Die Malerei Der Spätrenaissance in Rom Und Florenz

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Die Malerei Der Spätrenaissance in Rom Und Florenz HANDBOUND AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS ^9 76 HERMANN VOSS DIE MALEREI DER SPÄTRENAISSANCE IN ROM UND FLORENZ l'L HERMANN VOSS DIE MALEREI DER SPÄTRENAISSANCE IN ROM UND FLORENZ I\IIT 247 ABBILDUNGEN fe^'^^T- ZWEITER BAND BERLIN AICMXX G. GROTE'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG Alk- Kfclite . nuinentlich das der Übersetzung in andere Sprai-lien, vorbehalten. llriuk VI PH Fisclier & Wittig in Leipzig ^^A^"^. l^ DRITTES BUCH AUSBREITUNG UND ÜBERWINDUNG DES MANIERISMUS IN FLORENZ Kapitel I Wesen und Entwicklung des Manierismus in Florenz Mit Salviati und namentlich Vasari ist die enge Verbindung zwischen den römischen und florentinischen Bestrebungen Tat- sache geworden. Ganz Mittelitalien erscheint einige Jahrzehnte hin- durch von einem nahezu einheitlichen Stil beherrscht, dessen Haupt- faktoren toskanischer Herkunft sind: Perino del Vaga und seine Schüler auf der einen, Michelangelo und sein Nachahmerkreis auf der anderen Seite. Für Florenz und seine fernere selbständige Ent- wicklung bedeuten jene Jahrzehnte trotz äusserlichen Glanzes eine furchtbare Krise. Die besten Kräfte streben auseinander, verlieren sich in dem Getriebe anderer Schulen , und w-ährenddessen be- mächtigt sich der fürstliche Absolutismus der noch vorhandenen Kräfte , um sie in den Dienst seiner persönlichen Interessen zu stellen. Cosimos organisatorisches Geschick ist nicht zu leugnen, aber ebensowenig lässt sich das Künstliche , Emporkömmlingshafte in seinem Verhältnis zur bildenden Kunst übersehen. Selber auto- kratisch veranlagt, begünstigt er in den umfangreichen Aufgaben, die er seinen Künstlern stellt, das schrankenlose Vorherrschen eines einzigen Willens. Daher das ungesunde Überwiegen des persön- lichen Einflusses eines Künstlers wie Vasari, der mit seiner eklek- tischen Manier nicht nur den Stil, sondern auch die Aufgaben der Florentiner Malerei auf lange hinaus monopolisiert hat. Es verdient hervorgehoben zu werden, dass die einschneidende stilbildende Tätigkeit Vasaris sich nicht minder auf die Architektur, wie auf die Malerei erstreckt hat. Seine Tätigkeit als Baumeister, äusserlich genommen nicht sehr umfassend und an innerem Werte mit jener des Ammanati nicht vergleichbar, erlangte doch für die weitere Entwicklung insofern grösste Bedeutung, als sie einen neuen Typ von spezifisch toskanischer Eigenart aufgestellt und propagiert hat, der bis in das XVII. Jahrhundert hinein massgebend geblieben ist. Die Hauptbeispiele dieses Stiles — in Florenz u. a. die Uffizien, in Pisa der Palazzo de' Cavalieri mitsamt den um die Piazza de' Cavalieri gruppierten Gebäuden — zeigen ein bewusstes Be- harren bei der dem Toskaner angeborenen herben Sprödigkeit der Proportionen und ein sehr stilvolles Betonen einer ausserordentlich vereinfachten Profilierung. Insbesondere das behäbige Bürgerhaus 298 Wesen und Entwicklung des Manierismus in Florenz erhält in der Nachfolge Vasaris, bei Buontalenti, G. A. Dosio u. a. eine von dem machtvollen Typ des römischen Palazzo sich aufs schärfste unterscheidende Physiognomie ; es schmiegt sich in ruhiger Flächengliederung, nur durch das weitvorspringende Sparrendach malerisch betont, der Strassenflucht an. Zu dem eigenartigen Charakter des toskanischcn Strasscnbildes gegenüber dem römischen tragen die Gebäude dieser Periode ganz wesentlich bei, beherrschen sie doch in Städten wie Pisa, Pistoja und Prato die Erscheinung vieler Strassen und Plätze. Gering ist die Anzahl von baulichen Lösungen von wirklich bedeutender, epochemachender Art, namentlich in der kirchlichen Architektur. Gerade in einer Zeit, wo in Rom der Kirchenbau einen unerhörten Aufschwung nahm, tritt Florenz in dieser Beziehung ganz in den Hintergrund. An grösseren Sakralbauten fehlt es völlig; nur einzelne Kapellen, wie die Cappella Niccolini in S. Croce (seit 1585), die von den Sal- viati gestiftete Kapelle des hl. Antoninus in S. Marco (1589 vollendet) und die etwas spätere Kapelle des Giambologna in der Annunziata spielen in der Geschichte der Architektur des späteren Cinquecento eine bedeutendere Rolle. Mit dieser Armut an architektonischen Ideen hängt das im Ver- gleich zu Rom dürftige Bild der fiorentinischen Malerei dieser Jahr- zehnte eng zusammen. Die Freskomalerei, die in römischen Kirchen wie dem Gesü und vielen anderen des gleichen Typus bedeutende und vielseitige Aufgaben erhielt , erstarrt im Vasari- kreise in auffallender Weise und wird endlich , in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten des Cinquecento , nur auf einem bescheidenen Gebiete zu neuer Blüte belebt, nämlich in den eigenartigen, aber freilich mit den römischen Leistungen in keiner Weise vergleich- baren Lünettenhistorien der Florentiner Klosterhöfe. Auf diesem, wie auf einigen mehr dem kunstgewerblichen Schaffen