How Are Canadians Affected by Geography?

Home , Kutenai, Nazko First Nation, Tlatlasikwala Nation, Wuikinuxv

Geology (or Physiographic Regions)

lnnuitian

• Canadian Shield D Lowlands D Highlands

How are Canadians affected by geography?

0 500

Climate Regions

D Arctic D Taiga D Cordilleran CJ Pacific maritime D Boreal D Prairie D Southeastern D Atlantic maritime

I / ~ I I I

0 500 1000

km Vegetation Regions

□ Tundra D Boreal and taiga forest l!!!!!!!I Grassland D Mixed forest D Deciduous forest D West coast forest D Wide range of vegetation types in the mountainous area

0 I

Water Resources/Drainage Basins

Major Drainage Basins Location Area (km') Mean 40 H-t++-1'...... +++-t--i discharge (m3/s) 3S H-t++-+++++++--i ' 0 '' D Pacific 1 009 064 24 100 "E 30 H-t++-t,++-H-+-t--i \ D Arctic 3 583 265 16 400 0 Hudson Bay 3 860 136 30 900 ~25 H-t+-l:al'ff+++-t--i l!!!!!I ,Q D Atlantic 1 520 071 33 400 ii5 20 H-++++~'IH+i--l l!!!!I Gulf of Mexico 26 677 25 Average Annual Discharge (m 3/ s) Mackenzie 8480 St. Lawrence 7350 Nelson 2370 0--JFMAMJJASOND...... Months Columbia 2800/7500' 1 Nelson River Yukon 2500/6430 20 .-r'T'"T"'T'"T"~"'T""<..,...,.., 1 First value is the discharge at the E 1 s H-++++++++-H---i CanadaNS border. Second value is 0 the discharge where the river ~10 H-++++++-H-H---i enters the sea in the United States. ~ in The bar graphs show the volume of flow 0 by month. JFMAMJJASOND Months Columbia River St. Lawrence River 20 20 .. c' E 1s '·-, 0 :, PACIFIC :e10 ' .. 1\ ~ CO 5 '·• "-'- -.. __ 0 ia::11:1.... w..&.1.&.1:11 ..... 0 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Months Months Sources: Canada and the World Atlas; Statistics Canada; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

©P ©P 131 Traditional Territories of First Peoples in Canada

,1mjij•fl Indigenous Languages in Canada

Excerpt from "Indigenous Languages in Canada ," Karen Rice, December 12, 2016. tiii\THECANADIAN Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada . ~ ENCYCLOPEDIA Note: The names used to represent Indigenous people and their languages may be terms that, through the process of colonization, have either been ascribed to them or translated and written into a foreign language system. As Indigenous populations work to revitalize their languages and cultures, many are reclaiming their traditional names.

r The distribution of language families, or languages with a common ancestor, is quite varied across Canada. Languages from two I 1 families, Algonquian and Iroquoian, are traditionally found east of Lake Winnipeg. In the Prairies, there are speakers of Algonquian, Siouan, and Dene (Athapaskan/ Athabaskan/ Athabascan and Tlingit) languages, while speakers of Dene, Inuit and Algonquian languages inhabit the Subarctic. The province of British Columbia is linguistically highly diverse, with languages of the Salishan, Tsimshian, Wakashan, Dene (Athapaskan/ Athabaskan/ Athabascan and Tlingit) and Algonquian families spoken there as well as the isolates Haida/Xaad Kil and Kutenai/Ktunaxa. Related languages are found in other regions. Algonquian, Iroquoian, Dene, Siouan and Salishan languages are also spoken in the United States; and languages that are closely related to Inuit are spoken in the United States, as well as in Siberia and Greenland. The Dene languages are thought to be related to the Yeniseian languages of Siberia.

I ' Indigenous Languages

Map based on "Native Languages and Language Families of North America," by Ives Goddard, Smithsonian Institution, 1996 and 1999.

Map Detail Key 1. Haisla 9. Wenro 2. Heilts uk 10. Erie 3. Bella Coola 11. Seneca 4. Kwakiutl 12 . Cayuga 5. Comox 13. Onondaga 6. Coast Sa lish 14. Oneida 7. Li llooet 15. Mohawk 8. Chilcotin

Labrador Sea

HAIDA

ATLANTIC PACI FI C OCEAN OCEAN

INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE FAMILIES D Eskimo-Aleut • Haida D Salishan D Iroquoian □ Algic D Tsimshianic D Kootenay D Beothuk D Nadene Wakashan D Siouan-Catawba 0 2S0 500 km

