Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18735-1 — Hunter-Gatherer Adaptation and Resilience: a Bioarchaeological Perspective Edited by Daniel H

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18735-1 — Hunter-Gatherer Adaptation and Resilience: A Bioarchaeological Perspective Edited by Daniel H. Temple , Christopher M. Stojanowski Index More Information

Index

Acacus sites, 196 persistence of hunter-gatherers Jomon period, 88 accidental death, 38 through, 1–3, 11 remains found, Lagoa Santa accidental injury, 39 Jomon period, 15, 88, 102, karst, 146 acorn-storage economies, 277–278 369–371 spiritual role of, 99 acorns, 95–97, 172, 280, 292 Ainu, 99 toxins from, 26–27 acquisition, concept of, 328 Aïr, 195 turnover of, adaptation theory, 369 Aivilik. See Aivillingmiut Inuit Pleistocene–Holocene adaptive cycles, 7–8, 10, 71, 86, 117, Aivillingmiut Inuit, 304, 309, 321, transition, 52–55, 58–59 143, 253–254, 364–365, 369, 325 antler artifacts, 236, 255–256, 260, 372 dialect, 309 See also hip ornaments Hohokam, 366 disease, 320 araticum (Annona classiﬂora), 146, models, 7–8, 278, 371 structures, 321 156 adaptive systems, 110, 364, 373 Aleuts, 308, 315 archaeological studies of Adena Grave Creek site, 358 Algonkian people, 11 persistence, 8, 11–12, 118, Adger, W. N., 66 alterity, 1 142–143, 360 adolescents amazonite jewelry, 216 archaeological studies of resilience, evidence of violence, 36, 289 amber artifacts, 238–239, 245 8, 365–369 limb strength, 35 American Museum of Natural arm strength, 34–35, 115 social maturation, 265–266 History, 259, 359 armadillos, 146 vertebral compression fractures, Ames, K. M., 228–229, 240–242, arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), 317 246 151 Adrar Bous, 195–196, 201 ancestor worship, 12, 98, 228, 235, arrows/arrowheads, 113, See also Africa, 193 369 bows and arrows; projectile African Humid Period, 195 ancestral afﬁliation, 100, 233, 246 points age Ancient Society (Morgan, 1877), 4 decline, Middle Joman period, 88 burial practices and (Point Hope, anemia, 157, 333 poisoned, 28–29 Alaska), 261–267 Angelbeck, B., 243 artifacts. See also grave goods; social versus biological, 258–259 Angutimarik (Aivilligmiut), individual items spondylolysis and vertebral 320–321 cosmological themes, 366–374 compression fractures and, animal attacks, 39, 319 Dorset, 308 317 animal implements, 92–93, 98–99, European metal, 182–183 age-at-death estimation, 89–90, 92 260 human bone, 240 Point Hope (Alaska), 260 animal spirits, 99 Northwest Coast of North agricultural populations animals American, 230 compared to hunter-gatherers of domestic, 71, 75, 78, 113 Sadlermiut, 304–305, 308 Lagoa Santa, 150–155 extinction of, artiodactyls, 277, 280 decline in health and, 360 Pleistocene–Holocene Augustine Pattern, 280 porotic hyperostosis, 150–155 transition, 47–49, 57, 59, aurochs (Bos primigenius), 67 relation to animals and 371 Australian Aborigines, 373 landscape, 374–375 extinction of, Western Riverina, alcohol problems, 347 agricultural transition 348 bioarchaeological evidence of bioarchaeological research, 13 Greater Cape Floristic Region stress and disease, 339–340 Jomon/Yayoi period, 85 (GCFR), 28 burial location, 143 long bone biomechanical hunter-gatherer relationship changes in disease patterns, properties and, 111–112 with, 374–375 338–339

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18735-1 — Hunter-Gatherer Adaptation and Resilience: A Bioarchaeological Perspective Edited by Daniel H. Temple , Christopher M. Stojanowski Index More Information

