Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Population Analysis & Breeding and Transfer Plan

Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica) AZA Species Survival Plan® Yellow Program

AZA Species Survival Plan® Coordinator and AZA Studbook Keeper Allan Craig Mikel, Louisville Zoo ([email protected])

AZA Population Advisor Cara Groome Bryan, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo ([email protected])

21 September 2016

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Executive Summary Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica)

The Nicobar Pigeon SSP population at the time of analyses consists of 451 individuals (226.176.49) at 55 institutions (53 AZA and 2 non-AZA; this count is an estimate due to relatively unmonitored group breeding situations at some institutions). This is the second Breeding and Transfer Plan for this species, and under AZA’s new sustainability designations, this population currently qualifies as a Yellow SSP. While a target population size was not designated by the Columbiformes Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) in their last Regional Collection Plan (RCP), based on estimates of current space availability and institutional needs, maintaining the current population size and limiting further growth is the current goal.

Due to the extensive lack of pedigree information available for this population, genetic management by the conventional method of using mean kinship to equalize the representation of various founder lineages cannot be undertaken at this time. Accurate historical and current data are required even for the most basic genetic management, such as avoidance of inbreeding. Without pedigree data, the genetic diversity of the population cannot be measured, the relative genetic value of different individuals is unknown, and the relatedness among animals cannot be determined.

Demography Current size of population (N) - Total (Males, Females, Unknown)* 451 (226.176.49) # animals excluded from management - Population size following exclusions 451 (226.176.49) Target population size (based on estimates of space availability) 451 Mean generation time (years) 8.9 *Historical / 5 year / Projected population growth rate (; lambda) 1.066 / 1.043 / 1.058 * Total population size should be considered as estimate due to relatively unmonitored group breeding at some institutions. **Historical from life tables (SSP, 1970 – 2015); 5-year from PopLink census; Projected from PMx stochastic 20 – yr projections

Nonetheless, the population appears to be demographically robust, and due to the population’s large size, relatively stable age distribution, equal sex ratio, and high effective population size, it is probable that a considerable amount of genetic diversity from the founding population has been retained over time. However, the import regulations for species listed under CITES I limit the recruitment of new potential founders and therefore additional potential genetic diversity. To maximize retention of the remaining genetic diversity, the SSP recommends an alternative group management strategy in lieu of traditional pedigree analyses.

Demographic projections indicate that approximately 35 to 37 hatches are needed in the coming year to keep the population stable (lambda=1.00). Immediate recommendations listed in this plan are based primarily on institutional needs/requests and by avoiding inbreeding as much as is known or suspected. In an attempt to contain unknown pedigree while meeting long term genetic and demographic goals, the SSP is recommending dividing the population into two separately genetically managed groups (see Management Strategy on page 7 to see specific institution designations):

 Group A will include birds held at institutions that contain individuals with at least recently recorded pedigree and which are able to identify and record parentage of future offspring.

 Group B will consist of birds held at institutions that (1) are not regularly identifying and recording parentage (historic as well as current hatches), (2) currently hold a significant number of completely unknown pedigree individuals, and/or (3) are interested in exhibiting same sex flocks only.

Communication between the SSP Coordinator and holding institutions will be vital in the future in order to implement this strategy. ALL institutions are highly encouraged to research the pedigree of any individuals coming into the population and to continue to record parentage of all offspring born into the population.

Summary Actions: Breeding is recommended at 27 group A and 13 group B institutions with approximately 24 transfers necessary to meet institutional requests and demographic goals. For all future transfers, the SSP will assist with transferring birds between facilities within the same group in order to keep the unknown-ness in the population contained and to facilitate genetic management of the portion of the population with known pedigree.