132 Chapter 7 Land and People ©P ,jmjijjli Michif Language @ Use Sources A to C to answer questions Excerpt from "Michif," by Jennifer Brown, 2006. Courtesy of ~ THE CANADIAN V ENCYCLOPEDIA 1 to 3. The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada . 1. Compare the written statement of Source A with the visual Michif is a language spoken by Metis peoples mostly in parts of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, representation of Source B. North Dakota and Montana. Michif is mainly a combination of Cree and French, but the Explain how the two sources language also borrows from English and other Indigenous languages, including Ojibwa. are similar and how they are different. Which style do you find more effective? Why? 2. According to Source A, which Indigenous language families ,in@d•I are spoken in Canada and other countries? Indigenous Territory 3. According to Source C and the map in Source B, which Excerpt from "Indigenous Territory," by Molly Malone language family would most and Libby Chisholm, 2016. Courtesy of The Canadian .~ THE CANADIAN V ENCYCLOPEDIA likely overlap territory with Encyclopedia, Historica Canada . the greatest Metis-speaking r population? Indigenous territory - also referred to as traditional territory- describes the ancestral and contemporary connections of Indigenous peoples to a geographical area .. . '1 11'Mdl Indigenous Views on Territory First Nations Languages, British There are many differences between Indigenous views on Columbia territory and Canadian legal and political definitions of territory. Indigenous understandings of territory are based The intent of this map is to provide a more accurate representation on worldviews that are both complex and culturally specific, of First Nations in British Columbia. Boundaries shown are language areas and not an authoritative depiction of traditional territories. and represent a variety of multi-faceted relationships and The names listed are the ones First Peoples prefer to call themselves. ancestral connections to place since time immemorial... Terms and spellings do not reflect all dialects or names used by First Nations living within the illustrated regions. Treaties, Land Claims and Reserves During the 19th century, Indigenous people were moved off their land and onto reserves, which represented only a portion of their original territory. These reserves were allocated through the establishment of treaties and through the Indian Reserve Commission. Today, federally recognized First Nations live on and operate their own governments on reserves. However, First Nations have traditional territories beyond reserves. For First Nations that have signed treaties, the government defines these territories based on treaty boundary lines. For First Nations that have not signed treaties, the definition of traditional territory may arise from ongoing treaty negotiation processes or other interactions with the Canadian government and legal system .. . There are also indigenous nations in Canada that are not federally recognized, but that have traditional territories. For example, the Qalipu Mi'kmaq are recognized, but not connected to a reserve. In addition, Metis and Non-Status Indians live across Canada, with connections to various traditional territories. A 2016 Supreme Court decision recognized that Metis and Non-Status Indians are under the jurisdiction of the federal government, which has implications for recognition of rights to traditional territory.

Traditional Territories of First Peoples in Canada 133 ©P ©P ,,m4iji Treaty Negotiations in BC Boundaries on this map roughly represent estimated areas of traditional territories of First Peoples, but they are approximations only and are constantly shifting as new information arrives and treaty negotiations advance.

Th e lines on this map represent the approximate boundaries of traditional territories described in First Nation Statements of Intent to negotiate treaties which have been submitted to, and accepted by the B.C. Treaty Commiss ion. They are illustrative only and may be updated in th e future. Additional Statements Inset 1 of Intent may be received. Publication of ; I th is map does not imply that the First Nati ons, the Province of British Columbia, I or the Government of Canada have agreed to the boundaries shown.

I . Final Agreements in Effect

I II N Nisga'a Nation ("Nass Area" W+E 'f) shown) s

Tla'a ati o 0 45 90 km ~aa-nul\ ,Ts I I I Fir5l Natt Firs ahon

, I

Inset 2

O 62.5 165 km

Inset 1

STATEMENTS OF INTENT TO NEGOTIATE TREATIES ACCEPTED BY THE .'. ., BRITISH COLUMBIA TREATY COMMISSION AS OF APRIL 2016

-1- Acho Dene Koe First Nati on - 20- Kaska Dena Council - 40- Snuneymuxw First Nation -2- A llied Tribes of Lax Kw'alaams - 21 - Katz ie Indian Band - 41- Squamish Nation - 3- Carcross/fagish First Nation - 22- Klahoose In dian Band -42- St6: lii Xwexwilmexw Treaty Association -4- Ca rri er Sekani Tribal Council - 23- K'6moks Fi rst Nation - 43- Taku Ri ver Tlingit First Nation -5- Champagne and A ishihik First Nations -24- Ktunaxa Ki nbasket Treaty Council -44- Te'mexw Treaty Association (Ba nds) -6- Ches latta Carrier Nation - 25 - Kwakiutl Nation -45- Teslin Tlingit Council -7- Coun cil of the Haida Nation - 26- Laich-Kwil-Tach Council of Chiefs - 46- Tla-o-qu i-aht Fi rst Nation -8- Da'naxda'xw Awaetlatla Nation - 27- Lake Babine Nation - 47- Tlatlasikwala Nation -9- Ditidaht First Nation - 28- Lheidli T'enneh First Nation -48- Tlowitsis First Nation -10- Esk'etemc First Nation -29- Liard First Nation -49- Tsay Keh Dene Band -11- G itanyow Hereditary Chiefs -30- Mcleod Lake Indian Band - 50- Tsims hian First Nations -12- Git1,san Hereditary Chiefs - 31 - Musqueam Nation -51- Tsleil-Waututh Nation -13- Gwa'Sala-'Nakwaxda'xw Nation - 32- 'N;!m~is Nation -52- Wei Wai Kum/Kwiakah First Nations -14- Haisla Nation - 33- Nazko First Nation -53- Westbank First Nation -15- Heiltsuk Nation - 34- Northern Shuswap Tribal Council - 54- Wet'suwet'en Nation -16- Homalco Indian Band -35- Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council -55- Wuikinuxv Nation -17a- Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group (Core) - 36- Pacheedaht Band - 56- Ya le First Nation -17b- Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group (Marine) - 37- Quatsino First Nation - 57- Yekooche First Nation -18- Hupacasath First Nation - 38- Ross River Dena Council - 19- In-SHUCK-ch Nation - 39 - Sechelt Indian Band

134 Chapter 7 Land and People ©P @ Use Sources D to F to answer questions 4 to 6. 4. Source D describes two views on territory. Which of the two map sources (E or F) might relate more to an Indigenous person's perspective of land? Which might reflect a more Euro-Canadian perspective? Explain your rationale. 5. Which Indigenous populations are not federally recognized but have traditional territories? Which ones have been federally recognized since 2016 but may not have traditional territories? 6. Compare Sources E and F. What are the similarities and differences? Why do you think the maps are so different?