Index 385

conflict resolution, 335 birds, 146, 324 Later Stone Age, Greater Cape demographic history, 336–339 flightless, 52 Floristic Region (GCFR), European contact and Birdsell, J. B., 333 30–31 demographic collapse, Birnirk culture, 18, 255–257, in persistent places, 143 328–329, 349–350 267–268, 308, 373 Sadlermiut, 321–324 Hobler’s account of, 340–344 Black Plague, 101 in shell-bearing deposits, 231 Krefft’s account of, 346–348 Blandowski, William, 346–347 spatial patterns linguistic diversity, 341 blood consumption, 204 Australian Aborigines, 333 linguistic groups, 332 Blue Jackets Creek (FlUa-4) site Chumash, 176–178, 181, 184 Mereweather’s account of, 344–346 (Haida Gwaii), 231 Northwest Coast of North sexual relations with Europeans, blunt force trauma, 245, 276 America, 231, 235–238 335, 345, 347–348 boar, 71, 99 Point Hope (Alaska), 259–262 sexually transmitted infections boar tusks, 98 surface versus underground, (STIs), 336, 340, 345, 350 Boardwalk site (GbTo-31, Prince 231–233, 260, 263–264, 267 violent encounters, 341, 345 Rupert Harbour), 228, Burke, H., 349 Azawagh basin, 195 238–242, 244–247 Bushmen, 39 Boas, Franz, 5, 359 Butzer, K., 329, 350, 363 Bailey, Philip James, 364 body breadth, 32 Baker, B. J., 14 body mass, 375 Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, 170 Baldwin (GbTo-36) site, 238 herding and, 114 Cahuilla, 185 bandicoots, 348 Jomon period, 93, 101 Caldey Island, 76 banjo-shaped effigy ornaments, 281 body size Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters Bantu-speaking farmers, 30 Jomon period, 93, 101–102 and Gatherers, The (1999), Bastos de Ávila, José, 145 southern African Later Stone Age, 355–356 beads, 186 32–33, 36–37, 39, 114 cannibalism, 359 in Chumash burials, 175–176, Boldsen, J. L., 90 Cannon, A., 230 178–181, 183–184 bone collagen, 69, 75–76 canoes, 172, 180, 184–185, 187–188 in Prince Rupert Harbour burials, bone fractures, 38, 245, 257, Cape Espenberg site, 256 238–239 314–315 Cape Fold Mountains (South Africa), in Salish Sea burials, 228, Botany Bay, 334 28, 30 235–237, 242 Botswana, 28, 205 Cape Krusenstern site, 256 indicators of wealth and rank, bows and arrows, 29, 115, 127, 186, carbohydrates, 93–96, 149, 172–173, 175 276, 280 155–156, 212–213 multiple meanings of, 182 Bradtmöller, M., 367–369 caribou, 309–310, 319, 324 ostrich eggshell, 29, 216 British Association for the Carlson, R. L., 230 placed with bodies, 171 Advancement of Science, 359 carnivores, 52 political significance, 182, 185 Brothwell, D. R., 206 carnivorous pastoralists, 204 production practices, 184–185 Broughton, J. M., 277 Carpenter, S., 364–365 Salish Sea interaction network, Bruce, Miktok, 304 Carver, C. L., 211 242–244 Brumbach, H., 357 cattle, 38, 113, 334 used for trade, 182, 184–185 Burchell, M., 234 remains from Gobero, 213–215 bear teeth, 98 burial practices. See mortuary role in African pastoralist diet, Bencas Island, 302 practices/rituals 204–205 Bennyhoff, J. A., 280, 283 burials Tenerian culture and, 196, 201 Beveridge, Andrew, 344 in cemeteries, 233 Cattle Cult Complex, 214 Binford, L., 361 child, 98, 179–180, 182, 258–268 cavies (Cavia sp.), 146 bioarchaeology in hunter-gatherer depth of, 172, 176, 179, 267 cemeteries studies, 12–16, 358–360 grave pits, 98 as indicators of stability and Bion Griffin, P., 356 household, 98 power, 233 Bird, J. B., 321 Khoekhoe, 39 Prince Rupert Harbour, 373 Bird-David, N., 374 Lagoa Santa, 147–148 size, 360

386 Index

Cerca Grande site (Lagoa Santa), ceremonial practices, 12, 18, 92, craniomic evidence of herding 149 171, 186, 227, 281, 313, 342 activities and, 114 evidence of occupation Clarias sp., 198 cremation, 148, 231, 280 (10 500–9000 BP), 145–146 Clark, Brenda, 308 Crespí, Father Joan, 171 ceremonial activity, 78 Clark, J. D., 195–196 cribra orbitalia, 278, 292, 339 charm stones, 175 climate change, 12, 354, 363–364, juveniles, 37 chert tools, 304, 309, 319 376 Lagoa Santa, 153–156 chestnuts (Castanea hansaibai), 88, 8.2 kya event, 72–74, 79, Crocodylus, 198 95–97 194–195, 376 cultural evolution, 1, 4–5, 13, 19, child burials, 258–259 9.3 kya event, 72 85–86, 361, 366 Chumash, 179–180, 182 Brazil, Middle Holocene, 158 Cumming, G. S., 68, 371, 373–374 Ipiutak/Tigara, 259–268 effects on San Francisco Bay Cummings, V., 355–356 northeastern Honshu, 98 Area, 278–279, 291 Curr, E. M., 335 Point Hope, Alaska, 37–38 effects on the Point Hope (Alaska) currency, 182, 184–185 childhood growth, 32–33, 36 region, 256 cybernetics, 361 stress indicators, 37–39 Greater Cape Floristic Region, Cybulski, J. S., 240, 245 suppression of, 14 28–29, 35 children Jomon period, 87–88, 101 Dale, D., 215–216 evidence of violence, 36, 40 Northwest Coast of North Daly, R., 355–356 limb strength, 35 America, 243 Darling River, 333 participation in warfare, 281 Coats Island, 302, 309 Darwin, Charles, 4 vertebral compression fractures, collapse, 8–10, 15–16, 373 dasipodidos, 52 317 cultural, 18–19 dating techniques, 71, 144–145, chimpanzee violence, 274 demographic, 18, 321, 324–325, 235, 284 Chin Taﬁdet site, 201 328–329, 340, 350 decapitation, 148, 245, 276 Chokajubo-Mikoshiba lithic theories of, 329, 361–363 deer, 67, 88, 99 technologies, 86 Collapse of Complex Societies, The artifacts, 98 chronic infection, 13, 150, 157, 340 (Tainter, 1988), 362 Masama sp., 146 Chukchi, 308 collective memory, 9, 11, 17, 73, Deering site, 256 Chumash, 153, 276, 278, 371 99–100, 258, 329 degenerative disk disease, 317–318 basket making, 188 Collier, J., 374 degenerative joint disease, 317–318, cemeteries, 171–172, 174–175, Collins, Henry B., 307, 310 325 373 Colombia River skull, 358 delayed-return hunter-gatherers, diet and resources, 172 colonial practices, 169 214–216 European contact and, 169 Comer, Captain George, 304, 309, Denmark European metal artifacts, 182–183 320–321 early Neolithic pottery, 75 evidence of resilience, 182–183 copper artifacts, 183, 187, 234, Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, grave goods, 173, 175 238–240, 245 78–79 postcontact, 178–181 Corris, P., 335 dental abscesses precontact, 175–178 Costanoans, 281–282 Gobero, 205–212 initial European contact, 170 Costansó, Miguel, 171 Lagoa Santa karst, 151, 155 material culture, 172–173 Cowgill, G. L., 362 dental calculus, 205–206, 208–212 population size, 172 Crane, T. A., 254 dental caries shell bead currency, 182 cranial shape, 27 Gobero, 205–207, 211–212 shift in religious organization, cranial trauma, 38, 291–292 Jomon period, 17, 90, 92–98 183–184 nonlethal healed, 275 Lagoa Santa karst, 149, 151, 155 sociopolitical organization, prevalence, 276 dental morphology, herding and, 114 171–172, 182 craniofacial trauma, 275, 278, dental size and shape, 27 stress indicators and violence, 292 283–284, 287–288, 290, 371 dentalium shells, 239 trade, 172–173 gender and, 292–293 Denver Growth Study, 33 violence and warfare, 275 temporal patterns, 289–290 DeVore, I., 356

