874, when the Icelandic Althing was granted finan¬ and correspondent banks in every com¬ cial autonomy. At that time Iceland had no car¬ riage roads, no bridges over the rivers, no light¬ mercially important city in the world. houses along the dangerous coasts, no telegraph, very few hospitals, etc. Both fishing and farming THE NATIONAL CITY BANK were performed with out-of-date equipment. In the OF NEW YORK last fifty years all this has changed. There are auto¬ "Your personal representative throughout the world" mobile roads nearly all over the country, most of the rivers have been spanned with bridges, the tele¬ Head Office: 55 Wall Street graph, the telephone, the radio is now in every coun¬ Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ty of the country, and fishing and farming have been modernized.

42 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Until recently farming was the principal occupa¬ tion of the Icelandic population, and it still is as far as the number of people engaged in it is con¬ cerned. Today, however, fishing is the most impor¬ WOODWARD & LOTHROP tant of the industries in Iceland, although only 20 10th, 11th, F and G Streets per cent of the people are directly dependent on the fisheries. Iceland’s fishing banks are among the Washington, D. C., U. S. A. best in the world, and they are a veritable gold mine for the people of the island. For centuries the Ice¬ landers only used small rowing boats, and it was "A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital” not until the beginning of this century that the steam trawlers were taken into use. Thereafter the fisheries witnessed a substantial growth, and now the little country is the fifth largest of the fish produc¬ ing countries in Europe. Iceland catches almost 8 per cent of all fish taken in European waters, al¬ Read and Enjoy All the though her population is only 0.2 per cent of the total population of Europe. If the yield of the fish¬ eries is counted in pounds per head of population, Outstanding New Books Iceland is far ahead of all other European countries with 6,400 pounds per head, the next one being Norway with 897 pounds, Denmark with 90 pounds, ... at savings and Great Britain with 46 pounds per head. The sea products of Iceland amount to about 80 of up to 50 °/c per cent of its exports, the principal commodities being salted and fresh (frozen) fish, mostly cod¬ fish, herring, herring-oil, and cod-liver oil. The last mentioned is the principal product which Ice¬ Join the company of thousands and land exports to the United States. It brings higher prices on the world markets than the production of thousands of book-lovers as a member any other country because of its quality. of the Literary Guild . . . and share in As far as agriculture is concerned, it is mostly all the amazing money-saving advantages based on raising sheep and cattle. The Icelandic summers are too short for growing grains. A new and other privileges. The Guild is a and most interesting feature in the agriculture of book club which offers outstanding new Iceland is the erecting of greenhouses where there books, both fiction and non-fiction, in are hot springs. Now fruit and vegetables, which otherwise could not he cultivated in Iceland on ac¬ advance of the sale of these books count of the climate, such as grapes, melons, toma¬ through regular channels. Thus you are toes, etc., are grown by the heat which mother earth so kindly grants. And it is not only for growing able to own the finest and newest in fruit and vegetables or different kinds of flowers special editions for Guild members. that the hot springs are being used in modern Ice¬ land. Recently a magnificent work was begun in Join the Literary Guild through Wood¬ order to heat the capital of Iceland with the hot water from some springs in the neighborhood of ward & Lothrop—write to us for further Reykjavik. This work will be finished in a year or information. two, and then Reykjavik will be the first capital in the world without coal heating. Not only has the land area subject to cultivation been expanded but land already in farms has been Address your communications to Woodward more intensely cultivated resulting in a large in¬ crease in agricultural production. This has been & Lothrop, Washington, D. C., U. S. A.; accompanied by an expansion in the development attention Mrs. Marion Tolson. of livestock, poultry and related products. Thus the production of mutton has increased about 40

