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How Are Canadians Affected by Geography?

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Geology (or Physiographic Regions) lnnuitian • Canadian Shield D Lowlands D Highlands How are Canadians affected by geography? 0 500 km Climate Regions D Arctic D Taiga D Cordilleran CJ Pacific maritime D Boreal D Prairie D Southeastern D Atlantic maritime I / ~ I I I 0 500 1000 km Vegetation Regions □ Tundra D Boreal and taiga forest l!!!!!!!I Grassland D Mixed forest D Deciduous forest D West coast forest D Wide range of vegetation types in the mountainous area IS 0 I Water Resources/Drainage Basins Major Drainage Basins Location Area (km') Mean 40 H-t++-1'...... +++-t--i discharge (m3/s) 3S H-t++-+++++++--i ' 0 '' D Pacific 1 009 064 24 100 "E 30 H-t++-t,++-H-+-t--i \ D Arctic 3 583 265 16 400 0 Hudson Bay 3 860 136 30 900 ~25 H-t+-l:al'ff+++-t--i l!!!!!I ,Q D Atlantic 1 520 071 33 400 ii5 20 H-++++~'IH+i--l l!!!!I Gulf of Mexico 26 677 25 Average Annual Discharge (m 3/ s) Mackenzie 8480 St. Lawrence 7350 Nelson 2370 0--JFMAMJJASOND...................... Months Columbia 2800/7500' 1 Nelson River Yukon 2500/6430 20 .-r'T'"T"'T'"T"~"'T""<..,...,.., 1 First value is the discharge at the E 1 s H-++++++++-H---i CanadaNS border. Second value is 0 the discharge where the river ~10 H-++++++-H-H---i enters the sea in the United States. ~ in The bar graphs show the volume of flow 0 by month. JFMAMJJASOND Months Columbia River St. Lawrence River 20 20 .. c' E 1s '·­-, 0 :, PACIFIC :e10 ' .. 1\ ~ CO 5 '·• "-'- -.. __ 0 ia::11:1.... w..&.1.&.1:11 ..... 0 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Months Months Sources: Canada and the World Atlas; Statistics Canada; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ©P ©P 131 Traditional Territories of First Peoples in Canada ,1mjij•fl Indigenous Languages in Canada Excerpt from "Indigenous Languages in Canada ," Karen Rice, December 12, 2016. tiii\THECANADIAN Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada . ~ ENCYCLOPEDIA Note: The names used to represent Indigenous people and their languages may be terms that, through the process of colonization, have either been ascribed to them or translated and written into a foreign language system. As Indigenous populations work to revitalize their languages and cultures, many are reclaiming their traditional names. r The distribution of language families, or languages with a common ancestor, is quite varied across Canada. Languages from two I 1 families, Algonquian and Iroquoian, are traditionally found east of Lake Winnipeg. In the Prairies, there are speakers of Algonquian, Siouan, and Dene (Athapaskan/ Athabaskan/ Athabascan and Tlingit) languages, while speakers of Dene, Inuit and Algonquian languages inhabit the Subarctic. The province of British Columbia is linguistically highly diverse, with languages of the Salishan, Tsimshian, Wakashan, Dene (Athapaskan/ Athabaskan/ Athabascan and Tlingit) and Algonquian families spoken there as well as the isolates Haida/Xaad Kil and Kutenai/Ktunaxa. Related languages are found in other regions. Algonquian, Iroquoian, Dene, Siouan and Salishan languages are also spoken in the United States; and languages that are closely related to Inuit are spoken in the United States, as well as in Siberia and Greenland. The Dene languages are thought to be related to the Yeniseian languages of Siberia. \. I ' Indigenous Languages Map based on "Native Languages and Language Families of North America," by Ives Goddard, Smithsonian Institution, 1996 and 1999. Map Detail Key 1. Haisla 9. Wenro 2. Heilts uk 10. Erie 3. Bella Coola 11. Seneca 4. Kwakiutl 12 . Cayuga 5. Comox 13. Onondaga 6. Coast Sa lish 14. Oneida 7. Li llooet 15. Mohawk 8. Chilcotin Labrador Sea HAIDA ATLANTIC PACI FI C OCEAN OCEAN INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE FAMILIES D Eskimo-Aleut • Haida D Salishan D Iroquoian □ Algic D Tsimshianic D Kootenay D Beothuk D Nadene Wakashan D Siouan-Catawba 0 2S0 500 km 132 Chapter 7 Land and People ©P ,jmjijjli Michif Language @ Use Sources A to C to answer questions Excerpt from "Michif," by Jennifer Brown, 2006. Courtesy of ~ THE CANADIAN V ENCYCLOPEDIA 1 to 3. The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada . 1. Compare the written statement of Source A with the visual Michif is a language spoken by Metis peoples mostly in parts of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, representation of Source B. North Dakota and Montana. Michif is mainly a combination of Cree and French, but the Explain how the two sources language also borrows from English and other Indigenous languages, including Ojibwa. are similar and how they are different. Which style do you find more effective? Why? 2. According to Source A, which Indigenous language families ,in@d•I are spoken in Canada and other countries? Indigenous Territory 3. According to Source C and the map in Source B, which Excerpt from "Indigenous Territory," by Molly Malone language family would most and Libby Chisholm, 2016. Courtesy of The Canadian .~ THE CANADIAN V ENCYCLOPEDIA likely overlap territory with Encyclopedia, Historica Canada . the greatest Metis-speaking r population? Indigenous territory - also referred to as traditional territory- describes the ancestral and contemporary connections of Indigenous peoples to a geographical area .. '1 11'Mdl Indigenous Views on Territory First Nations Languages, British There are many differences between Indigenous views on Columbia territory and Canadian legal and political definitions of territory. Indigenous understandings of territory are based The intent of this map is to provide a more accurate representation on worldviews that are both complex and culturally specific, of First Nations in British Columbia. Boundaries shown are language areas and not an authoritative depiction of traditional territories. and represent a variety of multi-faceted relationships and The names listed are the ones First Peoples prefer to call themselves. ancestral connections to place since time immemorial... Terms and spellings do not reflect all dialects or names used by First Nations living within the illustrated regions. Treaties, Land Claims and Reserves During the 19th century, Indigenous people were moved off their land and onto reserves, which represented only a portion of their original territory. These reserves were allocated through the establishment of treaties and through the Indian Reserve Commission. Today, federally recognized First Nations live on and operate their own governments on reserves. However, First Nations have traditional territories beyond reserves. For First Nations that have signed treaties, the government defines these territories based on treaty boundary lines. For First Nations that have not signed treaties, the definition of traditional territory may arise from ongoing treaty negotiation processes or other interactions with the Canadian government and legal system .. There are also indigenous nations in Canada that are not federally recognized, but that have traditional territories. For example, the Qalipu Mi'kmaq are recognized, but not connected to a reserve. In addition, Metis and Non-Status Indians live across Canada, with connections to various traditional territories. A 2016 Supreme Court decision recognized that Metis and Non-Status Indians are under the jurisdiction of the federal government, which has implications for recognition of rights to traditional territory. Traditional Territories of First Peoples in Canada 133 ©P ©P ,,m4iji Treaty Negotiations in BC Boundaries on this map roughly represent estimated areas of traditional territories of First Peoples, but they are approximations only and are constantly shifting as new information arrives and treaty negotiations advance. Th e lines on this map represent the approximate boundaries of traditional territories described in First Nation Statements of Intent to negotiate treaties which have been submitted to, and accepted by the B.C. Treaty Commiss ion. They are illustrative only and may be updated in th e future. Additional Statements Inset 1 of Intent may be received. Publication of ; I th is map does not imply that the First Nati ons, the Province of British Columbia, I or the Government of Canada have agreed to the boundaries shown. I . Final Agreements in Effect I II N Nisga'a Nation ("Nass Area" W+E 'f) shown) s Tla'a ati o 0 45 90 km ~aa-nul\ ,Ts I I I Fir5l Natt Firs ahon , I Inset 2 O 62.5 165 km Inset 1 STATEMENTS OF INTENT TO NEGOTIATE TREATIES ACCEPTED BY THE .'