Index 387

Di Lernia, S., 202 elderberry seeds, 234 foodways, 65, 68 Diamantina region (northern Serra Emeryville Shellmound (CA-ALA- foragers, 2 do Espinhaço), 144, 159 309), 282 Fowler, C. S., 374 Diamond, J., 354–355, 363 enamel pressure chipping, 312–313, fox mandibles, 98 Diener, P., 328, 350 325 foxes, 310 diet Endfield, G., 329 Foxhole Cave, 76 changes, San Francisco Bay Area, Endicott, K., 356 Freeman, J., 368 291 Estioko-Griffin, A. A., 356 fruits, 146–147, 156 Chumash, 172 ethnogenesis, 14–15, 18, 187, funerary architecture, 78, 258 dental health and, 90, 93–98, 256–259, 267–268 Jomon period, 98 155–156, 211–213 extinction, 9, 18 Funicane, B., 205 dental indicators of, 205–206 mammals, Western Riverina, 348 fynbos, 28 effect of pastoralism on, 204–205 megafaunal, 47–49, 52–55, 57, 59 Greater Cape Floristic Region study of, 7 G/wi, 28 (GCFR), 39 Gabrielino, 185 regional differences, 35–36 facial trauma, 288, 290–291 game hunting Ipiutak and Tigara, 267 feasting behavior, 196, 214 Gobero, 198, 204, 214 pastoralist, 39 feasting rituals, 11, 227, 229–230 Kiffian, 195 Sadlermiut, 310 Feathers, J., 144 Lagoa Santa, 147 stable carbon and nitrogen femoral length, 150 Mesolithic Europe, 67 analysis, 69–70 Greater Cape Floristic Region southern African Later Stone Age, Tenerian, 196 (GCFR), 32, 36 113, 133, 135 dingoes, 338, 348 Lagoa Santa, 155 Garcea E. A. A., 195, 197–198, 201, diphtheria, 339 femoral midshaft diaphyseal 203–204 dismemberment, 276, 284, 287, 293 shape (FMS), 149, 151–153, Garden Island (GbTo-23) site, 238 Dobyns, H. F., 328 156 gastric fever, 321 Doggerland, 67 femoral robusticity, 97–98, 119, gelatinization, 96 dogs, 113, 310 126, 128–130, 258 gender and gender identity, Dorset culture, 305–308, 310 femur 355–358 Dowling, P., 334 mobility, 93 gender differences Dr. Suni Plus Intraoral Digital Light Ferguson, R., 304, 309 degenerative joint disease, Sensor, 260 fertility, 13, 348 317–318 drought, 275, 278–279, 281, 291, suppressed, 15 limb strength, 34–35, 122–128 293, 331 fish/fishing, 8 long bone biomechanical dysentery, 321, 339 climate change and, 66 properties, 122–128 equipment, 113, 172, 175 vertebral compression fractures, ear spools, 236 Gobero, 198, 201–202, 214 316–317 earth mounds, 142 Jomon period, 99 general systems theory, 361, 369 Eastern Woodlands populations, Kiffian, 195 geophyte extraction, 27 362 Lagoa Santa, 146 geophytes, 28, 172 ecological systems, 328–329, See Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, 75 Georgia Bight, 153 also socioecological systems Patagonia, 52 Gibbons, Jimmy (Aivillingmiut), multiple stable states, 65 talismans, 183 320 theory, 7 fish remains, 234 Gifford-Gonzalez, D., 202 ecosystem resilience, 66 Fitzhugh, B., 1 Gilchrist, R., 356 Edwards River, 344 Flannery, K., 361–362 glass beads, 174, 182–186 effigies, 175, 178, 183–184 flint, 145, 147 Global History of Health database, Eidelberg, P. G., 213 flooding, 67, 331–333, 341 150 El Montón site (Santa Cruz Island), flu, 333 global warming, 354 12 Fontugne, M., 145 goat horn spoons, 230, 234, 237 El-Zaatari, S., 257 food storage, 172 goats, 68, 113