JANUARY, 1940 43 per cent, milk 35 per cent, wool 25 per cent, and I I eggs about 400 per cent. The real gain has. how¬ TURNER’S ever. been the improvements in the quality of pro¬ duction. Diplomatic School The principal export articles of agricultural pro¬ 1774 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N. W., duction are salted and frozen mutton, salted sheep WASHINGTON, D. C. skins and wool. A fully equipped institution devoted exclusively to Industry in Iceland is very young, but since it the preparation of college graduates for the written began it has been doing well. It is now an impor¬ examinations for the Foreign Service. Teaching staff tant part of the economy of Iceland, especially the of 12 experienced university instructors. production of herring and other fishmeal. New in¬ Next course begins Monday, February 5, 1940. dustries are being established every year, but most For further information and bulletin, address of them only supply the home market. Colonel Campbell Turner, Director. With the outbreak of hostilites in Europe this fall. Iceland has turned to the western market, particu¬ larly the United States. This was a tendency which THE FESSENDEN SCHOOL had begun to show itself some time ago and has WEST NEWTON only been accentuated by the outbreak of the war. MASSACHUSETTS Iceland is increasing her purchases here and is 1 sending her own ships to New York to carry Ameri¬ For Young Boys can products to Iceland in spite of the present dan¬ The Fessenden School was founded in 1903 to ger at sea. Although Iceland is within Europe’s prepare boys of six to fourteen for the secondary schools. It is particularly designed to give these orbit, she is looking to the United States as an out¬ young boys a wholesome introduction to school let for her export commodities and hopes to build life. American diplomatic and consular officers who a permanent close relationship with her sister desire to offer to their sons early in life the best democracy. traditions of American education are cordially in¬ vited to write for a catalogue. The twenty-one years which have elapsed since Iceland gained independence and became a sover¬ eign state, have in many respects been prosperous for the country. However, the depression was a This amazing new LANGUAGES method enables you hard blow for the young state, but the population Made in your own home has been struggling bravely in order to regain the '■ ■ A nu/ik to speak and read any heavy losses which were the consequences of the LINGUAPHONE of 27 languages in an depression. The people themselves believe in the incredibly short time. Endorsed by leading travelers, educators, writers, lecturers, future of the country. Hardship and difficulties are men in the diplomatic service, Army and Navy men, and a nothing new for the Icelanders. The population is vast number of men and women in all walks of life. peaceful in mind and only wishes peace and friend¬ LINGUAPHONE COURSES: French. Spanish. Portuguese, German. Russian, Italian, Polish, Swedish, Irish. Dutch. Latin, Greek. Eng¬ ly relations with all countries in the world. If dur¬ lish. Chinese, Japanese, Persian. Esperanto, Czech, Bengali, Finnish, Hebrew. Hindustani. Efflk, Afrikaans, Hausa, Arabic, Malay. ing the centuries to come this can be so, Iceland We Ship to Any Part of the World can look forward to a bright future which will Send for FREE Book LINGUAPHONE INSTITUTE bring happiness and prosperity to her people. 35 R.C.A. BUILDING NEW YORK, N. Y.

NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT Parents in the Foreign Service, and others residing abroad ENDORSE CALVERT SCHOOL HOME STUDY (Continued from page 23) COURSES FOR CHILDREN. You can give your child a superior education from kindergarten up to high school . . . Rolland Welch, Assistant Commercial Attache at while traveling and living abroad . . . with the world- famous Calvert School Home Instruction Courses. Used The Hague, visited the Department in mid-Novem¬ successfully for 30 years to educate the children of American Foreign Service officials, Army and Navy offi¬ ber before sailing from Baltimore for his post. cers, missionaries and world travelers. Costs are low. Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr., who is on duty in Write today for booklet of complete information. the European Division, served as Government ad¬ CALVERT SCHOOL visor and Secretary of the American Delegation to a Regional Conference of American States members 132 E. TUSCANY ROAD, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND of the International Labor Organization which met

44 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL at Habana for several days beginning November 21. He returned to the Department nad resumed his duties here on December 5. Willard L. Beaulae, First Secretary at Habana, also served as Govern¬ ment advisor at this conference.

Mrs. Marina Stevens, wife of Francis B. Stevens who is on duty temporarily in the Special Division, obtained American citizenship on December 5 in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Mrs. Stevens was a Polish national.

William W. Butterworth, Jr., Second Secretary at London, concluded a temporary detail of one month in the office of Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau on December 10. He left Port Wash¬ ington, Long Island, on December 11, on the “Dixie Clipper” for Lisbon en route to London.