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 1 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary 1 II. Description of Population Status 4 Introduction 4 Analytical Studbook 4 Demography 4 Genetics 5 Management Strategy 6 III. Recommendations ASHEBORO, ATTLEBORO, AUDUBON, BALTIM AQ 8

BATONROUG, BRIMINGHM, BREVARD, BUSCH TAM 9

CAPE MAY, CENTRALPK, CHICAGOLP 10

CINCINNAT, COLUMBIA, COLUMBUS 11

DENVER, DES MOINE, DETROIT 12

DISNEY AK 13

EL PASO, FRESNO 14

FT WAYNE, GARDENCTY, HONOLULU, HOUSTON 15

JACKSON, LITTLEROC, LOUISVILL 16

LOWRY, MEMPHIS 17

METROZOO, MILL MOUN 18

MILWAUKEE, MINNESOTA 19

MOODY, NY BRONX 20

OMAHA, ORLANDO 21

PHILADELP, PHOENIX, PITTS CA, REDWOOD 22

RIO GRAND, ROCHESTER, SAFARI W, SAN ANTON 23

SANDIEGOZ 24

SD-WAP, SEATTLE, SEAWLD TX 25

SEDGWICK, STATEN IS, SYRACUSE 26

TAUTPHAUS, TOPEKA, TORONTO 27

TUCSON, TULSA 28

IV. Appendices A. Pedigree Assumptions 29

B. Summary of Data Exports 29

C. Animals Excluded from the Genetic Analysis 29 D. Life Tables 30 E. Ordered Mean Kinship List 31 F. Survival Statistics Report 32

G. Definitions 34

H. Directory of Institutional Representatives 36

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 2 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Acknowledgements

The Nicobar Pigeon SSP planning session was held 27 April 2016 via phone and internet conferencing and was attended by the following:

Allan Craig Mikel, Louisville Zoological Garden Cara Groome Bryan, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo Lauren Terwilliger, Alexander Center for Applied Population Biology, Lincoln Park Zoo Kayla Melton, Alexander Center for Applied Population Biology, Lincoln Park Zoo Chelle Plassé, Disney’s Animal Kingdom (via internet/phone conference)

Cover photo by: Sam Goldenberg

AZA Species Survival Plan® Coordinator & AZA Studbook Keeper Allan Craig Mikel, Louisville Zoological Garden [email protected]

Report and analyses prepared by: Cara Groome Bryan, AZA Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo [email protected]

This plan was prepared and distributed with the assistance of the Population Management Center in Chicago. [email protected]

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 3 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Description of Population Status

Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica)

Introduction: The Nicobar Pigeon SSP population at the time of analyses consists approximately of 451 (226.176.49) individuals at 55 institutions (53 AZA and 2 non-AZA; this count is an estimate due to relatively unmonitored group breeding situations at two institutions). This species is currently listed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List and protected under CITES Appendix I as a result of its decline in the wild from habitat destruction, capture for the food and pet trades, and predation by introduced mammals among the islands of South East Asia and the Western Pacific. This is the second formal Breeding and Transfer Plan for this species, and under AZA’s new sustainability designations, this population currently qualifies as a Yellow SSP. While a target population size was not designated by the Columbiformes Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) in their last Regional Collection Plan (RCP), based on estimates of current space availability and institutional needs, maintaining the current population size and limiting further growth is the current goal.

Comprehensive genetic and demographic analyses of this population were performed in April 2016 resulting in this current breeding and transfer plan. Analyses of the North American regional Nicobar Pigeon studbook, (current to 25 April 2016) were performed using PopLink 2.4 and PMx 1.2.2.

Analytical Population: No pedigree assumptions were developed at the time of this plan due to the extent of unknown pedigree (unknown origins of individuals and historic unknown parentage; see Genetics for more details). The current SSP population of Nicobar pigeons consists of approximately 451 (226.176.49); due to relatively unmonitored group breeding situations at two institutions, this count is an estimate. No exclusions were necessary as genetic analyses could not be performed.

Demography: According to studbook records, the current Nicobar Pigeon population originated in North America at the beginning of the 1900s. Although the first zoo hatch occurred as early as 1931, consistent breeding in zoos did not begin until 1970 (Figure 1). Imports have remained consistently low, particularly after the early 1970s, and over the past 5 years, no birds have been imported into North America. However, the SSP population has still grown by an average of 4% (lambda = 1.043) during this time, indicating that the population is being sustained primarily by successful zoo breeding.