388 Index

Gobero site, 17, 194 ground stone disk beads, 228, 230, Hooton, E. A., 359 cemeteries, 197–201 235–237 Hoover, K. C., 15, 369 dearth of cattle, 204 interaction network, 242–244 Hopewell, 11 dental indicators of diet and group afﬁliation, 100 horticulture, 78 infection, 205–206 growth arrest, 37 Howell, F. C., 357 evidence for resilience, 211–217 growth disruption, 376 Hrdlička, A., 313, 359 frequencies of dental health growth faltering, 32 Hudson, M. J., 15, 369 indicators, 206–207, 211–213 growth stunting, 32–33, 37 huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), 48 material culture, 215–216 guanaco (Lama guanicoe), 48, Hughes, R. E., 283 sample composition, 205 51–55, 57–59 Hughes, Z., 354 social structure, 215–216 Gunderson, L. H., 364–365 Humaliwo site (CA-LAN-64, strontium isotopic variation, 203 Malibu), 169, 173–174 water source and mobility, 203 hand-axes, 145 excavation history, 174–175 Goldstein, L., 233 Handbook of the Indians of California objects excavated, 175 Grande Abrigo de Santana do (Kroeber, 1925), 277 postcontact, 178–187 Riacho site. See Santana do Haour, A. C., 195 precontact, 175–178 Riacho site hare-wallabies, 348 objects excavated after contact, grave goods Harold Walter collection, 147–148 178–181 Chumash, 173, 175, 182–184 harpoons/harpoon heads spatial orientation of grave Jomon period, 91–93, 98–99 Kifﬁan, 195, 197, 199 placements, 181–182 Northwest Coast of North Sadlermiut, 304, 307 humerus America, 233–234 Thule, 255 bilateral asymmetry, 127 Prince Rupert Harbour, 228, Tigara, 255 biomechanical properties, 119, 238–242 Harrington, John P., 171, 188 126 Salish Sea, 228, 235–237 Harris lines, 70 robusticity, 258 Point Hope (Alaska), 260–267 Hawdon, J., 334 strength and robusticity, 120 Tsukumo, 371 Hayden, B., 229 Huron, 11 grave pits, 98 Hegmon, M., 367–368 Hurt, Wesley, 145 Greater Cape Floristic Region Helo’ site (CA-SBA-46, Mescalitan Hutterite cultural system, 328, 350 (GCFR), 26–27, 376 Island), 169, 174, 185, 187 bioarchaeological evidence, 35 herding Iberian Peninsula, 72 body size, 32–33, 39 bioarchaeological perspectives, iconography, 159, 374–375 interpersonal violence and, 113–115 identity, 68–69, 74, 76, 79, 193, 36–37 biomechanical effects of, 267–269, 373–376, See also geography, 28–30 122–135 social identity health and hazards, 37–38 biomechanical research and, differentiation, 93 hunting technology, 28 115–117 foodways and, 69–70 osteological indicators of introduction of to South Africa, gendered, 355–358 lifestyle, 33–35 110–111, 113, 118–119 Igloolingmiut, 304 protein sources, 27–28, 34, 36, 38 physical activity and long bone Imamura, K., 98 regional dietary differences, 35–36 biomechanical properties, immediate-return hunter-gatherers, reproductive injury, 38 111–112 215 temporal changes for inhabitants, resilience theory and, 117–118, Indian Knoll collection, 359 38–39 130, 135 infant burials, 31, 182, 237, 310, Greenland, 354 Hilton, C. E, 257–258 322 Greenville site (GgTj-6, Lower Nass hip ornaments, 92–93, 98 infectious disease, 14 River), 231, 234 Hobler, G., 334, 340–344, 346–349 absence, Later Stone Age Grenby, T. H., 95 Hohokam population, 101, 367, remains, 37 Grier, C., 243 375 Australian Aboriginal grinding stones/tools, 58, 88, 97, Holling, C. S., 65, 228, 328, 364–365 populations, 333–334, 336, 195, 214 Honshu (Japan). See Jomon period 339–340

Index 389

from European contact resilience and adaptability, occupation (10 500 to 9000 BP), Chumash, 170 101–102 145–147, 161 Sadlermiut, 320–321, 325 tooth extraction, 91, 93, 100–102 oral health, 151, 155–156 persistent occupation at Lagoa Jordan, P., 355–356 persistent occupation (9000–7000 Santa and, 156 Ju/’hoansi (!Kung), 28 BP), 147–148, 161 Ingold, T., 6, 98–99, 204, 213–214, rock art, 146–147, 158–159 374 Kalahari, 28, 34, 36 sediment, 146 Inugsuk, 308 Kamarvik site (Hudson Bay), 308 skeletal remains, 141 Inuit, 302, 325, See also Sadlermiut Kamexmey settlement, 187 territoriality, 158–161 contemporary, 307 kangaroos, 333, 338, 348 Laguna, Frederica de, 307 language, 307 Kansyore hunter-gatherers, 215 Lake Site (KkHh-2, Southampton resilience, 354–355 Katzie Site (DhRp-52, lower Fraser Island), 308 spondylolysis, 315–316 River), 237 Lambert, P. M., 275 vertebral compression fractures, Kealhofer, L., 14 Laming-Emperaire, Annette, 316–317 Kent, S., 357 144–145 Inuk site (Labrador), 308 Kentucky shell mounds, 359 Lanari, Cassio, 145 Inuktitut language, 309 Khoekhoe culture, 38–39 Lander. F., 204 Ipiutak culture, 253 KhoeSan, 27–28, 30, 32, 39–40 Lang, John Dunmore, 331 abandonment of coastal descendant groups, 28 Lapa das Boleiras site (Lagoa Santa residences, 256, 267 dispute settlement, 36 karst), 147 archaeological data, genetic distinctiveness, 30 evidence of occupation 254–256 interbreeding with Africans and (10 500–9000 BP), 145–150 burial position and grave goods, Europeans, 38 population decline, 157 261–267 Kieta station, 345 Lapa das Caieiras site (Lagoa Santa ethnogenesis, 256–258 Kifﬁan culture, 195–197, 199 karst), 147 resilience, 267–268 King, C. D., 174, 184 Lapa do Ballet site (Lagoa Santa subsistence strategies, 267 Kingak, Etienne (Sadlermiut), karst), 147 Itaparica cultures, 144, 161 325 Lapa do Caboclo site (northern Serra ivory artifacts Kinzig, A. P., 365–366 do Espinhaço), 144 animal carvings, 256, 264 Kiyono, K., 89, 92 Lapa do Peixe Gordo site (northern harpoon head, 307 Klaus, H. D., 14 Serra do Espinhaço), 144 jewelry, 216 Koniags, 308 Lapa do Santo site (Lagoa Santa shaman’s tubes, 308 Krefft, G., 340, 346–349 karst), 144 tingmiujak, 304–305 Kroeber, Alfred, 277 burial dates, 147 Iwelen site, 201 Krueger, K. L., 257 evidence of occupation Kuk site (Duke of York Bay), 308 (10 500–9000 BP), 145–147 Jarvenpa, R., 357 Kuksu cult, 281 mortuary rituals, 148 jatobá (Hymenaea sp.), 156 Kusimba, S. B., 193 population decline, 157–158 Jomon period, 17, 85, 87–88, Kyushu (Japan), 15, 85–86, 88 rock art, 159 369–371 Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu site agricultural transition, 15 Lachane (GbTo-33) site, 238 (Brazil), 156 body size, 93, 101 Lachlan River, 330, 334, 341 Lapa Mortuária de Conﬁns site diet and carious teeth, 90, Lagoa Santa, 17, 141–142, 373 (Lagoa Santa), 147, 149 93–98 abandonment and resilience, Lapa Vermelha IV site (Lagoa grave goods, 91–92 157–161 Santa), 144–145, 159 long bone diaphyses and activity, disease, and stress Larsen, Helge, 254–255, 260 mobility, 90–91 indicators, 155–157 Later Stone Age, southern African, mortuary practices, 91–92, diet, 155–156 26 98–99 health and lifestyle indicators, accidental injuries, 38 phases, 87 148–155 archaeological evidence, 29–30, pottery, 86–87 initial occupations, 143–145 112–113

