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Madagascar: the Red Island

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Madagascar: the Red Island Andrea L. Baden & Rachel L. Jacobs Stony Brook University Taxonomic group Total species Endemic species % Endemism Plants 13,000 11,600 89.2 Mammals 155 144 92.9 Birds 310 181 58.4 Reptiles 384 367 95.6 Amphibians 230 229 99.6 Freshwater fish 164 97 59.1 *Recently extinct species: 45 (including birds, reptiles, and mammals) “The ecological state of being unique to a particular geographic location, such as a specific island…[Endemic species are] only found in that part of the world and nowhere else.” Taxonomic group Total species Endemic species % Endemism Plants 13,000 11,600 89.2 Mammals 155 144 92.9 Birds 310 181 58.4 Reptiles 384 367 95.6 Amphibians 230 229 99.6 Freshwater fish 164 97 59.1 *Recently extinct species: 45 (including birds, reptiles, and mammals) North & Central America . Phillippenes . California floristic province . Polynesia-Micronesia . Caribbean Islands . Southwest Australia . Madrean Pine Oak Woodlands . Sundaland . Mesoamerica . Wallaceae South America . Western Ghats & Sri Lanka . Atlantic Forest Europe & Central Asia . Cerrado . Caucasus . Chilean winter-Rainfall-Valdivian . Irano-Antalian forests . Mediterranean Basin . Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena . Mtns of Central Asia . Tropical Andes Africa Asia-Pacific . Cape Floristic region . E. Melanesian Islands . E. African coastal forests . Himalaya . Eastern afromontane . Indo-Burma . W. African Guinean forests . Japan . Horn of Africa . Mtns of SW China . Madagascar . New Caledonia . Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany . New Zealand . Succulent Karoo > 44% of the world’s plant species > 35% of the world’s terrestrial vertebrates Cover ~ 1.4% of the earth’s surface . was once 11%, but 88% of that has since been lost Madagascar contains 1 of 6 major radiations of primates . > 25% of the primates that are alive today High Mountains Eastern Central Western Domain Southern Domain High Mountains . Precipitation ▪ 4,000+ mm ▪ Extremely wet climate . Temperature ▪ Large seasonal variations . Seasonality ▪ No real dry season Eastern . Precipitation ▪ Up to 4,000 mm ▪ Extremely wet climate ▪ Annual monsoons . Temperature ▪ 25-30°C ▪ 77-86°F . Seasonality ▪ No real dry season Central . Precipitation ▪ <1,400 mm ▪ Lower precipitation than eastern domain . Temperature ▪ Relatively dry and cooler . Seasonality ▪ Dry from April to November Western Domain . Precipitation ▪ 500-1,500 mm ▪ Dry climate ▪ North-South gradient . Temperature ▪ High . Seasonality ▪ Dry from April to October Southern Domain . Precipitation ▪ < 400 mm ▪ Extremely dry climate . Temperatures ▪ Very high temperatures . Seasonality ▪ Long, pronounced dry season Tropical moist forests Southern & western Dry forests Secondary communities (man-made) Wetlands Coral reefs Coastal rainforests Elevation: Sea level "Rooted in sand, washed with salty air, battered by cyclones and bordering lagoons and marshes the coastal forest harbors a very unusual community. The architecture of the forest is similar to the more widespread lowland forest, but the plants here are different: they are salt-tolerant and highly efficient at extracting water and nutrients from, the shallow porous sand beneath them." - Hilardy Bradt Some of the rarest in Madagascar Comparable in structure to the white sands or blackwater forests of the Amazon basin or the heath forests of southeast Asia. Examples: forests north of Fort Dauphin and around Antalaha & Sambava Lowland rainforest Elevation: 0-800 m Lowland rainforests are the most biologically rich ecosystems in Madagascar. Characterized by warm temperatures, humidity that hovers around 100% year round, more than 2,000 mm (80 inches) of rain annually, and a well developed canopy. Examples: Masoala (including Nosy Mangabe), Makira, Mananara-Nord Montane rainforest Elevation: 800-1300 m Montane rainforest is cooler than lowland rainforest with a lower canopy (18-25 m) and abundant epiphyte growth (especially ferms and orchids), mosses and lichens. Many lemurs and chameleons are found in Madagascar's montane forests. Examples: Ranomafana, Andasibe-Mantadia , Montagne d' Ambre, Marojejy Cloud forest / High alt. montane forest Elevation: above 1,300 m These forests are cool and often enveloped in mist. Trees are typically shorter than those of lowland forest resulting in a less developed canopy at a height of 10 meters or less. The ground may be covered with a thick layer of mosses and lichens and epiphytes like orchids and ferns thrive with the abundance of moisture from the passing fog. Characterized by rapid changes in temperature and humidity. Examples: Marojejy, Andringitra High elevation scrub Elevation: above 1300 m At the high elevations of Madagascar's tallest peaks, forests