Stanley G. Slavens, Consul at Tokyo, accom¬ panied by Mrs. Slavens, visited the Department on December 8 and spent a week prior to departure for San Francisco where they planned to sail on the S.S. President Tajt on December 29 for Tokyo.

Frederick J. Cunningham, recently appointed Foreign Service Officer at Sao Paulo, accompanied by his wife and their two small chlidren, sailed from New York City on December 15 on the S.S. Brazil. Since returning from his last post at Johannesburg during the early summer he had twice been detailed for trade conference work.

Hartwell Johnson, Third Secretary at Panama, arrived from his post on the S.S. Ancon. He vis¬ ited the Department and then proceeded to Aiken, South Carolina, for a visit of several days. He re¬ mained in the United States only twelve days be¬ fore sailing from New York City for Panama.

George F. Scherer, Vice Consul at Mexico City, spent the month of December in Washington on leave visiting his mother. I pon the arrival of six Army “flying fortresses” from Brazil in completing a good-will flight there, the> were met at Bolling Field on November 26 by Thomas Burke, Chief of the Division of Interna¬ tional Communications, and by Walter N. Walms- ley, Jr., of the Division of American Republics. Two F.S.O.’s and two other persons from the De¬ partment were among 70 former students of Ox¬ ford University at a buffet supper given by Lord Lothian, British Ambassador, at the British Em¬ bassy on December 15 for Oxford men in Wash¬ ington. The four were Robert D. Coe, of the Di-

JANUARY, 1940 45 vision of European Affairs; Henry S. Villard, of the Division of Near Eastern Affairs; Dr. Stanley A true Ambassador of good will with K. Hornbeck. Adviser on Political Relations; and its friendly hospitality, perfection of Harry R. Turkel, of the Treaty Division. Lord appointments, excellent service and cuisine, Lothian formerly was Secretary of the Rhodes the Plaza is the Scholarship Trust. popular New York Gregor C. Merrill, who resigned recently while headquarters for serving as Vice Consul at Antwerp, arrived in Bos¬ i V membersof thelDip- ton from Italy on December 10 and was met by ’ lomatic Service all Mrs. Merrill, who has been residing in San Fran¬ over the world. The B Persian Room for cisco since being evacuated from Europe. They vis¬ ited Washington for several days, beginning Decem¬ r lining and dancing ber 17, and proceeded to San Francisco, where Mr. ^ | adds the final cos- , ’ * tnopolitan touch to Merrill will be associated in business with his father !! ! ,!hl«ifesa ! this internationally in the Merrill Company. '■ famous hotel. # * A 25% discount from Among countless feature stories which are being room charges is allowed published in press and periodicals concerning the members of the Foreign Department and its wartime activities was a very Service. interesting article entitled “Echoes of War in Our HENRY A. ROST Pres. & Managing Director Neutral Capital,” appearing in The New York Times Magazine of December 3. An accompany¬ 5 ing illustration showed Secretary Hull at one of his PLflZfl^ ^ daily press conferences. Facing Central Park • FIFTH AYE. AT 59TH STREET

AMERICAN COURIERS LINES ON THE PASSAGE OF IN THE PUBLIC No You remember perhaps my last to you Down in the mouth and indigo blue My fondest hopes gone up the spout Over the ropes and down and out

My airy castles pulled up by the roots My courage sinking down in my boots For I’d fought the good fight and lost White Fleet carries trade and travelers on weekly To a hard and killing frost sailings from American ports. Bound for a new post or new pleasures in this part of the world, Bereft of hope and its lifting power you will appreciate the congenial atmosphere I’d forgotten in the zero hour aboard these trim liners—first-class throughout With the curtains of darkness drawn and with all outside staterooms. Splendid cruises That it’s always darkest before the dawn available at all times.