390 Index

Later Stone Age, southern African llerén (Calathea sp.), 151 Masemula, N., 205 (cont.) localized hypoplasia of the primary Mason, O. K., 256 bioarchaeological evidence, 35, canine (LHPC), 211 material culture 113–115 long bone biomechanical properties, Chumash, 172–173 biomechanical research, 115–117 111–112, 115, 119–122, Gobero, 214–216 body size, 32–33, 39, 114 124–125, 134, 376 Greater Cape Floristic Region interpersonal violence and, herding activities and, 125–135 (GCFR), 29–30 36–37 methods of analysis, 119–122 Kifﬁan, 195–197, 199 health indicators, 37–38 post-herding (Cape coast and marine products, 75 herding activities and long bone central interior groups) Neolithic, 77 biomechanical properties, results, 122–128 Patagonia, 48 111–112, 125–135 pre- and post-herding (Cape Sadlermiut, 325 human skeletal remains, 30–32, coast) results, 122 southern African Later Stone Age, 110, 118–119 research, 115–117 113 hunting and gathering resources, transition to herding and, 118 symbols of identity, 374 110 long bone diaphyseal morphology, Tenerian, 196–197 osteological indicators of 17, 90–91, 98, 115–116, 120, Mathiassen, T., 255, 308, 320–321 lifestyle, 33–35 122–124 Matjes River Rock Shelter, 30, 36 regional dietary differences, long bones, funerary treatment of, 147 Maxwell, M. S., 308 35–36 Lower Berkeley Pattern, 279–280 McCay, B. J., 328 reproductive injuries, 38 Lower Fraser River region, 231, McGhee, R., 308 temporal changes, 38–39 242–243, 247 McHenry, H. M., 120 tools and hunting technology, bead industry, 237 measles, 333 113 rock cairn and earthen mound meat cache burials (Sadlermiut), Lates niloticus, 198 graves, 233 321–324 Lee, R. B., 355–357 Lucy Island (British Columbia), 231 Medea Creek cemetery, 185, 187 Lepofsky, D., 243 Lukacs, J. R., 205 Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA), Librado, Fernando, 188 Luzia (specimen), 144–145 275, 278–279, 281, 291, 293 Libya, 196 Lyon, George F., 302, 309 megafaunal extinction, 47–49, Lightfoot, K. G., 169 52–55, 57, 59, 371 limb robusticity, 34–35, 97–98, 115, Macarthur Cave, Oban, 77 megaloblastic anemia, 150 120, 122, 124, 130, 258 Mackenzie Inuit, 308 Meganos culture, 280, 292 gender differences, 122–128 maize (Zea mays), 151 Mein, Pulteney, 334 limestone, 156, 304, 322 Mali, 201, 205 Mereweather, J., 333, 340, 344–346, graves, 310, 312 malnutrition, 37, 150 349 lamps, 305, 308 Man the Hunter (conference and Mesa Verde depopulation, 101, 367, projectile points, 145 volume), 5, 356–357 375 linear enamel hypoplasias, 37–38, manioc (Manihot esculenta), 151 Mesolithic Europe, 70–72 70, 101, 206, 278, 292 Marean, C. W., 38 effect of climate change, 72–74 Lingström, P., 95 marine resources, 26, 58, 66, 69–70, Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, 70, lithics, 72, 113 291, 309 74–79 Chokajubo-Mikoshiba, 86 change to terrestrial resources, metal artifacts, 182–183, 238–240 Lagoa Santa, 145–147, 157–158, 75–76 microblade technology, 86 161 effect of stormy weather, 73 Middle Stone Age, 30 Minas Gerais region, 144, 159 factors affecting, 66–67 Middle Woodland populations, 362, vitric greenstone, 201, 216 Marsden, S., 244 374 livestock. See also cattle; sheep Marsh, Donald B., 320 migration, 11, 67, 279, 293, 371 Greater Cape Floristic Region Marshall, L., 356 Jomon, 85, 101, 370 (GCFR), 38–39 Martin, S., 333 Point Hope (Alaska), 18, 256–257, southern African Later Stone Martindale, A., 244 267–268 Age, 110–111, 113, 131–134 Maruyama, M., 361 Prince Rupert Harbour, 244–246