yield to a mosaic of stunted montane vegetation, lichens, peat bogs, and grasses, and rock exposures. In this zone you can may find orchids and minature palm trees. Examples: Marojejy, Andringitra Sambirano (transitional) forest Elevation: 0-1000 m Sambirano forest is found in the northwestern part of the island and serves as transition between the eastern moist forests and the western dry forests. These forests, especially at low elevations, are highly threatened. Examples: Lokobe, parts of the Tsarantanana Massif, region around Manangorivo Dry deciduous forest Elevation: 0-800 m These seasonal forests are found from northwestern Madagascar south to near Fort Dauphin. While less diverse than their eastern counterparts, the island's dry deciduous forests have high levels of endemicism and many species of lemurs. Deciduous trees lose their leaves during the 6-8 month dry season. When rains return these forests erupt in a sea of bright green leaves. Examples: Kirindy, Zombitse-Vohibasia, Berenty, Bemaraha Limestone tsingy formations Elevation: 100-200m Within the dry deciduous forests of Madagascar you can find the island's limestone pinnacle formations known locally as "tsingy." Because limestone is highly porous, these regions often wave well-developed caves and underground rivers. Similar formations can be found in China and Borneo. Examples: Ankarana, Bemaraha, Namoroka Tapia woodlands Elevation: 800-1600 m Visitors to Isalo will see groves of Tapia trees (Uapaca bojeri). These trees, resistant to the frequent grass fires of the Hauts Plateaux are known locally for their edible fruit and as habitat for a wild silkworm. Examples: Isalo Spiny forest Elevation: 0-600 m Spiny forests (or "spiny desert") are endemic to the arid southern tip of the island. Spiny forests are dominated by plants of the Didiereaceae family, which is unique to Madagascar as are 95% of the species found in this ecosystem. Didiereaceae closely resemble some forms of cacti but are not related. Unlike catci, Didiereaceae species produce small deciduous leaves which are protected by meanacing thorns and spines that grow directly out of the plant's many branches. Madagascar's spiny forests are being rapidly destroyed for use as charcoal and building material. Examples: Berenty, Bezaha Mahafaly, Ifaty, Cap Sainte Marie Grasslands of the Hauts Plateaux ("bosaka") The central of highlands of Madagascar once had significant forest cover but generations of clearing for Zebu cattle and agriculture have left most of the countryside a sea of grass. Lacking roots to anchor the soil, hillsides slide away (locally known as "lavaka") leaving deep red scars across the landscape and eroding massive amounts of topsoil into rivers and streams. In some areas the French planted Eucalyptus and pine plantations to help stem erosion and provide wood for timber. Examples: Central plateau outside Antananarivo Palm savanna In western Madagascar slash-and-burn clearing has left a landscape of grasses and scattered palm trees. Examples: Region around Isalo Secondary forest ("Savoka") Savoka is the local name for the secondary vegetation that grows back after rainforest is cleared and burned. Generally vegetation consists of a limited number of weedy species some of which are exotic. Many plants and animals typically found in primary forests cannot survive in fragmented and disturbed ecosystems. Examples: Much of the eastern rainforest has been replaced with secondary forest. You will find savoka around most national parks having moist forest. Western scrublands Dry deciduous forests in western Madagascar have been burned and replaced with scrub vegetation that is neither attractive nor supports much animal life. Exmaples: Bemaraha and Morondava, dry scrublands may have scattered surviving baobab trees. Cactus scrub In southern Madagascar cleared spiny forest gives way to introduced cacti. In the area around Berenty cactus is some abundant is some areas you would like it a local species. Lakes, marshes, swamps Madagascar has many wetland ecosystems including lakes, marshes, swamps and lagoons. Typically found in coastal regions, these habitats support a disproportionate amount of Madagascar's birdlife. Examples: Lake Alaotra, Bay de baly, Tsimanampetsotsa Mangrove forests Madagascar has the largest expanse of mangrove forests in the western Indian Ocean -- more than 300,000 ha. Mangrove forest is found in silt-rich, saline (brackish water) habitats, generally along large river deltas, estuaries, and coastal areas. It is characterized by low tree diversity, almost exclusively mangroves, with a low broken canopy. Mangroves are evergreen trees and shrubs that are well adapted to their salty and swampy habitat by having breathing roots (pneumatophores) that emerge from the oxygen-deficient mud to absorb oxygen. Examples:
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