500 500

400 400 Male Wild Hatch 300 300 Female Unknown 200 Unknown 200 Captive Hatch 100 Total 100 Total

0 0 1960 1980 2000 2020 1960 1980 2000 2020

Fig 1. Census of the Nicobar Pigeon SSP population by sex (left) and by origin (right).

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 4 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Fig 2. Age structure of the total Nicobar Pigeon SSP population with unknown sex individuals equally distributed. N =451 (226.176.49).

The age structure of this population approximates a relatively stable distribution, with a broader base of juveniles and reproductive aged individuals to support future reproduction and population growth (Figure 2). This may be particularly important in the upcoming years to offset expected mortality. Studbook data indicate that the oldest female is still living at 32 years old and males are living upwards of 40 years; however, it seems males who live to be that old are outliers so for analytical purposes 34 years was taken for male longevity. Population growth is not limited by age, as both males and females exhibit long reproductive life spans in zoos. Males are capable of breeding almost their entire lives from about 1 to 33 years and females from about 1 to 23 years. Population growth should be regulated keeping in mind the need to offset deaths but within the spatial limits of the population to avoid years of over-production.

Breeding occurs year round with a typical clutch size of one and breeding pairs able to reproduce multiple times throughout the year. Juvenile mortality both for males and females is approximately 24% according to studbook data from 1970 to present. A large number of offspring (N= 49) remain unsexed in this population with ages ranging from 1 month to 15 years, and institutions should focus efforts on sexing these individuals in order to improve the accuracy of demographic data and to facilitate the SSP in the breeding and transfer planning process. Currently, the population appears to be slightly skewed towards males, though due to the large population size, high number of unknown sex individuals, and flocking nature of this species, this is not of immediate concern.

Genetics: Genetic analyses for the Nicobar pigeon population could not be performed at this time due to insufficient pedigree data. Presently, only 16% of the population’s pedigree is complete, and 439 of 451 living individuals in the SSP have some degree of unknown-ness in their individual pedigrees. Genetic management of captive populations is critical to reducing the loss of genetic variation and maintaining a sustainable population well into the future. The absence of pedigree data makes even the simplest genetic management strategy, such as the avoidance of inbreeding, difficult to implement. Without pedigree data, the genetic diversity of the population cannot be measured, the relative genetic value of different individuals is unknown, and the relatedness among animals cannot be determined.

Nonetheless, this population appears to be demographically robust, and due to the population’s large size, relatively stable age distribution, equal sex ratio, and high effective population size, it is probable that, even by random breeding, a considerable amount of genetic diversity from the founding population has been retained over time. However, genetic drift (the natural loss of genetic diversity over time) and inbreeding eventually occur even in very large populations, and although 55 wild imports have been recorded historically, the current living population is only known to represent the genetic contribution of 9 wild individuals. Without pedigree analysis, the magnitude and distribution of founder representation remains unclear. The import regulations for species listed under CITES I limit the recruitment of new potential founders and therefore additional potential gene diversity for this SSP. Decreases

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 5 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016 in gene diversity and increases in inbreeding have been correlated with decreases in fecundity, survival, and disease resistance, among other concerns.

In lieu of traditional pedigree analyses, the SSP is recommending the division of the population into two separately genetically managed groups in an attempt to contain unknown pedigree and potentially allow the SSP the opportunity to use traditional mean kinship methods for at least a portion of the population in the future. Historical unknown ancestry will continue to present a challenge to genetic management, even with improved pedigree; however, reliable sire and dam identification of future offspring will at least permit basic genetic management by recent inbreeding avoidance.

Management Strategy: Demographic projections indicate that approximately 35 to 37 hatches are needed in the coming year to keep the population stable (lambda=1.00). Due to the extensive pedigree unknown-ness in the historical and current population, traditional genetic management cannot be implemented at this time. However, more general guidelines can be used to best manage this population demographically and genetically in the coming years.

1. In an attempt to contain unknown pedigree while meeting long term genetic and demographic goals, the SSP is recommending dividing the population into two separately genetically managed groups.