Apply to UNITED FRUIT COMPANY. 1514 K And now like a bolt from out of the blue Street, N. IF.. Washington, D. C.; Pier 3, N.lt. or 632 Fifth Are., New York; 111 IF. The sun of the just comes shining through Washington St., Chicago; 321 St. Charles The sword of justice, believe it or not St., New Orleans; Pier 9, North Wharves, Philadelphia; 462 Boylston St., Boston . . . Goes snicker snack with the Gordian knot or any Authorized Travel Agent. The years I wrought for Uncle Sam Before I knew a foreign land GREAT IITE FLEET Just frozen assets, a sickly debit Blossom into a generous credit.

46 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 27) answer them and in the end have taken refuge, once again like many of their predecessors, in “adequate national defense” as the chief instrument of foreign CONFIDENCE policy. Without in any way underestimating the importance of national defense, one may neverthe¬ less hesitate to admit that diplomacy, even in the IN A NAME present state of the war, has no other arrow in her quiver. The most gratifying feature of the book from a Foreign Service point of view is the tribute which it pays to our officers in the field, one chapter, entitled “The Best Information in the World,” being devoted to contrasting the prompt and accurate reports from Europe available to President Roosevelt with the comparatively meager driblets of information which came in to President Wilson in 1914. Much can be forgiven to authors who publicize widely this star¬ tling change, of the truth of which we in the De¬ partment are so keenly aware and for which we daily give thanks. CHARLES W. YOST.

NEWS IS WHERE YOU FIND IT, by Frederic William Wile. The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1939. pp. 505. OR the past 73 years, America’s lead¬ $3.75. F ing machine and equipment builders If the criterion of a science is the ability to pre¬ have recommended the use of Gargoyle dict, then Frederic Wile’s observation of public Industrial Lubricants. affairs has been truly scientific. For in the years from 1901 to 1914 he consistently reported from Important, too, is the fact that plant Berlin to the papers he represented (the Chicago engineers the world over specify Gargoyle Daily News, later the London Daily Mail and the Lubricants for the valuable equipment New York Times) news of the preparations of the German military machine for Der Tag; on Septem¬ in their care. Today, Socony-Vacuum ber 6, 1914, in a special article for the Chicago products protect leading plants in more Tribune, he predicted that the “War Will Last Until than 100 different industries! Kaiser Is Defeated”; at least two years before the American declaration of war he was “preaching to This preference for Gargoyle Lubricants incredulous Britons . . . that we would be ‘in’ sooner by technical men—builders and engi¬ or later”; he was alert to notice the significance of neers skilled in scientific machine opera¬ the “Dalmatia and Albania . . .” banners which tion — is a symbol of satisfaction in greeted President Wilson when he drove through Socony-Vacuum products ... of confi¬ Milan. In 1923 and 1924, when Wile was blazing the trail as a radio news commentator, he was con¬ dence in the name, vinced “that radio was to become an all-powerful Socony-Vacuurn. This medium of informing and influencing public opin¬ confidence is Socony- ion”; two days before the 1924 Democratic Na¬ Vacuum’s most tional Convention, when “McAdoo and A1 Smith were far out in front for the nomination” Wile went valued asset. “out on a limb” with the prediction that “the plum would go to a dark horse” and that distinction would go to silver-haired John W. Davis, whose SOCONY-VACUUM OIL CO., INC. “friends at that hour hadn’t the glimmer of a notion that he possibly could or would be nominated.”