ange- hörenden Gebieten — Fassaden- und Grotteskenmalerei usw. — haben Künstler wie Poccetti in der Tat Hervorragendes geleistet. Die Altarbild maierei andererseits erhält durch Vasari einen sehr bemerkensw-erten Anstoss. Eine neue Form des Kirchen- bildes entsteht in seinem Kreise ; sie wird durch die beiden unter seiner Leitung entstandenen Altarbildzyklen von S. Maria Novella (seit 1566) und S- Croce festgelegt und zahlreiche Kirchen in der Provinz folgen diesem Vorgang. So fühlbar sich in solchen Arbeiten die Mängel des Manierismus äussern , so unbestreitbar grossartig vmd wirkungsvoll ist doch durchgehend ihre Erschei- nung im Kirchenraum. Es ist eine Relation zwischen den ein- zelnen Altären an den Seitenwänden und der Gesamtwirkung des Kircheninneren hergestellt worden , bei der den Gemälden und Monumentale Aufgaben. Hauptstuien der Entwicklung 299 ihrer neuartigen , wuchtigen Umrahmung in Tabernakelform eine bedeutsame Rolle zufallt. Ein Ausgangspunkt für die Form des barocken Kirchengemäldes ist gerade in diesen Schöpfungen ge- geben, über die der Historiker nicht einfach mit dem Verdikt des j\Ianierismus hinweggehen kann. Und dennoch darf das Gesamtbild des späteren florcntinischen Cinquecento nicht mit dem der gleichzeitigen römischen Kunst ver- glichen werden. Der toskanische Manierismus hat gegenüber dem römischen einen trockenen, pedantischen Charakter; während die Zuccari und ganz besonders Barocci lebensvolle Keime aus der oberitalienischcn Kunst nach Rom verpflanzten, wird der toskanische Horizont durch Michelangelo, Perino del Vaga, Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo und ihren Kreis begrenzt, bei Vasari und seinen unmittel- baren Schülern in einer breiigen, charakterlos nivellierenden eklek- tischen Art, bei Alessandro Allori einseitig in sklavischem Anschluss an Michelangelo. Es ist dann das \'crdienst des Santi di Tito imd seiner Nachfolger die Rückständigkeit der ganzen Schule überwun- den zu haben, allerdings nicht ohne die Verwertung römischer An- regungen, besonders von selten der Zuccari her. Aber erst im letzten Dezenium des Jahrhunderts dringt, und zwar diesmal unter der Ein- wirkung des italienischen Nordens mit Künstlern wie Grcgorio Pa- gani, Passignano und dem Veronesen Ligozzi, ein frischerer, lebens- voller Geist ein, durch den zu Beginn des Seiccnto eine wirkliche Erneuerung der Florentiner Malerei herbeigeführt werden sollte. Besser als in irgendeiner anderen italienischen Schule lassen sich in der florcntinischen die Charakterzüge des Manierismus biossiegen ; sie erscheinen hier in so greifbarer Gestalt , dass man recht hat, diese Richtung als die manieristische schlechthin zu be- zeichnen. Die Symptome der Degeneration umfassen in gleicher Weise den Geist wie das Formale. Die Zeit der naiv -frommen Darstellungen aus der heiligen Geschichte ist vorüber ; schon bei Pontormo und Rosso war das Eindringen literarischer Geistreichig- keiten und besonders mythologischer Allegorien in die überlieferte religiöse Vorstellungswelt festzustellen. In einer Kunstauffassung, der das Malen nach untergelegten Programmen als das Höchste galt, begreift es sich nur zu gut, dass die verhängnisvolle Verbindung zwischen Literatur und .Malerei immer enger werden musste. Jene au.s der Tradition der Spätantike übernommene Auffassung der r)ichtkunst als einer zu erlernenden Fähigkeit geistreicher Kom- binationen und allegorischer Spitzfindigkeiten, die den italienischen Humanismus beherrschte, gritT, insbesondere durch das unglückliche Beispiel der Vasarischen Programmalereien, auf die darstellende Kunst über. Dass hierbei eine \(Jllige X'erwcchslung der Wirkungs- 300 Wesen und l'.ntwiiklun^ des Manierismus in Floren/. mittel des literarischen und des bildmässigen Gestaltens aufkommen musste, bedarf keiner näheren Ausführung. \| Der Begriff der Inven- zione, d. h. die literarische Idee, erhält in der künstlerischen Wert- schätzung eine ungebührliche Bedeutung: nicht genug, dass der Künstler ,,ingegnoso" imd ,,capriccioso" sein sollte, hatte er über alle Themen der alten und neueren (beschichte Bescheid zu wissen und musste etwaigen Kritiken sachverständiger Archäologen gegen- über mit gelehrten Kenntnissen gepanzert sein. Eine andere (iefahr drohte — im Zeitalter der (jegenreform wietlerum von seiten der kunstliebenden Geistlichen: hatte der Künstler im L'bereifer des E.r- findungsdranges gegen die biblische Überlieferung gesündigt, so fanden auch solche Vergehen in den mancherlei Traktaten \on Leuten wie Raffacllo Iiorghini die schärfste Ablehnung. Lnter derartigen X'crhältnissen war es kein Wunder, dass die Malerei, den Tendenzen der Poesie folgend, durch und durch k'hi- haft und reflektierend, d. h. unnaiv und unanschaulich wurele. In der Geschichte der italienischen Literatur ist das spätere Cinque- cento bekannt tiurch seine Neigung zum Didaktischen wie zur ency- klopädischen
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