 Group A will include birds held at institutions that contain individuals with at least recently recorded pedigree AND which are able to identify and record parentage of future offspring.

a) The facilities that fit these criteria include: ATTLEBORO, AUDUBON, BREVARD, BUSCH TAM, CHICAGOLP, COLUMBIA, DENVER, DES MOINE, DETROIT, DISNEY AK, EL PASO, GARDENCTY, HOMOLULU, HOUSTON, LITTLEROC, LOUISVILL, LOWRY, METROZOO, MILWAUKEE, MINNESOTA, PHOENIX, ROCHESTER, SAN ANTON, SEATTLE, SEDGWICK, STATEN IS, TAUTPHAUS, TOPEKA, and TUCSON.

 Group B will consist of birds held at institutions that (1) are not regularly identifying and recording parentage (historic as well as current hatches), (2) currently hold a significant number of completely unknown pedigree individuals, AND/OR (3) are interested in exhibiting same sex flocks only. Note: It is possible for Group B facilities to advance to Group A breeding facilities once they have resolved pedigree unknown-ness within their flocks and are reliably recording parentage of offspring.

a) The facilities that fit these criteria include: ASHEBORO, BATONROUG, BIRMINGHM, CAPE MAY, CENTRALPK, CINCINNAT, COLUMBUS, FRESNO, FT WAYNE, JACKSON, MEMPHIS, MILL MOUN, MOODY, NY BRONX, OMAHA, ORLANDO, PHILADELP, PITTS CA, REDWOOD, RIO GRAND, SAFARI W, SANDIEGOZ, SD-WAP, SEAWLD TX, and SYRACUSE.

2. Approximately 24 transfers are recommended in order to meet the demographic goals of the population for the upcoming year and to fulfill institutional needs and requests.

3. Breeding has been recommended at 27 group A institutions and 13 group B institutions. The Group B facilities are recommended to breed to meet exhibit needs only.

4. For all future transfers, the SSP will assist with transferring birds primarily between facilities within the same group in order to keep the unknown-ness in the population contained and to facilitate genetic management

of the portion of the population with known pedigree.

- When applicable, Group B birds may transfer to Group A as their pedigree unknown-ness is resolved. This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 6 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

- Transfers between these two groups may also be recommended by the SSP to increase gene flow and

therefore diversity within each group.

5. Please contact the SSP coordinator as offspring are produced so the SSP can adequately manage the population demographically and meet all institutions’ needs. Institutions are asked to sex offspring as early as possible and are expected to hold them for a minimum of two years.

6. ALL institutions are highly encouraged to research the pedigree of any individuals coming into the population and continue to record parentage of all offspring born into the population. In addition, institutions are encouraged to cooperate with the SSP Coordinator to obtain information about unknown ancestors using resources such as Species360, institutional taxon reports, historical records, personal communications, etc.

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 7 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Recommendations by Institution

ASHEBORO North Carolina Zoological Park Asheboro, NC

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7)/ same sex female group.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1075 23977 F 12 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1197 23696 F 6 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED 0.7031 B 1456 23961 F 5 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1457 23960 F 5 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1469 23979 F 2 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED 0.3477 B

ATTLEBORO Capron Park Zoo Attleboro, MA

Institutional Notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Breed at institutional discretion. These birds are closely related. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years. Please contact the SSP Coordinator if interested in switching out birds or expanding group with less-related individuals in the future.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1043 206241 M 11 HOLD ATTLEBORO SEE NOTES 0.0469 A 1046 206242 F 10 HOLD ATTLEBORO SEE NOTES 0.0938 A

AUDUBON Audubon Zoo New Orleans, LA

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record sire and dam IDs. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 423 991 M 28 HOLD AUDUBON BREED 0.3750 A 762 2167 F 19 HOLD AUDUBON BREED 0.1875 A Avoid breeding with sire 423 1108 14B030 M 13 HOLD AUDUBON BREED 0.5000 A 1115 101772 F 10 HOLD AUDUBON BREED 0.1719 A 1184 103062 M 7 HOLD AUDUBON BREED 0.5234 A 1203 102851 F 6 HOLD AUDUBON BREED 0.1797 A

