Bandelier National Monument
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BANDELIER NATIONAL MONUMENT STUDY OF TRADITIONALLY ASSOCIATED NATIVE AMERICAN COMMUNITIES ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT Thomas Merlan and Frances Levine, Ph.D. Prepared for: BANDELIER NATIONAL MONUMENT April2000 ., Contents _j, Acknowledgments ........................................................... Nontechnical summary ........................................................ Project objectives, goals, expectations and methods ................................. Project background and contract requirements ...................................... Legislation, regulations, policies and guidelines affecting tribal relationships to Monument lands and resources. ..... Brief history ofBandelier National Monument ...................................... Study area and description of Monument-associated communities ....................... Researching cultural affiliation . The literature . Previous NPS consultations with tribes ........................................... First phase of consultation with tribes. ..... Consultations with Monument personnel .......... ~ . .. Second phase of consultation with tribes. .. Monument locations and resources of traditional or current significance to tribes ........................................ Management recommendations ................................................. Sources Cited. .... Appendices draft memorandum of understanding role and function statement draft letter to pueblo governors questionnaire (form) Figures 1. Land status on the Pajarito Plateau 2. Bandelier National Monument location map 3. Location map, Bandelier archeological sites Tables 1. Summary of tribal consultations 2. Ancestral Pueblo sequence in the Rio Grande Valley 1 i 1 Acknowledgments ' J We wish to acknowledge the support and assistance of Roy W. Weaver, Superintendent, Bandelier National Monument (BAND), who authorized the project; Tammy K. Gallegos of the Monument staff and Elizabeth M. Mozzillo, formerly of the Monument staff, who administered the project; and Dr. Alexa Roberts, regional ethnographer in the Intermountain Support Office - Santa Fe, National Park Service, who reviewed drafts and discussed the work with the authors. Judy A. Morse annotated a number of bibliographical items, as indicated below. Joan Mathien, author of another annotated bibliography on Bandelier, allowed us to use the map of land status that appears as Figure 1 in this report. Her bibliography was also very helpful in locating sources. We further wish to acknowledge the assistance of Laura Holt, librarian of the Laboratory of Anthropology, Museum of New Mexico, who helped us to locate relevant documents and publications. ' l The maps were drafted by Nancy Lamm. ' . j [The cover was prepared by Donald Winton and Philip C. Levine. We appreciate the Museum ofNew Mexico's permission to use the cover photo.] We are grateful for the cooperation of tribal officials, staff, and committee members at the twenty-three tribal offices (further referenced below), who participated in the project, discussed the project with us, and offered comments and insights. i 1 We appreciate the cooperation of the National Park Service personnel, including specialists at Bandelier National Monument, who participated in the project. We particularly wish to thank the following individuals: John Barrow of the Intermountain Support Office; National Park Service, who advised the authors concerning the Tsankawi Project and consulted with the BAND Tribal Consultation Committee concerning cavate preservation, trail rehabilitation and related issues; Philip G. Duke, Ph.D., F;S.A., Director, Center of Southwest Studies, Ft. Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, who invited the consultants to participate in workshops on Anasazi cultural affiliation in 1997-1998, and made it possible for them to share information and tentative conclusions with tribal representatives and specialists from all over the Southwest; Ed Natay of the Intermountain Support Office, National Park Service, who advised the authors concerning the role and function statement and memorandum of understanding for the BAND Tribal Consultation Committee; Arthur Olivas, Museum of New Mexico, who helped the authors to select a cover photograph; Patricia L. Parker, Chief, American Indian Liaison Office, who assisted the authors with information about memoranda of understanding and cooperative agreements between the National Park Service and tribes; Robert Eaton of the Office of the Solicitor, Department of the Interior, who offered comments and corrections to the propose memorandum of understanding among the traditionally associated pueblos and 1 BAND; Robert P. Powers, Chief of Anthropology Programs, Intermountain Cultural Resources