Index 391

Sadlermiut, 309 nail-tailed wallabies, 348 pastoralist, 211–212 San Francisco Bay, 279 Namibia, 28 Sadlermiut, 312–314, 325 Thule, 305 Namu (ElSx-1) site (Northwest Coast ornaments, 175–176, 178–179, 183, milch pastoralists, 204 of North America), 230–231, 185, 281, See also hip milk consumption, 204, 211 233–234 ornaments millingstone technology, 280 Nap Nap (Western Riverina), Oronsay (Scotland), 73–74 Mimbres culture, 101, 366–367, 340–344 Ortner, D. J., 149 375 Nari-Nari, 332 osseous lipping (osteophyte), 317 Minas Gerais central-northern narwhals, 310 osteoarthritis, 317–318 region, patterns of National Museum of Canada Osteological Paradox, 375 occupation, 158–160 (Canadian Museum of osteomyelitis, 37 MIS6, 26 History), 238 osteopenia, 315 Mithen, S., 73 Naujan site (Hudson Bay), 308 osteoperiostitis, 149–150 mobility, 202–203, 205, 212, Neanderthals, 359 osteophytosis, 317 216 Nee-a-kood-loo (Sadlermiut), 302, osteoporosis, 317 Moche/Mochica culture, 14–15 309 ostrich eggshell beads, 29, 216 moderate delayed-return hunter- Nelson, M. C., 366, 368, 376 Ota site (Japan), 88–89, 91, 100, gatherers, 215 Neolithic Italian herders, 116, 370 mollusks, 52 127 body size, 93, 101 monkey radii earrings, 98 Neolithic Italian pastoralists, 116 carious teeth frequencies, 90, Moolpa station, 345 nephrite, 234 92–94 moose (Alces alces), 67 Neves, Walter A., 145–146 femora, 97 Morgan, L. H., 4 Niger, Early and Middle Holocene grave goods, 92, 98 mortality period, 195–197 identity differentiation, 93 body size and, 101–102 Nile Valley herders, 116, 127 tooth extraction, 93, 99 causes of, 38 NOMAD Pro Hand-Held X-Ray ovicaprines, 38 mortar and pestle technology, 280 System, 260 Oxford Handbook of the Morton, Samuel George, 358 Norse, 302, 354–355 Archaeology and mortuary monuments (Neolithic), 78 North Coast Prehistory Project Anthropology of Hunter- mortuary patterns, 148 (NCPP), 238 Gatherers, The (Cummings mortuary practices/rituals, 78 Norton culture, 255 et al., 2014), 11, 355–357 Australian Aboriginal, 333 nutritional status, bone growth and, Chumash, 171–172 150 pacas (Cuniculus paca), 146 Jomon period, 17, 91–92, 98–99 nutritional stress, 156 Padberg-Drenkpol, Jorge, 145 Lagoa Santa, 147–148 nuts, processing and consumption Paika Lake settlement, 334, Northwest Coast of North of, 95–97 340–344 America, 227–234 palm nuts, 156 Point Hope (Alaska), 261–267 objectiﬁcation of memory, 98–99 palm seeds (Syagrus ﬂexuosa), Sadlermiut, 310–312 ochre, 30, 148, 178, 234, 236–237 146 social maturation and, Okeechobee River Basin (Florida), 12 Pampa, 57 258–259 Olivella rough disc shell beads, panarchy, 364–365 southern African Later Stone Age, 180–183, 236 parasitism, 39, 150, 333 113 optimal foraging theory, 67 infection from, 37 Murphy, M. A., 205 oral health Parizeau Point (GbTo-30) site, Murray River, 330–331, 334–336, as evidence of hunter-gatherer 238 341, 346 resilience (Gobero), Park, R. W., 308 Murrumbidgee River, 330–331, 334, 211–213 parry fractures, 245 336, 341 frequencies of indicators pastoralism, 18, 27, 30, 32, 38–39, mussels, 34 (Gobero), 206–211 201, 211–217, 371 Mutundu, K. K., 214 Jomon period, 90, 92–98 African, 201–205 Muwu site (CA-VEN-11), 174 Lagoa Santa, 149, 151 carnivorous versus milch, 204

392 Index

Patagonia, Pleistocene–Holocene Pleistocene–Holocene transition. projectile points, 29, 195, 236–237, transition, 16, 47–48, 371 See Patagonia, Pleistocene– 281 archaeological sites, 50 Holocene transition bifacial flint/limestone, 145 climate, 48 Plettenberg Bay, 36 Stockton serrated series, 280 decline in faunal species, 57 Point Barrow (Alaska), 256, 308 purposive social action, 6 demographic history of hunter- Point Hope (Alaska), 253, 308, 373 Puydt, Emile de, 364 gatherers, 51–52 archaeological context, 254–256 diversity of species and biomass, dental health indicators, 257 quartz crystal artifacts, 175 57 skeletal sample, 259–260 quartz flakes, 144–145, 147, 156 faunal turnover and polar bears socioecological adaptation, artifacts made from, 304, 309, 319 Rainey, Froelich, 254–255, 260 52–59 attacks by, 319–320 Rasmussen, Knud, 254 maintenance of population size, remains of, 310 rat-kangaroos, 348 57–59 Pomo Indians, 184–185 Real Alto site (Ecuador), 151, 155 megafaunal extinction, 48 Poon Boon station, 345 Redman, C. L., 365–366 population growth, 55, 58–59 population growth, 47, 376 Reitsema, L. J., 369 reconstruction of changes in Greater Cape Floristic Region religious artifacts, 175, 178, 181, trophic interactions and (GCFR), 30, 35 183–185 faunal consumption, Patagonia, 58–59 reptiles, 146 49–51 porotic hyperostosis, 150, 156–157, resilience models, 363–365 Patterson Mound (CA-ALA-328), 278, 292 resilience, definitions, 27, 328 282 Portolá Overland Expedition resilience theory, 8–11, 65, 86, peccaries (Tayassu sp.), 146 (CE 1769/1770), 170 110–112, 168, 253, 278, 369 Pecos Pueblo, 359 postcranial lesions, 257–258, 267 herding and long bone pelican stones, 178 potlatch system, 227, 229–230, 246 biomechanical properties, pelvic shape, 32, 39 Pott, Sir Percival, 315 130, 135 pelvic stress injuries, 38 pottery Northwest Coast of North America Pender Canal site (DeRt-2), 230, Jomon, 87 region and, 228–230 234, 237 Kiffian, 195–197, 199 persistent places and, 143, 160 Penna, Josaphat, 145 Mimbres, 375 San Francisco Bay Area and, 291 Penney, J., 344, 349 Neolithic, 75, 78 transition to herding and, pequi (Caryocar brasiliense), 146, Patagonian, 58–59 117–118 156 precariousness, 15 resource intensification models, persistent places, 142–143 prehistoric California. See also San 201, 277–278, 291 Phillips, J., 338 Francisco Bay Area respiratory infections, 339 Pico, Petra (Chumash basket- chronological systems, 283–284 rheids, 52 maker), 188 food resources, 277 Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt area Pinker, S., 355 hunter-gatherer resilience, (Netherlands), 72 Planalto tradition iconography, 279–294 rickets, 150, 157 159 indicators of violence, 284–289 rigidity trap, 15, 79, 86, 365–368 plant foods, 58, 216, 356, 371 stress markers, 277–279 Rio Grande do Norte site (Northeast dental health and, 93–98, temporal patterns in violence, Brazil), 147 212–213 289–290 Ritchie, M., 243 domesticated, 2–3, 78, 157 Prendergast, M. W., 214 Robinson, E., 72 mobility and, 156–157, 161 Prince Rupert Harbour, 233, 373 rock art, 34 non-domesticated, 114, 133–135, elite burials, 238–242 engravings, Lagoa Santa karst, 172, 198, 202, 204, 292 migrations and warfare, 244–246 146–147 plants projectile point injuries, 275–276, Greater Cape Floristic Region Greater Cape Floristic Region 278, 283–285, 288–291, 293, (GCFR), 30 (GCFR), 28 371 Itaparica culture, 159 toxins from, 26–27 temporal patterns, 290 Minas Gerais region, 158–159