,m@III Growth of Indigenous Population According to Statistics Canada's 2011 Canada Census, it is estimated that by 2036, the Indigenous population in Canada will grow significantly.

r According to a new set of projections, the population who reported an Aboriginal identity would grow faster than the non-Aboriginal population from 2011 to 2036. The Aboriginal population was estimated at 1,502,000 in 2011. In all scenarios considered, it would reach between 1,965,000 and 2,633,000 people by 2036. This would represent an average annual growth of between 1.1 %and 2.3%, higher than the 0.9% for the population as a whole. As a result, Aboriginal people would account for between 4.6% and 6.1 %of the Canadian population in 2036, compared with 4.4% in 2011. 1\vo main factors explain the projected higher growth of the Aboriginal population in the coming years: higher fertility and changes in self-reported identification during the life course.

r , 11'htilll Inuit Population Inuit Nunangat was home to 43,455 Inuit, 1,075 First Nations people, and 385 Metis, with the rest reporting other Aboriginal identities (25} or more Population growth ofinuit people in Canada, Statistics than one Aboriginal identity (55). From 2006 to 2011, the Inuit population Canada, 2011 Canada Census. in Inuit Nunangat increased by 10%.

. "" ARCTIC tt, ,t, OCEAN GREENLAND D s x~ D lnuvialuit ALASKA D Nunavut USA D Nunavik FmhJ•II Inuit Nunangat Map

Nunangat is the traditional homeland of the Inuit people of Canada.

©P ©P Traditional Territories of First Peoples in Canada 135 ,M•Pill Metis Population (Number) Winnipeg 46 325 Metis People in Canada's Edmonton 31 780 Largest Cities Vancouver 18 485 Statistics Canada, 2011 Canada Census: Metis Calgary 17 040 Populations in 10 Largest Metropolitan Areas. Saskatoon 11 520 Toronto 9 980 Montreal 8 840 Regina 8 225 Prince Albert 7 900 Ottawa-Gatineau (Ontario part) 6 860

@ Use Sources G to J to answer questions 7 to 10. 7. Source G from 2011 Census Data identifies 1 409 100 Indigenous people in Canada at that time, and 859 970 of them are First Nations people. Which groups make up the other 549 130 Indigenous people in Canada? 8. Of the 451 795 people identified as Metis (Source G), 385 live in Inuit Nunangat (Source I). In Source J, which three provinces have the highest population of Metis living in metropolitan areas? 9. Examine sources G, H, and I for a sense of the extent of the Inuit population within the overall population of Indigenous peoples in Canada, then answer the following questions: a) Compare the population growth rates mentioned in Sources G and H. Are they the same? Explain. b) What geographic characteristics are shared in the 4 areas of Inuit Nunangat in Source I? What do you know about how Inuit people adapted to these landscapes? 10. According to Source G, in 25 years (2011-2036) the Indigenous population is projected to grow by approximately one million people. How might this population increase affect politics and culture within Canada?

,ml3•jj Table of Distribution of First Nations People Distribution of First Nations people, First Nations people with and without registered Indian status, and First Nations people with registered Indian status living on or off reserve, Canada, provinces and territories, 2011, from Statistics Canada, 2011 Canada Census.

Province/ First Nations First Nations: Status Percentage Status Percentage Non-Status

:1 Territory People Indian Status On Reserve Off Reserve First Nations I I I Canada Total 851 560 637 660 49.3% 50.7% 213 900 NF 19 315 8 015 35.1 64.9 11 295 PE '. ., 1 515 765 56.2 43.8 755 NS 21 895 12 910 68.0 32.0 8 985 NB 16 120 10 275 68.8 31.3 5 845 n QC 82 425 52 645 72.0 28.1 29 775 ON 201 100 125 560 37.0 63.0 75 540 MB 114 225 105 815 57.9 42.1 8 410 SK 103 210 94 160 57.3 42.7 9 045 AB 116 670 96 730 47.3 52.7 19 945 BC 155 020 112 400 44.2 55.8 42 615 YK 6 585 5 715 875 I I NT 13 350 12 575 2.1 97.9 775 i NU 125 90 40

I I 136 Chapter 7 Land and People ©P I , 111 r Indigenous Population @•11 10 100 Population GREENLAND 0 1 000 of Indigenous 0 5 000 People in Canada 0 10 000 ALASKA Population oflndigenous (USA) 0 55000 peoples in Canada by four economic zones, 2006.

D Atlantic D Boreal D Corridor

NEWFOUNDLAND -0~/)-AND~;(\ -LABRADOR, ~ ~,. <{ ?~.,. '·•) - J ~ .....'•':' -

A ~ lf',,,- q,..,,..- .,P I £ PRINCE /, ~ l EDWARD ~~r,•i0 , . ISLAND

UNITED STATES

ATLANTIC 0 375 750 km OCEAN r-- s

Q Use Sources G to L to answer questions 11 and 12. 11 . According to the 2011 Statistics Canada data in Source K, answer the following: a) Which provinces have the highest First Nations population? b) Which have the most First Nations living on reserve? c) Which have the most First Nations people without registered Indian status? 12. The map in Source L shows a graphic representation of data--it tells a story. Writings, maps, and charts do this as well. Think about the story being told in Source Land answer the following questions: a) What do you think is th e story of Source L? How would you express this story in writing? Which form do think is more effective? b) How do you think the settlement pattern for Indigenous peoples differs from non-Indigenous peoples in Canada? What might account for this difference?