JANUARY, 1940 47 On the last text page of his book (the dedica¬ dent that she was writing her paper “it’s peace, after tion of which is dated June 15, 1939) he writes, all,” the editor of a famous Vienna newspaper said, “Until men like Churchill, Eden and Duff-Cooper sadly, “It was peace until Berlin spoke!” join the cabinet and inject a ramrod-like quality Wile’s own outlook on international relations is into the Chamberlain backbone, there will be no expressed in the conviction, set down in his chapter assurance . . . that the lion . . . really intends to “Wilson Conquers Europe,” that “though one more roar with his old voice.” On one occasion. Colonel devastating war may be necessary to justify Wilson’s House called Wile a “reliable prophet.” conception of ordered peace and collective security, Let it not be thought, however, that News is his vindication will come, as surely as Time itself.” Where You Find It is a boastful book. The style is quiet, mellow, personal, with a touch of the clas¬ —WILLIAM GERBER. sical, spiced with metaphor, direct, and in places eloquent. The following “bit of unrecorded history” adds “WHISTLER’S FATHER,” by Albert Parry, The Bobbs- another stone to the still-increasing mosaic of our Merrilf Company, 1939. pp. 360. Price, $3.50. knowledge of those fateful days of July-August, 1914: “About four o’clock of the afternoon of July Whistler’s Father gives Mr. Parry ample oppor¬ 25 . . . the Austrian Foreign Office issued a confi¬ tunity to discuss, in the order of their importance in dential intimation to various persons . . ., including this book, Mrs. Whistler, the building of the St. trustworthy representatives of the press. It set forth Petersburg-Moscow railway, Russia of the 1840’s, that the Serbian reply to the ultimatum had arrived Count Kleinmichel, the Whistler family, Jimmie and was satisfactory. . . . Austrians breathed a Whistler, and finally the subject of the book, Major deep, sincere sigh of relief. . . . While Vienna cor¬ George Washington Whistler. Perhaps the picture respondents were busily preparing dispatches . . . of Major Whistler is not so important in any event. the Austrian Foreign Office was telephoning to the Mr. Parry is at his best in describing the Russia Foreign Office in Berlin the text of Serbia’s reply.” of the period, its reaction on the mind of Mrs. Not many hours later, told by a woman correspon¬ Whistler and, although unfortunately to a lesser ex-

48 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL tent, its influence on young Jimmie Whistler. The reader who is not interested in a detailed and often highly critical analysis of Mrs. Whistler’s character To the Joreign Service Officers will probably find his greatest interest in this book in the picture of Russia and Russian ways during a highly interesting period. of the United States A. E. D. ♦

THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬

THE NEW IMMORTALITY, by J. W. Dunne. Harper ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ and Brothers, pp. 157, $2.00. ice in writing your bond. Special attention This is a difficult book. However, if you are is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ interested in Dunne’s theories of the universe, it is ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes important in the development of the author’s ideas. in this service. Dunne’s An Experiment with Time is still one of the most notable contributions to our conception of time ♦ which has ever been made. UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND ABRAHAM LINCOLN, THE WAR YEARS, by Carl Sand¬ burg. Harcourt. Brace and Company, 4 vols., $20.00. GUARANTY COMPANY The definitive biography for many years to come Lee H. Bowen, Manager of one of America’s immortals. 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C.

Telephone—National 0913

NEWS FROM THE FIELD Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide." (Continued from page 25)

MEXICO CITY The outstanding event in the unofficial life of the official family in Mexico City during the month of November was the golf tournament held on Thanksgiving afternoon at the Mexico City Country Club. Members of the staffs of the Embassy, Con¬ sulate General. District Accounting and Disbursing Office and the Agrarian Commission to the number of eighteen participated. The winner was Mr. Louis Blanchard of the Consulate General, who had a net 68. The runner-up, with a net of 70, was Mr. Roger Carlson of the DADO. Mr. William P. Cochran, Consul at Veracruz, passed through Mexico Citv en route to his post early in November. John M. Cabot, Second Secretary of Legation at Guatemala, and Mrs. Cabot, spent a few days’ leave visiting with Mrs. Cabot's mother in Coyoacan in the Federal District. Friends of Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Higgins will be glad to know' that, since resigning from the serv¬ ice from his last post at the Embassy in Paris, Mr. Higgins has taken up residence in Mexico City. He may be reached at Amberes 70, Mexico, D. F.

ROBERT G. MCGREGOR, JR.