Index 393

rock shelters archaeological sites, 279, shell fish, 99 Greater Cape Floristic Region 281–283 shell mounds/middens, 12, 75 (GCFR), 29–31, 35 cultural patterns, 279–280 burials in, 31, 231, 233 Lagoa Santa, 145–149, 156–161 ethnohistoric context, 281–282 Kentucky, 359 roe deer, 67 linguistic diversity, 281 Oronsay, 74 Ross, W. G., 321 population size, 281 San Francisco Bay Area, 277, 280 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 4 resilience, 278–298 Santa Barbara Channel Islands, Russell, T., 204 skeletal remains, 283 142 Ryan Mound (CA-ALA-329), 282 warfare, 281–282 St. Johns River (Florida), 359 San Pedro de Mórrope chapel, 14 Siberian Eskimo, 308 Sadlermiut, 373 sand dune burials, 30–31 Silumiut site (Hudson Bay), 308 biocultural origins, 304–308 Sannai Maruyama site (Matsu Bay), Silurformes, 198 burials and graves, 321–324 278–279 skeletal dimensions, 27 comparison with Thule culture, San-speaking groups, 28 slate tools, 304–305 304–305 Santa Barbara Channel Islands smallpox, 333–334, 336, 348–349 degenerative joint disease, (California), 142 Smith, A. B., 195, 213–214 317–318, 325 Santa Maria, Father Vicente de, 183 Smith E. A., 6 demographic collapse, 321, 325 Santana do Riacho site (southern soapstone artifacts, 237 dentition, 312–314, 325 Serra do Espinhaço), 144, 161 social identity, 6, 99–100, 172–187, diseases from European contact, rock art, 159 258–259 320–321, 325 Sanyo, 88 social inequality, 275–276, 279, first European contact, 302–304, Saxe, A. A., 233 292–293 324 scalping, 284, 287, 289, 293 social maturation, 258–259 hairstyles, 304 Scott, E. C., 205 social resilience, 66, 68, 71, 376 houses, 321 Scottish west coast, 77–78 socioecological memory, 97 intensification of subsistence Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, socioecological systems, 7, 9–11, behavior, 309–310 79 253–254, 364–365, 368 language and cultural isolation, scurvy, 150, 157 Australian Aboriginal, 341–344, 309 seals, 34, 267, 309, 324 348 material culture, 304–305 carvings of, 256 Central Brazil, 146 mortuary practices, 310–312 Sealy, J., 38–39, 204 European Mesolithic, 16, 66–74, polar bear attacks, 319–320 Sechelt Inlet system, 235 76, 78–79 spondylolysis, 315–316 sedentary pastoralism, 202 herding, 115, 119 vertebral compression fractures, sedentism, 66, 74, 157, 214, 277–278 horticultural, 155 316–317 Sereno, P. C., 197, 201 Jomon period, 17, 88, 97–99, 102, Sahlins, M. A., 13 sex determination, 89–90 376 Salish Sea region, 247 sexually transmitted infections Patagonia, 59 bead interaction network, (STIs), 336, 340, 345, 350 Point Hope (Alaska) region, 242–244 Shaffer, B. S., 375 255–259 burial sites, 231 Shannon diversity index, 50–52 socioeconomic inequality, 17, 71, disk beads, 230 sharing ethic, 68 98, 293, 371 rock cairn and earthen mound shark teeth, 98 Solich, M., 367–369 graves, 233 sharp-force trauma, 276 South Africa. See Later Stone Age, Salish Sea site (DjRw-14), 247 sheep, 38, 68, 113, 331, 334–335, southern African bead burials, 235–237, 242 337–338, 341, 344–345 South America, initial occupations, grave goods, 228 shell beads, 174, 184, 186 143–145 San Francisco Bay Area, 371 San Francisco Bay, 280 South Wales, 74, 76, 78–79 age and sex estimation of used as currency, 172–173, 182 Southampton Island (Hudson Bay), remains, 284 uses and meanings, 185 302–305, 309, 320–321, 373 archaeological context, shell bracelets, 98 marine resources, 309 279–281 shell disk beads, 236–237, 239 polar bears, 319