BALTIM AQ The National Aquarium in Baltimore Baltimore, MD

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1376 120034 M 4 RECEIVE FROM DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED 0.0664 B 1434 120757 M 3 RECEIVE FROM DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED 0.0313 B 1513 130860 M 2 RECEIVE FROM DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED 0.0664 B 1589 150144 M 1 RECEIVE FROM DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED 0.0156 B 1600 150673 M 0 RECEIVE FROM DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED 0.0156 B 1602 150788 M 0 RECEIVE FROM DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED 0.0664 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 8 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

BATONROUG BREC's Baton Rouge Zoo Baker, LA

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). All current individuals at this institution are descended from unknown pedigree and are likely from over-represented lineages. Breed for institutional needs only. Surplus chicks will be difficult to place due to historic unknown-ness.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1072 10623 F 14 HOLD BATONROUG SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1074 10624 M 13 HOLD BATONROUG SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1080 10576 M 10 HOLD BATONROUG SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1198 10577 F 7 HOLD BATONROUG SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1575 10713 U 2 HOLD BATONROUG SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1576 10832 U 1 HOLD BATONROUG SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1574 10703 M 0 HOLD BATONROUG SEE NOTES 0.0000 B

BIRMINGHM Birmingham Zoo Birmingham, AL

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). Breed for institutional needs only. Surplus chicks will be difficult to place due to historic unknown-ness.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1073 211111 M 13 HOLD BIRMINGHM SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1363 212007 M 9 HOLD BIRMINGHM SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1212 211103 M 5 HOLD BIRMINGHM SEE NOTES 0.0469 B Prioritize for breeding, but avoid 1214 211114 F 4 HOLD BIRMINGHM SEE NOTES 0.3438 B breeding with offspring 1584. 1389 212057 F 3 HOLD BIRMINGHM SEE NOTES 0.0234 B 1473 214043 M 1 HOLD BIRMINGHM SEE NOTES 0.0117 B 1583 215042 F 0 HOLD BIRMINGHM SEE NOTES 0.0352 B 1584 215055 M 0 HOLD BIRMINGHM SEE NOTES 0.1719 B

BREVARD Brevard Zoo Melbourne, FL

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 947 24054 M 13 HOLD BREVARD BREED 0.5938 A 1333 13141 F 4 HOLD BREVARD BREED 0.4688 A Priority breeder 1532 15080 F 2 HOLD BREVARD BREED 0.0000 A Research historic pedigree

BUSCH TAM Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Tampa, FL

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1088 63973 M 11 HOLD BUSCH TAM BREED 0.6250 A 1377 65613 F 4 HOLD BUSCH TAM BREED 0.1016 A This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 9 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

CAPE MAY Cape May County Park and Zoo Cape May Court House, NJ

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). Contact the SSP coordinator/studbook keeper before transferring birds, and please update the sexes of 1312 and 1313.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 575 777 M 24 HOLD CAPE MAY DO NOT BREED 1.0000 B 845 803 F 17 HOLD CAPE MAY DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1313 3575 U 14 HOLD CAPE MAY DO NOT BREED 0.5000 B 953 3081 M 13 HOLD CAPE MAY DO NOT BREED 0.5000 B 963 3101 M 13 HOLD CAPE MAY DO NOT BREED 0.5000 B 1312 3574 U 12 HOLD CAPE MAY DO NOT BREED 0.5000 B

CENTRALPK Central Park Zoo New York, NY

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). Please breed for institutional needs only and continue to track parentage.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 263 966044 M 33 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.5000 B 992 C04006 M 12 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.3750 B 994 C04078 M 12 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1001 C04049 M 11 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.3750 B 1035 C05003 M 11 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1348 C05110 M 10 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1068 B06017 F 10 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.0469 B 1118 B06020 M 10 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.0938 B 1120 C06030 M 9 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.2500 B 1350 C11062 M 4 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.0234 B 1416 C12113 F 4 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1417 C12114 F 4 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1418 C12115 F 4 HOLD CENTRALPK SEE NOTES 0.0000 B