JANUARY. 1940 49 SANTIAGO DE CHILE Ambassador Claude G. Bowers, who presented his credentials to President Aguirre Cerda of Chile on September 7, 1939, has had a busy three months. At the end of September he was called to Buenos Aires to head the American delegation to the First Pan American Housing Conference, where he deliv¬ ered the address in behalf of the visiting delegates. Accompanied by Second Secretary Edward G. True- blood, he made the eastbound trip by the Trans- andean rail and motor route, and returned to Chile via the southern lake route, through Bariloche, which gave him an excellent opportunity to see much of the lake and agricultural country of southern Staff of the Consulate General at Tientsin, China. Left to right: Consul David C. Berger, Consul Fred¬ Chile. erick W. llinke, Consul General John k. Caldwell, Since returning to Santiago, Mr. Bowers has had Consul Gordon L. Burke, Consul Kenneth J. Yearns, a series of luncheons in his honor, those given by and Vice Consul Robert M. Taylor. the Chile-American Association and the American Society being the most important. In addition, he has addressed the Book Club of Santiago, presented the Ambassador’s medal to young George Garvin, SAN JOSE son of Vice Consul John T. Garvin (Valparaiso), winner of the annual essay contest at the Instituto President Cortes of Costa Rica some months ago Ingles, and awarded cups to the winners of the approved by presidential decree the naming of a athletic contests at Santiago College. large new public school in the town of San Ramon Vice Consul and Mrs. Robert E. Wilson, of as the “George Washington School.” About the Buenos Aires, who made the trip via the Straits of same time he also approved the naming of another Magellan, recently visited Santiago; Second Secre¬ public school, located in Alajuelita, after Abraham tary Cecil B. Lyon continues absent on assignment Lincoln. These are the first instances of the United to the Special Division of the Department; Miss States being honored by having names of its famous Minadee McLean of the Commercial Office has re¬ statesmen conferred on schools in Costa Rica. turned from home leave; Mr. Biddle Garrison, pri¬ The inaugural ceremony at the first mentioned vate secretary of Ambassador Bowers, has arrived school, which was held on November 19, was at¬ from Spain, accompanied by Mrs. Garrison; Miss tended by President Cortes and his wife, the Minis¬ Lucy Richmond Lentz has sailed for home leave, to ter of Foreign Relations and other members of the return to Santiago in March. cabinet, and by the American Minister, the Honor¬ Summer is upon us and tentative plans for vaca¬ able William Id. Hornibrook, his family and the tions are being made. Consul Flexer and Naval At¬ commissioned members of the Legation’s staff. Dur¬ tache Webb plan to visit Magellanes and the Straits, ing the course of the ceremonies Mr. Hornibrook while the Bowers and the Frosts expect to tour the personally presented to each of the 650 students of lake region. Others will restrict their vacationing to the school a reproduction in color of a print of the brief trips to nearby seaside resorts or to the moun¬ Athenaeum portrait of George Washington by Gil¬ tain spas. Affecting summer plans are the necessity bert Stuart. The Legation had previously supplied of moving all of the offices at the end of January the school with an American flag, a larger color into the modern Nitrate Employees’ Building, San¬ print of Washington, mounted on cloth and framed, tiago’s newest and most up-to-date skyscraper, where and a mounted copy of the map of Costa Rica pro¬ we will have offices on the 9th and 10th floors. Also, duced by the Geographic Section, Military Intel¬ the Third Pan American Radio Conference is an¬ ligence Division, United States Army. In addition nounced to convene in Santiago on January 17th, to the student body and the invited guests from San which will bring an influx of visitors and a delega¬ Jose a large number of the inhabitants of San Ra¬ tion from the United States. January is also the mon were present at the inaugural ceremony and month of the University of Chile’s renowned sum¬ manifested a spirit of warm cordiality toward the mer school, which attracts many visitors from the United States. United States and other countries.

CHARLES W. LEWIS, JR. E. G. TRUEBLOOD.

50 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL IT OUTRUNS ANYTHING ON WHEELS To look at this new Double Eagle tyre, is to see the Whether you select the improved All-Weather Center handsomest tyre on the road today. Traction tread, or the new ribbed tread, you get in

And if you could look inside you’d see a revolutionary, Double Eagles the safestt longest-wearing, handsomest new basic material, called RAYOTWIST, that marks tyres that your Goodyear dealer or any other tyre the greatest tyre advance in 25 years! dealer can offer you. Rayotwist’s greater strength and resistance to heat, permit the use of a tougher tread rubber that multiplies HERE'S WHAT MAKES THE DIFFERENCE mileage to new distance records. ORDINARY CORD — consist* of millions of tinv fibres, a little more than an inch long, twisted together, forming The lightness and greater resilience of Rayotwist a rough, thick, bulky cord.

provide a softer-riding, easier-steering tyre so free RAYOTWIST CORD — composed of smooth, slender, continuous rayon filaments, forming a silk-type cord from road-fighting stiffness that it actually decreases that's lighter, stronger, and cooler-running because gasoline consumption. there’s less friction in flexing.