394 Index

Spanish Mission system, 170 burials, compared to Sadlermiut, toxins, 26–27 spears, 115, 127 311–312 transformation, 6, 57–59, 85, 118, spondylolysis, 257–258, 315–316 compared to Sadlermiut, 304–310 169, 193, 229, 253, 279, 292, St. Johns River (Florida) shell polar bear predation, 319 329 mounds, 359 spondylolysis, 316 trauma/traumatic injuries, 39 stable isotope analysis, 69–70, tibial periosteal lesions, 278, 292 Australian Aborigines, 339 113–115 Tigara culture, 18, 253, 373 perimortem, 376 starches, 94–97, 149, 156 archaeological context, 255–256 Sadlermiut, 314–315, 325 stature, 70, 150, 375–376 burial position and grave goods, violent, 245, 275–276, 284–288 Greater Cape Floristic Region 261–267 trees, Jomon period, 87 (GCFR), 32–33, 39 ethnogenesis, 256–258 management of, 95, 97 herding and, 114 resilience, 267–268 treponemal disease, 340 Jomon period, 93, 101 Tilapinii, 198 Trionychidae, 198 violence and, 36–37 Tilemsi Valley, 201 trophy skulls, 239–240 Sterling, K., 356 Tomka, S., 160 trophy-taking, 276, 278, 285–287, Stevenson, M., 160 Tongva, 185 289, 291–293, 298, 381 stick-nest rats, 348 tool use, 27 temporal patterns, 290 stone balls, 58 limb strength and, 34, 127 Trosper, R. L., 229–230 stone tool traditions, 72 tools Tsawwassen site (DgRs-2, Salish strandlopers (beach walkers), 39 bone, 239, 280 Sea), 237 Strauss, A. M., 148 Chumash, 175 Tsukumo site (Japan), 88–89, 370 Sturt, Charles, 334, 336 European, 183 body size, 93, 101 sugars, 149 ﬂaked, 145–146 carious teeth frequencies, 90, surface burials, 231–233, 260, for grinding, 58–59, 88, 97, 214 92–94 263–264, 267 gender and, 357 evidence of social complexity, 99 syphilis, 333, 336, 339 human bone, 287 femora, 97 systemic infection, 149, 153 Jomon, 89 grave goods, 92, 98, 371 systems theory, 10, 228, 360–362 Prince Rupert Harbour, 246 identity differentiation, 93 Syuxtun site (Santa Barbara), 171, Sadlermiut, 304, 309, 319 tooth extraction, 93, 99–101 174 Sannai Maruyama site, 88 tsunamis, 66–67 southern African Later Stone Age, tube worm shells, 236 Tafuri, M. A., 203 113 tuberculosis, 37 Tainter, Joseph, 361–362 stone, 72, 239, 307 Tunermiut site (Southampton Tam, M. E., 14 teeth used as, 313 Island), 307, 310, 313–314, tapitis (Silvylagos brasiliensis), Tenerian, 196–197 319–321, 325 146 Tooniks, 308 Tunit people, 307 taro, 94 tooth emergence, 260 Turner, N. J., 374 Taylor, W. E., Jr., 305, 310, 321 tooth extraction, 148 tusk artifacts, 260 Ténéré Desert, 195, 197 Jomon period, 17, 91, 93, typhoid fever, 321 Tenerian culture, 196–197, 201 100–102 typhus, 321 tephrochronology, 71 tooth formation, 260 terrestrial resources, 74–77 tooth loss, 207–208, 211–212 Ubelaker, D. H., 205, 284 territoriality, 278, 368 Gobero, 205 Upper Berkeley Pattern, 280 Greater Cape Floristic Region, 27, Ipiutak and Tigara cultures, 257 US Bureau of American Ethnology, 40 Sadlermiut, 312–313 359 Lagoa Santa, 148, 158–161 tooth wear, 205–206, 211 Utermohle, C. J., 308 southern African Later Stone Age, Australian Aborigines, 339 utilitarian objects, 175, 181 113 Ipiutak culture, 257 Theseus’ Paradox, 374 Sadlermiut, 313, 325 Valenzuela, Doniciana, and Thompson, V. D., 12 Tigara culture, 257, 267 Candelaria (Chumash Thule culture, 254–256, 267, 324 tortoise, 34 basket-makers), 188

Index 395

vaqueros, 183 walrus, 267, 309, 324 White, L., 361 Vayda, A. P., 328 artifacts, 256 Wicks, K., 73 vegetal burning, 146 tusks, 264 Windmiller Culture, 280 vertebral compression fractures, Walrus Island, 302, 307 Windover cemetery (Florida), 153 316–317 Walter, Harold, 145 Winterhalder B. D., 6 Villagran, X. S., 146 Walthall, J. A., 143 Wiradjuri, 333 violence Wamba-Wamba, 332 women. See also gender and gender Australian Aborigines, 341, Wamba Wamba Local Aboriginal identity; gender differences 345 Land Council, 350 as ceremonial leaders, 183 bioarchaeological evidence warfare, 274–275, 293 as warriors, 292–293 (prehistoric California), female participation, 281, evidence of violence, 36, 40 275–276 292–293 participation in warfare, 281, European/Australian Aboriginal, Prince Rupert Harbour, 244–246 293 335–336 San Francisco Bay Area, 281–282 pelvic shape (Greater Cape Greater Cape Floristic Region, 27, Warren, John Collins, 358 Floristic Region (GCFR)), 32 36–37, 40 Warrior Cache (Boardwalk, GbTo- pelvic stress injury, 38 indicators of, 284–287 31), 240–242, 245 women scholars and hunter- patterns and markers of Wati Wati, 333 gatherers, 356 (prehistoric California), wealth displays, 227–230, 234–235, Wood, J. W., 360 277–279 243, 245–247 WPA excavations, 359 research, 274–275 West Berkeley Shellmound Wyman, Jeffries, 359 San Francisco Bay Area, (CA-ALA-307), 282 290–293 Western Riverina, 373 /Xam, 28 temporal patterns (prehistoric Aboriginal occupation, 332–334 xixá (Sterculia chicha), 146, 156 California), 289–290 changes in environmental vitamin B12, 150 conditions, 334–336 Yayoi period, 15, 85, 88 von Bertalanffy, A. L., 361 European occupation, 334–336 farmers, 11 landscape, 329–332 Yoffee, N., 362 Wadi Howar, 201 wet-rice agriculture, 15, 85, 88 Yubetsu culture, 86 Wadi Wadi, 334 whale bones, 171, 240, 255, 310, 320 Wakeﬁeld, N. A., 348 whale efﬁgies, 178, 256 Zealand (Island of, Denmark), 67 Walker, M. J. C., 198 whale hunting, 254–256, 258, Zimbabwe, 28 Walker, P. L., 7, 275 267–268, 373 ZooMS (zooarchaeology by mass walnut trees, 95 commercial, 302–304, 320–321 spectrometry), 70