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Thèse De Doctorat Dans Son Équipe N° d’ordre: 60/2016-C/S.B الجمھوریة الجزائریة الدیمقراطیة الشعبیة République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université des Sciences et de la Technologie -Houari Boumediene- Faculté des Sciences Biologiques Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du diplôme de doctorat 3ème cycle (LMD) En: SCIENCES BIOLOGIQUES Spécialité: Microbiologie Appliquée par BOUACEM KHELIFA Sujet Caractérisation de souches bactériennes isolées à partir de sources thermales du Nord-Algérien: Etude des propriétés enzymatiques Soutenue publiquement le: 08 / 12 / 2016, devant le jury composé de: Mme TOUIL-BOUKOFFA C. Professeur à l‟USTHB Présidente Mme BOUANANE-DARENFED A. Maître de Conférences à l‟USTHB Directrice de Thèse Mr HACENE H. Professeur à l‟USTHB Examinateur Mme BENHASSINE T. Professeur à l‟USTHB Examinatrice Mme BOUCHERBA N. Maître de Conférences à l‟UAMB Examinatrice Mr JAOUADI B. Maître de Conférences au CBS Examinateur 2015-2016 « ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ِ ِ َِّ ِ ِ ِ قُ ْل إنَّني َه َداني َربِّي إلَى صَراط ُم ْستَقيٍم دينًا قيًَما ملةَ إبْ َراهي َم َحنيًفا ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ َِِّ َوَما َكا َن م َن الُْم ْشِركي َن )*( قُ ْل إ َّن َصََلتي َونُ ُسكي َوَم ْحيَا َي َوَمَماتي لله ِ ِ ِ ِ ِِ » َر ِّب الَْعالَمي َن )*( ََل َشِري َك لَهُ َوب َذل َك أُمْر ُت َوأَنَا أََّوُل الُْم ْسلمي َن صدق اهلل العظيم َ 163-161 اﻷنَ َعام Résumé L‟Algérie compte plus de 240 sources chaudes qui augmentent en nombre au fur et à mesure qu‟on se rapproche du Nord-Est Algérien. Ces écosystèmes se présentent comme un champ d‟investigations privilégiés pour la recherche de nouvelles souches thermophiles productrices de biomolécules notamment des enzymes. Notre thématique porte essentiellement sur l‟étude des activités enzymatiques de souches bactériennes isolées d‟aquifères thermaux. Au totale 79 souches aérobies et anaérobies ont été caractérisées. L‟identification phylogénique de quelques isolats par l‟approche moléculaire (séquençage du gène de l‟ARNr 16S), a permis de les rattacher aux genres: Albidovulum, Hydrogenophilus, Meiothermus, Thermoanaerobacter, Thermovibrio, Thermotoga, Thermanaerothrix, Tepidimonas, Anoxybacillus, Geobacillus, Gordonia, Sphingopyxis et Caldicoprobacter. Trois nouvelles enzymes hydrolytiques: protéase (SAPCG), kératinase (KERCA) et xylanase (XYN35) produites par des souches appartenant au genre Caldicoprobacter ont été purifiées et caractérisées. Ces hydrolases pourraient être utilisées respectivement en détergence, dans le traitement du cuir et dans le blanchiment de la pâte à papier. Les résultats obtenus de la caractérisation biochimique et cinétique de ces enzymes bactériennes sont très prometteurs. Mots clés: Sources chaudes, Enzymes thermostables, Kératinase, Protéase, Xylanase Remerciements et Dédicaces Remerciements الحمد هلل رب العالمین Une page va bientôt se tourner, cette thèse s‟achève et voici le moment de laisser une trace écrite afin de témoigner ma reconnaissance à toutes les personnes qui m‟ont entouré et encouragé durant ma thèse. Voici certainement les pages du manuscrit de thèse les plus difficiles à écrire. Comment exprimer avec exactitude toute la gratitude que l‟on éprouve envers chaque personne ayant pris part de près ou de loin à ce projet ? La difficulté est d‟en oublier le moins possible et de trouver les mots justes. Je tiens tout d‟abord à exprimer ma profonde gratitude et mes sincères remerciements à Madame Bouanane-Darenfed Amel, Directrice de ma thèse. Avec sa disponibilité, son savoir-faire, ses conseils, elle m‟a permis de réaliser cette thèse dans les meilleures conditions. Sa compétence, son enthousiasme et l‟attention particulière avec laquelle elle a suivi et dirigé ce travail ont permis son aboutissement à temps. Je la remercie pour m‟avoir donné l‟opportunité de réaliser ma thèse entre l‟Algérie, la Tunisie et la France. Merci pour tout ! Je suis particulièrement reconnaissant aux Professeurs: Touil-Boukoffa Chafia, Hacène Hocine, Benhassine Traki et aux Docteurs Boucherba Nawel et Jaouadi Bassem d‟avoir accepté de juger mon travail. Je tiens à remercier Monsieur le Professeur Hacène Hocine, responsable du laboratoire de Microbiologie, de m'avoir offert la chance d'effectuer ma thèse de doctorat dans son équipe. Mr Hacène, nulles paroles ne peuvent exprimer ma reconnaissance et mon profond respect. Je tiens à exprimer ma grande considération, mes sentiments de reconnaissance et mon profond respect à Mme le Professeur Touil-Boukoffa Chafia, directrice du Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (LBCM) à la Faculté des Sciences Biologiques (FSB). Vous me faites un grand honneur en acceptant de présider ce jury de thèse malgré vos multiples occupations. Je suis très sensible par la présence du Professeur Benhassine Traki, je vous remercie d‟avoir accepté d‟examiner ce travail de thèse, vous étiez membre du jury de la commission d‟entretien pour mon accès au doctorat et aujourd‟hui vous êtes là pour