13. Research the most recent Statistics Canada census data on distribution of First Nations people and compare it with Source K.

a) Where are there significant changes to the data? b) Why might each change have occurred? c) How might each change affect the Canadian population and landscape?

14. Visit the Government of Canada's First Nation Profiles Map. Research the tradi tional territory of a First Nations community and compare the land base of their designated reserve or treaty settlement land with their traditional territory.

a) What are your observations, thoughts, and opinions about the comparison? b) Where else do you think the people from that community live besides on their reserve or treaty settlement land?

©P ©P Traditional Territories of First Peoples in Canada 137 Geographic Characteristics of Canada

,imMiM Regions of Canada

I I: l D Arctic reg ion ' D Co rdillera reg ion D Interi or Pl ains reg ion D Ca nadi an Shi eld region D St. Lawrence Lowlands reg ion D Appalachian regi on

PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN

o 250 500 km I I I

@ Use Source A to answer questions 1 to 3. ,111ijijj•:■ 1. Source A is a very typical map that helps us understand our physical world. Create a more Agricultural Land in Cent ral Canada specific and appropriate_ title for this map using Geoffrey Matthews and Robert Morrow, Canada and the World: An only the information that is listed on it. Atlas Resource (Toronto: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1986), p. 97. 2. Name the region in which you live. Think about physical features of your area and make a list of at least five physical features you believe are The region has been described as Canada's main street, its typical of your region. heartland. Approximately 50%of Canada's population ... [is] 3. Given the sheer size of Canada and all of the found in this small region in southern Quebec and Ontario ... regions that you see in Source A, list at least the region is unified by its physical base and its advantages three difficulties we still encounter in governing for industrial development. The earliest inhabitants of the and managing our country. region, the Algonquian and Iroquois [Haudenosaunee] .. . lived by hunting, trapping, and farming ... [it is] a wealthy region with a significant economic and political influence on the rest of Canada. Agriculture was developed early and has become a major source of wealth because of the fertile soils and relatively mild climate.

'I.

138 Chapter 7 Land and People ©P ,am@ill Canada's Agricultural Land r ... one of the great ironies of Canadian topography [is] that an astonishing 37 percent Excerpt from Peter C. Newman , "This Vast Land That Shapes Us," in Canadian Geographic, of our Class One agricultural land (on which you can grow almost anything) lies December 1989/ January 1990, Vol. 109 (6), within sight of the top of the CN Tower-and that so little of that rich loam is still pp . 34-43. being cultivated or ever can be again.

0 Use Sources B and C to answer questions 4 to 10. 4. To which of the physiographic regions of Canada does Source B refer? What other land uses compete with agriculture in this region? 5. The region discussed in Sources Band C is the smallest in Canada and yet more than half of Canada's entire population lives there. Make connections from your understanding of immigration from these sources, and from Canada's economic past, to explain in a short paragraph why so much of our population lives in this region. 6. In Source C, Peter C. Newman points out a "great irony" of Canada's connection to our land. Explain what you think he means. Why have the governments responsible for this area allowed this to happen? 7. What do Sources Band C tell you about the importance of the land in terms of developing a potential economy, and managing it? 8. Sources Band C show us how vitally important our human interaction with the environment was in our past and is in our present. Develop a short plan of three or four sentences to discuss how you believe humans should interact with the environment in the future. 9. As humans, we either shape the land or the land shapes us . Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain, using ideas from Sources B and C.

I 10. Considering Sources A, B, and C, explain why such a large percentage of Canada's population lives in Central Canada, along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes. Ninety percent of Canadians live within 160 kilometres of the American border. Are the reason s the same as why people live in Central Canada? Explain.

Regions Description Cordillera Rugged mountains to plateaus, valleys, and plains. Interior Plains Grasslands with mixed-wood forest areas, with treeless tundra Landform Regions and polar deserts in the north. Table of the characteristics of the six Arctic Coastal plains, lowlands, and hills north of the treeline, barren landform region s of Canada. tundra and polar desert. Canadian Shield Precambrian rock land surface nearly 50% of Canada's surface. St. Lawrence Smooth, level terrains and terraces with glacial till of sand and Lowlands clay, covering less than 2% of Canada's surface. Appalachian Mountain uplands to lowlands and plains.

0 Use Sources A to D to answer questions 11 to 13. 11 . Identify the landform region in which you live and read through the characteristics of that region in Source D. Does the description of the characteristics of the landform agree with what you know about the area where you live? Explain your answer. 12. Read through all the characteristics of the various landform regions of Canada . Describe the area that would be your first choice to live in and explain why. Then describe the area that would be your last choice to live in. Again. explain why. 13. The Canadian Shield landform is the largest region in Canada. What characteristics come to mind when you think of a good shield? Try to make a connection between what you have just answered and what the Canadian Shield might be like. Refer to Source A again and decide why so few people live in the Canadian Shield region despite its being such a large area.