JANUARY, 1940 51 THE U. S. SECRET SERVICE (Continued jrom page 17) \ W-XiAA) Losses by banks and the general public through acceptance of counterfeit money has decreased stead¬ ily during the past four years as a result of the ef¬ Underwood forts of the Service. Arrests and convictions during the fiscal year ended July 1 exceeded the record of any previous year in the history of the service with convictions obtained in 97.03 per cent of all cases sent to trial. Forgery of Government checks, especially WPA checks, has become a source of difficulty to the Ser¬ vice, but plans are being completed for positive identification of persons seeking to cash Federal checks. In recent months a signal change in the Treas¬ ury Department organization has aided the Service in its work. Six policing agencies formerly operating inde¬ pendently and with little regard for overlapping ac¬ tivities have been co-ordinated oy Secretarv Henry Morgenthau, Jr. Under the new plan, the Bureau of Narcotics, Customs Agency Service, Intelligence Unit of the Internal Revenue Bureau, Alcohol Tax Unit and the Coast Guard confer with the Secret Service. • Underwood leads the field with an Each thus is kept informed of the activities, plans entirely new business typewriter that and suspicions of the others and valuable tips can be exchanged between agents of the several or¬ defies ti'adition in its design and chal¬ ganizations. lenges all machines to match its per¬ Other duties of the Service include prevention of counterfeiting or illegal use of Government trans¬ formance. It’s the new Underwood portation requests, internal revenue stamps and Master that gives you Dual Touch postage stamps. Tuning . . . one that permits individual During the World War, the Service was the in¬ vestigating agency for the War Trade Board, Alien tuning of each key to the finger . . . the Property Custodian, Food Administration, and co¬ other, keyboard controlled, varies the operated actively with other Government intelligence tension of all keys at the will of the units in the protection of national interests. Today it investigates violations of the War operator. • Finance Corporation Act, World War Adjusted Compensation Act, Gold Reserve Act of 1934, Sil¬ Underwood Elliott Fisher Speeds the World's Business ver Purchase Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Act, O Federal Land-Bank Act, Federal Farm Loan Act, National Housing Act, thefts of Government prop¬ Typewriter Division erty controlled by the Treasury Department, irregu¬ UNDERWOOD larities in connection with the Works Progress Ad¬ ministration, loss of valuables in shipment bv ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY agencies of the Federal Government and personnel Typewriters . . . Accounting Machines . . . Adding Machines investigations for all Treasury divisions, except the Carbon Paper . . . Ribbons and other Supplies Internal Revenue Bureau. Homer Bldg., 13th & F Streets, N. W. Secret Service agents, or field investigators, are Washington, D. C. stationed throughout the United States in 15 major districts with central offices in important cities, Sales and Service Everywhere where they can be easily available to cope with criminal activities.