Center, National Park Service, Santa Fe, who met with the authors and shared nformation, maps, and his ideas about cultural affiliation with us, and discussed known and possible shrines in BAND; Virginia Salazar, Intermountain Support Office, National Park Service, who met with the authors to review information about the 1995 NAGPRA determination. We are grateful for the interest, concern and cooperation of the tribal officials who consulted with us on this project. These consultations became the focus of the second part of the project . A number of the consulting officials held the annual offices of governor or lieutenant governor during the consultation on traditional associations. They included: Governors Ron Shutiva and Reginald T. Pasqual; Petuuche Gilbert and Ernest M. Vallo Sr. of the Pueblo of . I Acoma; ' 1 Governors Joseph H. Suina, Isaac P. Herrera and Joseph C. Quintana; Lieutenant Governors Cippy : j Crazyhorse, Regis Pecos and Simon Suina; Leonard Trujillo, Jose A. Herrera, Christine Suina, Donald Suina, Michael Quintana, Al Pecos and Floyd Pecos of the Pueblo of Cochiti; Clay Hamilton, Harlan Nakata, Leigh Jenkins, Leland Dennis, Dalton Tailor, VaUean Joshevama and Owen Numkena Jr. of the Hopi Tribe; First Mesa Leader Harlan Nakata of the Village ofHano; Governor Alvin Lucero of the Pueblo of Isleta; Governor Randolph Padilla and (tribal employee) tribal preservation officer William J. Whatley of the Pueblo of Jemez; George Daingkau of the Kiowa Tribe; Lloyd Poncho, Michael A. Lucero, Paul D. Pino and Wilbur Lockwood of the Pueblo of Laguna; Ernest Mirabal and Ms. Co~stance B. Mirabal of the Pueblo ofNambe; Richard Begay of the Navajo Nation; Lieutenant Governor Richard Mermejo of the Pueblo of Picuris; Charlie Tapia of the Pueblo of Pojoaque; Malcolm Montoya of the Pueblo of Sandia; Bruce Garcia, Doris Sandoval, Michael A. Sandoval, Harvey Sandoval and Joseph Ortiz of the Pueblo of San Felipe; 2 ;_!I Lieutenant Governor Tim Martinez, Myron Gonzales, Peter M. Martinez and (tribal employee) Bill B. Wyatt, .:. j; Director, DECP of the Pueblo of San Ddefonso; . 1 Herman Agoyo of the Pueblo of San Juan; '1 ' Governor Ernest J. Lujan of the Pueblo of Santa Ana; Lieutenant Governor Edwin Tafoya, Austin Rock, Gilbert Gutierrez and Alvin Warren of the Pueblo of Santa Clara; f l Governors Vidal Aragon and Alex Bailon; Lieutenant Governors David S. Garcia and Julian Coriz; and i Felix Calabaza, Ernie Lovato and Gary Tenorio of the Pueblo of Santo Domingo; . ~ ' 1 r Vince Lujan Sr., Mark Lujan and (tribal employee) Joanne Track of the Pueblo of Taos; ' ' j Governor J.H. Vigil and Earl Samuel of the Pueblo of Tesuque; Cel Gachupin of the Pueblo of Zia; Councilman Anthony Otto Lucio and Councilman Arden Kucate, John Bowannie, Octavius Seowtewa, Loren Panteah, Wilton Niiha, Calvert Ondelacy, Joseph Dishta, Perry Tsadiasi, Eldrick Seowtewa, Smith Cachini Sr., Dan Simplicio, Phillip Lahi, Alvin Nastacio, Raylan Edaakie, Roland Edaakie, George Yawakie and Ronnie Cachini of the Pueblo of Zuni. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Craig Allen, Dale Coker, Patrick Cruz, Stephen Fettig, Brian Jacobs, Chris Judson, Allen King, John D. Lissoway, Naomi Naranjo, Gary S. Roybal and Charisse Sydoriak (temporary and permanent personnel of Bandelier National Monument). Nontechnical summary Purpose: the originally stated objectives of the project were to research ethnographic literature and consult with traditional communities potentially affiliated with Bandelier National Monument to document ' traditional uses of the cultural and natural resources within the Monument. The research was intended to describe the traditional historical basis for relationships between potentially affiliated traditional communities and park resources and to evaluate the traditional cultural and natural resources that continue to be used and valued. The main body of the final report was originally intended as a discussion of the traditional resource uses of Bandelier National Monument and the role it plays in contemporary tribal and other traditional societies. The purpose of this project was to inform Monument managers of traditional affiliations and uses in order to assist Monument managemeqt and planning. Scope of Work: the scope of work of the project called for (1) a search of the ethnographic literature pertaining to traditional uses of Bandelier National Monument by Pueblo groups including but not limited to the Keres, Tewa, Jemez, Sandia, Zuni, and Hopi tribes, (2) review oflegislation, cooperative agreements, and documentation of previous consultations between the National Park Service and associated communities, (3) initial contact and preliminary consultation with all traditionally associated tribes and tribal representatives as identified through the literature search, (4) interviews with