. ., BRITISH COLUMBIA TREATY COMMISSION AS OF APRIL 2016 -1- Acho Dene Koe First Nati on - 20- Kaska Dena Council - 40- Snuneymuxw First Nation -2- A llied Tribes of Lax Kw'alaams - 21 - Katz ie Indian Band - 41- Squamish Nation - 3- Carcross/fagish First Nation - 22- Klahoose In dian Band -42- St6: lii Xwexwilmexw Treaty Association -4- Ca rri er Sekani Tribal Council - 23- K'6moks Fi rst Nation - 43- Taku Ri ver Tlingit First Nation -5- Champagne and A ishihik First Nations -24- Ktunaxa Ki nbasket Treaty Council -44- Te'mexw Treaty Association (Ba nds) -6- Ches latta Carrier Nation - 25 - Kwakiutl Nation -45- Teslin Tlingit Council -7- Coun cil of the Haida Nation - 26- Laich-Kwil-Tach Council of Chiefs - 46- Tla-o-qu i-aht Fi rst Nation -8- Da'naxda'xw Awaetlatla Nation - 27- Lake Babine Nation - 47- Tlatlasikwala Nation -9- Ditidaht First Nation - 28- Lheidli T'enneh First Nation -48- Tlowitsis First Nation -10- Esk'etemc First Nation -29- Liard First Nation -49- Tsay Keh Dene Band -11- G itanyow Hereditary Chiefs -30- Mcleod Lake Indian Band - 50- Tsims hian First Nations -12- Git1,san Hereditary Chiefs - 31 - Musqueam Nation -51- Tsleil-Waututh Nation -13- Gwa'Sala-'Nakwaxda'xw Nation - 32- 'N;!m~is Nation -52- Wei Wai Kum/Kwiakah First Nations -14- Haisla Nation - 33- Nazko First Nation -53- Westbank First Nation -15- Heiltsuk Nation - 34- Northern Shuswap Tribal Council - 54- Wet'suwet'en Nation -16- Homalco Indian Band -35- Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council -55- Wuikinuxv Nation -17a- Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group (Core) - 36- Pacheedaht Band - 56- Ya le First Nation -17b- Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group (Marine) - 37- Quatsino First Nation - 57- Yekooche First Nation -18- Hupacasath First Nation - 38- Ross River Dena Council - 19- In-SHUCK-ch Nation - 39 - Sechelt Indian Band 134 Chapter 7 Land and People ©P @ Use Sources D to F to answer questions 4 to 6.
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  • Language List 2019

    Language List 2019

    First Nations Languages in British Columbia – Revised June 2019 Family1 Language Name2 Other Names3 Dialects4 #5 Communities Where Spoken6 Anishnaabemowin Saulteau 7 1 Saulteau First Nations ALGONQUIAN 1. Anishinaabemowin Ojibway ~ Ojibwe Saulteau Plains Ojibway Blueberry River First Nations Fort Nelson First Nation 2. Nēhiyawēwin ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Saulteau First Nations ALGONQUIAN Cree Nēhiyawēwin (Plains Cree) 1 West Moberly First Nations Plains Cree Many urban areas, especially Vancouver Cheslatta Carrier Nation Nak’albun-Dzinghubun/ Lheidli-T’enneh First Nation Stuart-Trembleur Lake Lhoosk’uz Dene Nation Lhtako Dene Nation (Tl’azt’en, Yekooche, Nadleh Whut’en First Nation Nak’azdli) Nak’azdli Whut’en ATHABASKAN- ᑕᗸᒡ NaZko First Nation Saik’uz First Nation Carrier 12 EYAK-TLINGIT or 3. Dakelh Fraser-Nechakoh Stellat’en First Nation 8 Taculli ~ Takulie NA-DENE (Cheslatta, Sdelakoh, Nadleh, Takla Lake First Nation Saik’uZ, Lheidli) Tl’azt’en Nation Ts’il KaZ Koh First Nation Ulkatcho First Nation Blackwater (Lhk’acho, Yekooche First Nation Lhoosk’uz, Ndazko, Lhtakoh) Urban areas, especially Prince George and Quesnel 1 Please see the appendix for definitions of family, language and dialect. 2 The “Language Names” are those used on First Peoples' Language Map of British Columbia (http://fp-maps.ca) and were compiled in consultation with First Nations communities. 3 The “Other Names” are names by which the language is known, today or in the past. Some of these names may no longer be in use and may not be considered acceptable by communities but it is useful to include them in order to assist with the location of language resources which may have used these alternate names.