ma soutenance, quel plaisir !!! je vous remercie également pour vos qualités humaines dignes d‟estime. Je tiens à remercier profondément Mme Boucherba Nawel, Maître de conférences à l‟UAMB, pour l‟intérêt qu‟elle a porté à ce travail, pour son aide précieuse, sa gentillesse et surtout son orientation durant la préparation de cette thèse. Je vous remercie de tout mon cœur pour votre investissement durant mon stage au sein de votre laboratoire. C‟est avec enthousiasme que j'ai travaillé au quotidien avec Monsieur le docteur Jaouadi Bassem. Son professionnalisme et son discernement, sa modestie et finalement le soutien qu'il m'a témoigné ont renforcé ma motivation durant mes séjours au CBS. Pour le reste il n‟y a pas de mots à écrire sur ce manuscrit. Merci cher Bassem. Mes remerciements s‟adressent au Professeur Benallaoua Said, Directeur du Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée (MA) à l‟Université Abderrahmane Mira de Béjaia (UAMB) pour m‟avoir accueilli au sein de son laboratoire. Qu‟il reçoive l‟expression de ma vive gratitude. Je tiens particulièrement à exprimer mes sincères sentiments de respect à Monsieur le Professeur Bejar Samir, Directeur du Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne et d‟Ingénierie des Enzymes (LBMIE) au Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS) en Tunisie, pour l‟accueil chaleureux qu‟il m‟a réservé durant mes stages, pour ses aides précieuses, ses conseils, ses encouragements. Remerciements Veuillez trouver ici l‟expression de ma profonde gratitude et de mon plus grand respect. J‟espère que c‟est le début d‟une longue et fructueuse collaboration. Je voudrais exprimer mes plus vifs remerciements à Mezghani Mounia qui m‟a fait partager ses connaissances en biologie moléculaire. Merci pour ton aide dans mes manipulations et ton soutien continu durant mes séjours au CBS. Un merci particulier à celle qui m‟a appris ma première PCR, Dr. El-Gharbi Fatma. Il me tient à cœur d‟insister sur ses qualités humaines, sa patience, sa disponibilité, son soutien, ses encouragements…Merci pour tout !!! Je ne pourrai oublier de remercier madame Hmida-Sayari Aïda, maître assistante au CBS, pour son aide, ses conseils et sa gentillesse. Je tiens aussi à exprimer ma profonde gratitude aux membres du LBMIE: Trabelsi Sahar, Mechri Sondes, Hmidi Maher, Zerai-Jaouadi Nadia, Rekik Hatem, Ameri Rihab, Daoud Lobna, Omrane Maroua, Neifar Sawssan, Mnejja Bouthaina et Hadj Brahim Adel. Je vous remercie pour votre gentillesse, votre compréhension et votre soutien continu ainsi que vos encouragements. Que vous trouvez ici l‟expression de ma profonde reconnaissance et mon profond respect. Je ne peux passer sous silence le plaisir que j‟ai eu de partager mon appartement avec Hmidi Maher (j‟adore ta salata machwiya) et Ben Merzoug Riadh. Je vous remercie mes chers amis pour votre soutien et votre grande serviabilité. Jrad Mouna, ohh docteur, merci de ta présence, de ton aide, de tous les moments partagés avec toi en Algérie et à Sfax. Je remercie également Monsieur Ollivier Bernard, Directeur de Recherche à l‟IRD, de m‟avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire et de m‟avoir fait profiter de ses connaissances scientifiques. Je le remercie pour tous les moyens qu‟il a su mettre à ma disposition pendant mes stages. Madame Fardeau Marie Laure, merci pour la confiance que vous m‟avez accordé, l‟indépendance que vous m‟avez donné tout en restant disponible quand j‟avais besoin de vous. Je vous remercie de m‟avoir donné l‟opportunité de découvrir le monde de l‟anaérobiose. Un grand merci à Jean-Luc Cayol pour son aide dans la réalisation de mes arbres. Merci Ben Hania Wajdi pour ta disponibilité, ton rire contagieux et des millions de raisons, mais surtout pour ton énergie, ta passion et ta créativité qui resteront pour moi une source d‟inspiration. Merci Ben Aissa Fatma, je ne te remercierai jamais assez pour tout ce que tu as pu faire pour moi. Ohhh Carine la parisienne, merci pour le temps passé ensemble et pour m‟avoir fait rire avec tes histoires du marché Noaille et impact factor !!!. Je remercie tous les thésards que j‟ai rencontrés à l‟IRD pour la bonne ambiance dans laquelle je travaillais. Ben Ali Gam Zouhaier, merci pour tout et surtout pour la visite touristiques de Djerba. Tu es une personne généreuse, surtout reste comme tu es. Je voudrais également remercier Boulaouad Ilyes pour l‟intérêt qu‟il a porté à mon travail, de ses conseils, de sa générosité et de sa sympathie. Evidemment cette thèse ne serait pas ce qu‟elle est sans l‟aide, la disponibilité et la bonne humeur sans cesse renouvelée de tous les membres du notre équipe de Microbiologie. Je vous en suis reconnaissant car cela m‟a permis d‟évoluer dans un environnement de confiance et de sérénité. Je commencerais par citer mes collègues, amies les thésardes de la HC: Abdelaziz Lamia, Quadri Ines, Yaici Lamia, Djenane Zahia et mes collègues les thésardes qui sont devenues des Docteurs: Addou Nariman, Amziane Meriam, Hassani Ikram et Djouadi Lydia.
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