Geographic Characteristics of Canada 139 ©P ©P

J ,M@ill UTC Six Time Zones (modern Greenich of Canada reference time) Coordinated Saskatchewan is the only Universal Time province or territory in Canada • that does not observe daylight saving time. NST

Newfoundland Standard Time (UTC•- 3h30)

Eastern ,-~T Standard Time (UTC- 5h)

Time Atlantic Standard (UTC-6h) Time (UTC- 4h)

@ Use Source E to answer questions 14 to 18. 14. Source E shows the six times zones of Canada. Why do you think Canada needs to have so many time zones? Why can we not all be on the same time? 15. Think about the impact time zones may have on families, businesses, schools, and governments across Canada. Make a two column list of some of these impacts by placing your ideas on either the positive (+) or negative(-) side of the columns. Which side of the column has more items? 16. All time zones around the world are based on UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). This map shows how each zone in Canada is measured against the current UTC . If the Pacific Standard Time (PST) is UTC - 8h, determine what time it would be in Vancouver, British Columbia, if it is 12 p.m. UTC. Do this for the MST (UTC - 7 h), CST (UTC - 6 h), and EST (UTC - 5 h) t ime zones as well. 17. Notice the difference in Newfoundland Standard Time (NST) . How is it different from the rest of the Canadian time zones? Why do you think there is this difference? 18. Research some details about Sir Sandford Fleming. Why is he important in a discussion about time zones in Canada?

19. Read the entire essay "This Vast Land That Shapes Us" by Peter C. Newman, cited in Source C. Choose three quotes from Newman's essay that relate to your own experience with the environment. Be sure to state why you can make that connection to the quotes you selected.

20. Write your own letter (or an essay) to a friend or family member living in the tiny land-locked European country of Luxembourg about the vastness of Canada in terms of our size, climate, landforms, and economy.

21 . Consider where you live. How has the land around you shaped where and how you live? Now determine how instead of being shaped by the land, you or your family might have actually shaped the land to suit you.

22. Create a tri-column travel brochure (fold a piece of paper into three parts) that details the wonderful landform features of Canada. Try to highlight some features of each physical region of Canada with known tourist destinations. Use descriptors of the landform characteristics as well as pictures from a web search to make your brochure really stand out.

140 Chapter 7 Land and People Climate Change in Canada

, 11'htiil ,mMil=I Chief Dan George Speech Chief Dan George

Excerpt from Centennial speech by Chief Dan George at Photo of Chief Dan George, by Frank Lennon , Toronto Star, Empire Stadium, Vancouver, BC, July 1, 1967. February 12, 1973.

How long have I known you, Oh Canada 1 .. . I have known you when your forests were mine; when they gave me my meat and my clothing. I have known you in your streams and rivers where your fish flashed and danced in the sun, where the waters said 'come, come and eat of my abundance.' I have known you in the freedom of the winds. And my spirit, like the winds, once roamed your good lands. But in the long hundred years since the white man came, I have seen my freedom disappear like the salmon going mysteriously out to sea . The white man's strange customs, which I could not understand, pressed down upon me until I could no longer breathe. When I fought to protect my land and my home, I was called a savage. When I neither understood nor welcomed his way of life, I was called lazy. When I tried to rule my people, I was stripped of my authority ... Oh God in heaven! Give me back the courage of the olden chiefs. Let me wrestle with my surroundings. Let me again, as in the days of old, dominate my environment. Let me humbly accept this new culture and through it rise up and go on . ...

@ Use Sources A to C to answer questions 1 to 3. ,imhtill 1. How do Sources A and C specifically show the relationship that Indigenous people have People of the Land with the environment? What do these sources reveal about the world view of the authors? Excerpt from a statement by Dene Elder George Blondin, in 2. Chief Dan George, shown in Source B, An Approach to Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes by Susan Buggy (Ottawa: Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada , 1990). was not only a chief of the Tsl eil-Waututh Nation (centred around Burrard Inlet near Vancouver, BC), but also an author and actor. He is widely quoted. Why do you think he We are people of the land; we see ourselves as no different as the was chosen to give the speech quoted in trees, the caribou, and the raven, except we are more complicated. Source A, and what is the significance of his speaking on this date?

3. What connections or implications do the perspectives in Sources A and C have to the issue of climate change?

Cl imate Change in Ca nada ©P ©P 141 ,im@jl•I Climate Change Causes

Exce rpt from "Climate Change," by Debra Davidson, February 2011. Courtesy of ~ THE CANAD, AN The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada. ~ ENCYCLOPEDIA

' Climate change occurs when long-term weather patterns begin to shift. These periods of change have occurred throughout the Earth's history over extended periods of time. However, since the Industrial Revolution the world has been warming at an unprecedented rate. Because of this, the current period of climate change is often referred to as "global warming." Human activities that release heat-trapping greenhouse gases, such as the burning of fossil fuels, are largely responsible for this increased rate of change. The implications of this global increase in temperature are potentially disastrous and include extreme weather events, rising sea levels and loss of habitat for plants, animals and humans. In Canada, efforts to mitigate climate change include phasing out coal-fired power plants in Ontario and instituting a carbon tax in British Columbia.

@ Use Source D to answer questions 4 to 6. 4. Examine Source D to identify the causes of climate change. Do these reasons affirm or challenge your existing understanding of climate change? 5. The burning of fossil fuels is considered to be one of the causes of climate change. From information in Source D and your own knowledge, what are three fossil fuels that are burned in Canada that could be contributing to climate change? • 6. Give some examples that you have observed that are related to Canadian climate change.

Copper Mountain

Copper Mountain, a ghost town near Princeton, BC, became a mine and company town after copper ore was discovered there in 1884. After copper prices dropped worldwide, the mine shut down in 1958 and the town became deserted. The mine reopened in 1972, closed in 1996, and reopened again in 2010.