52 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 0

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JANUARY. 1940 53 J. BUTLER WRIGHT (Continued from page 8) what I suppose is the Christian spirit that mani¬ fested itself in an unfailing courtesy to high and low alike, a consideration for others, a passion for fair play and a real sense of the brotherhood of man. And what an Ambassador! Fine looking, up¬ standing, with the carriage of a thirty-year-old. never undignified and always well turned out—he made the entire community proud to have him as the representative of our country. He was a true diplomat in that he could make a fluent and witty impromptu speech and keep a roomful amused and entertained for half an hour and, when one thought it over afterward, say absolutely nothing. The corner stone of his diplomacy in Cuba was the res¬ toration of confidence on the part of the United States in the financial integrity of Cuba. To this end he labored in season and out to induce the constituted authorities to recognize and meet their obligations. He could have given Sisyphus les¬ sons in rolling stones up hill, but his incorrigible optimism never faltered. He was a man’s man and a good sport. He was a good man to be in the woods with and that is the highest compliment I can pay any man. When the casket was swung aboard the United States cruiser Omaha on December 7 and she steamed slowly toward the harbor mouth under the 2 p ■ walls of Cabanas Fortress, a saluting battery fired nineteen minute guns. Thus departed a man who spent most of his life promoting friendship between WlAVfy. JLi peoples and unconsciously showing others how a great gentleman and a true Christian should live. Hay-Adams House confinues the traditions of the famous names which it perpetuates— the charm, dignity, the inborn graciousness of gentility . . yet PRESS COMMENT mindful always of the demands j. of the present day—for ex¬ Butler. Wright, American Ambassador to Cuba, ample, Hay-Adams House is who died at Havana on December 4 and whose body will arrive in Washington this morning aboard COMPLETELY the U.S.S. Omaha, was one of the ablest and most oAir Conditioned experienced members of the foreign service of the United States. RATES Mr. Wright’s career, covering a span of 30 years, $ $ 50 ran the gamut of diplomatic assignments. These FROM 3 SINGLE 4 DOUBLE took him as far afield as Montevideo and Bucharest, Petrograd and Habana. During the past 12 years he was successively Minister to Hungary, Uruguay HAY-ADAMS HOUSE and Czecho-Slovakia, and since July, 1937, Ambas¬ SIXTEENTH STREET AT H sador to Cuba. Whatever the post he happened to Directly Opposite the White House hold he proved himself to be, as Secretary Hull has Overlooking Lafayette Park said, a man of exceptional ability and an invaluable WASHINGTON, D. C. representative of the United States. Mr. Wright’s special field was that of Latin-

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JANUARY, 1940 55 American affairs. Coining at this time, when the relations of the United States with the other repub¬ lics of this hemisphere are of surpassing impor¬ tance, his death represents a particularly grave loss to the Department of State and to the Nation which he served so faithfully and so well.—Washington Post, December 11, 1939.

VISITORS The following visitors called at the Department during the past month: November John E. Marelia, Teheran . 13 A. Bland Colder, Shanghai 14 Albert H. Cousins, Jr., Tegucigalpa 14 Rolland Welch, The Hague 14 Gerald M. Sieben, Moscow . 16 Sidney O’Donoghue, Habana 17 L. S. Armstrong, Nogales 20 Edward Anderson, Ciudad Trujillo 20 Henry W. Eustis, Istanbul 21 Walter J. Donnelly, Rio de Janeiro 21 Everett F. Drumright, Chungking 27 Robert Prescott Hall, Moscow 28 Raymond H. Geist, Berlin 28 John Wallace Hill, Mexico City 28 Dorothy F. Brown, Guatemala City 39 December NORTH AMERICA F. van den Arend, Surabaya 4 George F. Scherer, Mexico City . 4 Hartwell Johnson, Panama - 4 SOUTH AMERICA Richard A. 0. Schwartz, Oslo 4 Clay Merrell, Hamilton, Bermuda 5 CENTRAL AMERICA Alphonse Oras, Riga 5 Ferdinand L. Mayer, Port au Prince 5 Fay Allen Des Portes, Guatemala City 5 CARIRREAN Stanley G. Slavens, Tokyo 8 PANAMA CANAL L. E. Thompson, San Salvador 8 Consult your Travel Agent or LETTER The Editors, American Foreign Service Journal. GRACE LINE SIRS: 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or At present each consular office has the CODE 10 Hanover Square, New York OF LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMER¬ 914 - 15th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. ICA, In Force January 3, 1935, and Supplement IV. Before disposing of the obsolete volumes, 1 Agents and Offices in all principal cities extracted the pages comprising the following titles in each of the old codes and supplements: ORGANIC LAWS (Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, with an Analytical In¬ dex) . ALIENS AND CITIZENSHIP. FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE. The pages in each title have been stapled and now' provide a handy reference to the original laws and their successive amendments. Very truly yours, F. S. 0.

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