@ Use Source E to answer questions 7 to 9. 7. Research the history of Copper Mountain. What impact do you think this town had on British Columbia? Try to brainstorm both positive and negative effects that the town would have had on the province of British Columbia. 8. What is a company town? How is it different from a regular town? I 9. What impact do you think copper mining has on climate 1 . 1 change?

142 Chapter 7 Land and People ©P , 111Wi•i 1ce Loss NASA satellite images showing ice loss from February 1979 to October 2013.

@ Use Source F to answer questions 10 to 12. 10. Using the information in Source F, list specific geographic changes that you can observe in the two maps. 11. Does Source F provide convincing evidence of climate change in Canada's north? What other evidence would you want to see to be sure about your response? 12. Discuss how the changes observed in Source F would affect the Inuit peoples' traditional ways of life.

UN Framew~rk on Climate Change

Excerpt from the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, ratified by Canada atthe 1997 Earth Summit (Canada was the first G7 country to sign it) . @ Use Source G to answer The main principles of this convention state that the developed world must question 13. take the lead in combatting climate change and its adverse effects. Canada 13. According to Source G, how could be a leader in achieving the commitments of the convention by reducing significant a role did Canada play in climate change greenhouse gas emissions to the 1990 level by the year 2000. It should be noted negotiations in the past? that the convention principles state that "any policies and measures to deal Discuss what challenges with climate change should be cost-effective so as to ensure global benefits at may exist for a country the lowest possible cost." of Canada's population and resource-dependent The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that if economic activities present emission trends for greenhouse gases continue, the average global with regard to making a temperature will increase by 1.5-4.5° Cby the middle of next century. significant difference to climate change.

©P ©P Climate Change in Canada 143 I ,,1'j4ij: ■ Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion . I Excerpt from Canadian Press article "Kinder Morgan Canada President Cla rifies Climate Change Vi ews," by Laura Kane, November 3, 201 6.

The president of the company that hopes to build the $6.8-billion Trans Mountain pipeline expansion said today that he doesn't know whether humans are contributing to climate change. Kinder Morgan Canada president Ian Anderson told the Vancouver Board of Trade on Thursday that there is disagreement about the degree to which people influence global warming. "I've read the science on both sides and I don't pretend to be smart enough to know which is right," he said. I "What I do know is the broad public, political view, societal view, is that over time, we as a race should reduce our reliance on fossil I fuels . I think that's a given ." ... Anderson reiterated his comments later to reporters, but said he accepts public opinion that over time the impact of fossil fuels ! I should be minimized. "What I'm saying is: I don't know enough to make that personal evaluation. I know there are arguments on both sides ," he said. "I just know what public and private opinion is and I'm prepared to accept that." But in a statement he sent to reporters later in the day, he clarified further, saying: "The discussion around climate change is an important one and one that I have not shied away from.

"There should be no misunderstanding in what I think or believe. Climate change is real. Fossil fuels lead to higher CO2, which in turn contributes to climate change."

'1•Jl@jf • Justin Trudeau Approves Pipeline Excerpt from announcement by Prime Mini ster Justin Trudeau approvi ng the Trans Mountain pipeline expan sion, November 30, 2016 .

r 'I Climate change is real. It is here. And it cannot be wished or voted away. Canadians know this, and they know we need to transition to a clean energy economy. We owe it to ourselves to make our economy more competitive, and to our kids to leave them a cleaner environment. But we also know that this transition will take investment, and it won't happen in a day. We need to create good jobs and strong growth to pay for it... We said that major pipelines could only get built if we had a price on carbon, and strong environmental protections in place. We said that Indigenous peoples must be respected, and be a part of the process. We also said that we would only approve projects that could be built and run saf:ly. .. . the Government of Canada has approved the Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Expansion Project. It will create 15,000 new, middle class jobs - the majority of them in the trades. This major initiative will get hardworking Canadians back to work, put food on the table for middle class families, and grow and strengthen our communities. It will give much needed new hope to thousands of hard-working people in Alberta's conventional energy sector, who have suffered a great deal over the past few years. Aside from the many and obvious economic benefits, we approved this project because it meets the strictest of environmental standards, and fits within our national climate plan. We will require that Kinder Morgan meet or exceed all 157 of the binding conditions set out by the National Energy Board. These conditions address potential impacts on Indigenous communities, the protection of local wildlife, and the offset of greenhouse gas emissions during construction . .. .to all Canadians - I want to say this: if I thought this project was unsafe for the BC coast, I would reject it. This is a decision based on rigorous debate, on science and on evidence. We have not been and will not be swayed by political arguments - be they local, regional or national. We have made this decision because we are convinced it is safe for BC, and it is the right one for Canada. It is a major win for Canadian workers, Canadian families, and the Canadian economy.

Squamish Nation Lawsuit Against Kinder Morgan

Excerpt from article "Squamish Nation Files New Pipeline Lawsuit," by Brent Richter, in North Shore News, May 1, 2017 .

r The Squamish Nation has launched another lawsuit in an effort to stop Kinder Morgan's Trans Mountain pipeline, this time targeting the provincial government. The petition filed in B.C. Supreme Court on April 20 asks for a judicial review of the province's decision to grant the pipeline an environmental certificate, alleging the province failed in its constitutional duty to consult with the First Nation. During the National Energy Board hearings in 2016, both Squamish Nation and the province expressed serious concerns about Trans Mountain's project, particularly around the risk of spills and the capability to respond to spills. But on Jan. 11 this year Premier Christy Clark and Environment Minister Mary Polak made the announcement the pipeline had been granted an environmental certificate and that it had met the government's "five conditions" related to spill response, Aboriginal rights and title, and a "fair deal for B.C." But there were no meaningful consultations between the province and the Squamish before that decision was made, the suit notes. "In its closing submissions to the NEB, the province asserted that it was unable to support the project for reasons that include a lack of information on key issues of concern to (the) Squamish and, apparently, the province. Its later approval of the project constituted a substantive change in the province's position yet the province did not consult with (the) Squamish about the reasons or the basis for this change in position." In 2010, the province and the National Energy Board reached an "equivalency agreement" stating that the province would accept the NEB's environmental assessment for heavy oil projects. But a January 2016 B.C. Supreme Court decision related to Enbridge's Northern Gateway Project ruled that, even with the agreement in place, the province was still required to consult with the Gitga'at Nation and issued its own environmental certificate. The Squamish Nation wrote to the province arguing the court decision was equally applicable to the Trans Mountain application but the province rejected the claim. The Northern Gateway proposal was later formally denied by the federal government and withdrawn by Enbridge. "We strongly believe that the province has a legal duty to consult us on what new information became available to make it change its position and whether this new information addresses our concerns with the project. We heard nothing from them," said Squamish Nation Chief Ian Campbell in a release. The nation has been opposed to the project since early in the process, particularly due to concerns over how a spill would impact their territory. "Squamish has occupied, governed and sustained itself physically, culturally and spiritually since time immemorial from the areas of its territory that may be adversely impacted by the project," the suit states. "In addition to this being their home, the Squamish rely on their territorial and reserve lands, and the waters and resources adjacent to them, to support their people, culture and way of life, and to practice their Abo?ginal rights, including harvesting, cultural, social, ceremonial and governance rights." The Squamish Nation has"'a similar suit filed against the federal government arguing it breached its duty to consult with First Nations. TheTsleil-Waututh has a number oflegal actions underway as well. \.

@ Use Sources H to J to answer questions 14 to 18. 14. What did Ian Anderson say about climate change in Source H? Did his opinion change? Explain . 15. How does an individual's opinion on climate change affect their attitudes about the expansion of the Trans Mountain Pipeline? 16. Consider the origins and purpose of Source H, and explain the perspectives of Kinder Morgan president Ian Anderson. How does his position and purpose affect your judgment on his perspectives on climate change? 17. What inferences or conclusions can you make from Source I about Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's views on climate change? Do you think his views on climate change justify his decision on the pipeline? 18. According to Source J, what concerns do Squamish First Nations have with the proposed pipeline? How are other Indigenous groups in Canada affected by climate change?

©P ©P Climate Cha nge in Canada 145 ,m•«ill Trans Mountain Pipeline Proposed Route, April 1, 2017 Kinder Morgan 's Burnaby terminal on Burrard Inlet is the terminus of the TMPL pipeline. It is located in the city of Burnaby, a suburb of Van couver, which is also considered to be the "s hared territo ry" of the Squamish , Tsleil-Waututh, and Musqueam Nations.

route ,f-~~b~r~",!_~____ .J\___ _ _R eacti vation and transfer ~ _ 17 of acti ve pipe 7 - Squami sh First Nation UNITED STATES - Tsl eil-Waututh First Nation 0 50 I I - Musqu eam First Nation

Mea n annual Mean.annual 1995 temperature change ('"C) 2018 lemperature cha nge C-Cl -2- -1 -2 --1 D -1 - 0 -1- 0

Temperature Change in Canada

Mean annual Mun annual 2040 temperature chang e re) 2070 1emperature change ('"C ) -2 --1 -2--1 -1- 0 -1-0 0 - 1 ,_,, _ 2 3 - 4 4 - 5 5-6 6 - 7

146 Chapter 7 Land and People ©P @ Use Sources H to L to answer questions 19 to 24. 19. The proposal to expand the Trans Mountain Pi peline was controversial. What are some of t he advantages of the pipeline? What are some of the disadva ntages? 20. The pipeline project received federal approval, but it has created disag reement between the provin ces of Alberta (w here the oil products are produced) and British Columbia (w here the oil products go to market). Th e project has met w ith disapproval from environmentalists and most Indigenous people w hose land the pipeline would cross . Can you suggest a solution to this problem that w ill satisfy both provinces and the federa l gove rnment? Do you think this solution w ould also satisfy the Indigen ous and environmental groups? 21 . Do you think t hat the pipeline expansion w ill affect climate change negatively? Use specific evidence to justify your position. 22. Carefully exa mine Source L. What trends are apparent? Why might the long-term projections be hard to predict? What fa ctors could change the projections? 23. What do you think could be the ca use of these changes ? 24. What are some ramifications of these changes for your local community? For Canada as a w hole?

25. What limits should we place on resource extraction industries? 26. Write perspective statements for each of the different stakeholders (e.g., environmental groups, people employed in resource-based industries, First Peoples, urban and rural populations) regarding the use of natural resources. Use those statements in a U-shaped discussion whose goal is to achieve a consensus regarding resource management in British Columbia. 27. Draw a cause and consequence diagram that shows how climate change has affected or is currently affecting Canada. 28. "Act locally, think globally." Individually, brainstorm three things that you can change in your lifestyle that can help make your community more sustainable. Then implement them. As a cl ass, brainstorm possible projects you can do together regarding creating a sustainable environment, and put them into practice. 29. Brainstorm a list of things that you can change in your lifestyle and in your community to help create a sustainable environment. 30. What are some ways the Canadian government can assist Indigenous people with the impact of climate change? What are some programs that have been created to try to help Indigenous groups deal with the effects of climate change? Explain why they have or have not been effective.

J:iern«iil Tectonic Plates

,1•n)B3j:• Tectonic Shift National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website, 2017.

What Is Tectonic Shift? Tectonic shift is the movement of the plates that make up Earth's crust. The Earth is made up of roughly a dozen major plates and several minor plates. The Earth is in a constant state of change. Earth's crust, called the lithosphere, consists of 15 to 20 moving tectonic plates. The plates can be thought of like pieces·bf a cracked shell that rest on the hot, molten rock of Earth's mantle and fit snugly against one another. The heat from radioactive processes within the planet's interior causes the plates to move, sometimes toward and sometimes away from each other. This movement is called plate motion, or tectonic shift. Our planet looks very different from the way it did 250 million years ago, when there was only one continent, called Pangaea, and one ocean, called Panthalassa. As Earth's mantle heated and cooled over many millennia, the outer crust broke up and commenced the plate motion that continues today. The huge continent eventually broke apart, creating new and ever-changing land masses and oceans. Have you ever noticed how the east coast of South America looks like it would fit neatly into the west coast of Africa? That's because it did, millions of years before tectonic shift separated the two great continents. Earth's land masses move toward and away from each other at an average rate of about 0.6 inch a year. That's about the rate that human toenails grow! Some regions, such as coastal California, move quite fast in geological terms - almost two inches a year - relative to the more stable interior of the continental United States. At the "seams" where tectonic plates come in contact, the crustal rocks may grind violently against each other, causing earthquakes and volcano eruptions. The relatively fast movement of the tectonic plates under California explains the frequent earthquakes that occur there.

Types of Plate Boundaries ,ioiMil•I Overriding and Subducting Plates Transform

Convergent

@ Use Sources A to D to answer questions 1 to 4. 1. Look at the map in Source A and read Source B. What information in Sources C and D could make this situation even worse? 2. Use Sources C and D (as well as other reliable sources) to define the terms divergent, convergent, transform, overriding, and subducting as they relate to plate tectonics. 3. According to Source A, what region of Canada is closest to a major fault line and most at risk for a significant earthquake? 4. Use Sources B, C, and D to explain how different kinds of tectonic movement can result in earthquakes.

'1nlht311 Active Volcanoes

The region of volcano and earthquake activity around PACIFIC OCEAN the Pacific Ocean is also called the Ring of Fire.

©P ©P Earthquakes and Tsunamis 149 J#•m;Jili Pangaea Break-Up Pangaea supercontinent began breaking apart 175 million years ago .

I! I

a,, pppt

,m@llt Tectonic Plates and Volcanoes

The Earth's tectonic plates shift on the molten layers beneath and collide with the rock, which is pushed underneath, causing volcanoes to form . Volcano

,imi;Jiil Volcanic Eruption

@ Use Sources E to I to answer questions 5 to 8. 5. Examine the images shown in Sources E, G, H, and I. What correlations (match-ups) can we make between the location and frequency of volcanoes and the information provided in Source A? 6. Compare and contrast the images in Sources G and H, and use them to explain differences in volcanoes. 7. In what ways does Source H explain the creation of some islands such as the Hawaiian Islands? 8. What evidence do you speculate geologists use to support their theories about the breakup of Pangaea (Source F) and the length of time it took?

Magnitude 3 , 11Will 4 Woefully Underprepared • 5 • 6 Excerpt from article "Seismologist Says, 'The • 7 Big One Would be 200 Times Worse,"' by Darcy • 8 Wintonyk, av Vancouver, April 24, 2004. • 9

Last month, B.C. Auditor General Russ Jones said the province appears to be woefully underprepared for a major seismic event. I I Jones said that the province's emergency management organization •. is "not adequately prepared for a catastrophic earthquake." s

Canada

'1mhJ•II USA Divergent Zones, Vancouver Area North American Plate

,iu'hlil~• Tsunami Damage

In 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami killed more than 230 000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka , and Thailand. British Columbia's coast has also experienced damage.

The 1964 tsunami caused $10 million in damage to coastal communities on Vancouver Island. Port Alberni was hardest hit, but Hot Springs Cove , Tofino, Ucluelet, and Zeballos also suffered damage.

,Mil!l•I Earthquake and Tsunami Damage in Japan, 2011

0 Use Sources J to O to answer questions 9 to 11 . 9. What does Source J reveal about the frequency and intensity of earthquakes in Canada? How might scientists gather evidence of earthquakes prior to the twentieth century when sophisticated seismic measuring tools were available? 10. Source N is a sign found in Tofino, BC. Locate Tofino on a map and explain why the city has invested in an evacuation plan. 11. Examine Sources L, M, N, and Oto predict the likelihood and possible effects of a tsunami on the west coast of Canada. What should communities do to prepare for tsunamis?

12. What natural disasters could affect your region? Do you and/or your community have a safety plan in place? Develop a plan for your community by creating diagrams, lists of priorities, and tasks for governments and community groups in the event of an emergency. 13. List the minor and major plates that have the greatest effect on the British Columbia coast. 14. Explain the correlation between plate tectonics, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. 15. Referring to the sources above, should British Columbians living on the West Coast have concerns? Explain. 16. Do further research and describe what other hardships might accompany an earthquake. Make a list of things each person can do to prepare.