CHICAGOLP Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens Chicago, IL

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 165 B77168 M 38 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED 1.0000 A 659 B9396 F 22 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED 0.1875 A 695 B9494 F 21 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED 0.0938 A 891 20673 M 16 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED 0.5000 A 1014 21260 M 11 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED 0.3438 A 1051 21591 M 10 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED 0.3438 A 1052 21668 M 10 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED 0.3438 A 1083 21767 F 9 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED 0.5469 A 1569 23555 M 0 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED 0.3438 A

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 10 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

CINCINNAT Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden Cincinnati, OH

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). This institution may breed to meet institutional needs only and should continue to track parentage.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1002 204149 F 11 SEND TO SAN ANTON BREED 0.5938 A 1016 207030 F 11 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1061 207031 F 10 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1126 207029 F 10 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1128 207033 M 9 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1130 207035 M 9 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1139 207032 M 9 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1451 212204 M 3 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.2969 B Priority breeder 1373 212090 M 3 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1503 213011 M 3 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1504 213066 F 3 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1505 213088 F 2 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1502 214009 M 2 HOLD CINCINNAT SEE NOTES 0.0000 B

COLUMBIA Riverbanks Zoo and Garden Columbia, SC

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Breed at institutional discretion. These birds are (at least) half-siblings. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years. Please contact the SSP Coordinator if interested in switching out birds or expanding group with less-related individuals in the future.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1549 12831 M 1 HOLD COLUMBIA SEE NOTES 0.2656 A 1551 12832 F 1 HOLD COLUMBIA SEE NOTES 0.2227 A

COLUMBUS Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Powell, OH

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). This institution is comprised mostly of individuals with unknown pedigree. This institution may breed for institutional needs only and should continue to track parentage.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 675 103060 F 22 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 1.0000 B 1224 111037 F 10 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1127 111038 F 9 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1132 111039 F 9 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1133 111040 M 9 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1134 111041 F 9 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1135 111042 M 9 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1375 112046 F 3 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1374 112041 F 3 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.5000 B 1474 114051 M 2 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1475 114062 U 1 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1476 114063 F 1 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1477 114073 F 1 HOLD COLUMBUS SEE NOTES 0.0000 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 11 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

DENVER Denver Zoological Gardens Denver, CO

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record parentage. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 598 920255 F 23 HOLD DENVER BREED 0.5000 A Avoid breeding with male 766 960327 F 19 HOLD DENVER BREED 0.2500 A offspring 1228 and1394 999 A10054 M 11 HOLD DENVER BREED 0.2031 A 1228 A11069 M 5 HOLD DENVER BREED 0.2266 A 1394 A11306 M 4 HOLD DENVER BREED 0.2266 A 1478 A13152 F 2 HOLD DENVER BREED 0.2266 A

DES MOINE Blank Park Zoo of Des Moines Des Moines, IA

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record parentage. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 639 1128 M 23 HOLD DES MOINE BREED 1.0000 A 926 2649 F 14 HOLD DES MOINE BREED 0.2500 A 1144 2166 M 8 HOLD DES MOINE BREED 0.2969 A 1168 2167 M 8 HOLD DES MOINE BREED 0.2969 A 1479 2685 F 1 HOLD DES MOINE BREED 0.1250 A

DETROIT Detroit Zoological Society Royal Oak, MI

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record parentage. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 989 11391 F 12 HOLD DETROIT BREED 0.5000 A 1007 11392 M 11 HOLD DETROIT BREED 1.0000 A

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 12 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

DISNEY AK Disney's Animal Kingdom Bay Lake, FL

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). High relatedness between individuals in this successfully breeding flock. The SSP recommends switching out two females with Minnesota to increase genetic diversity in the two groups. The best females to select are any two of #s 1599, 1526, 1521, 1512, 1510, 1509 or 1436. Continue to record parentage. Unless otherwise recommended, all offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

% UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding Group Notes Known 831 981797 M 20 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.0000 A 832 981796 M 20 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.0000 A 833 981795 M 20 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.0000 A 941 020220 F 13 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.2031 A 961 030044 M 13 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.0625 A 974 030231 F 12 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.0625 A 1156 070559 M 8 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.2344 A 1163 080080 F 8 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.2031 A 1166 080081 F 8 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1328 A 1398 140018 F 7 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.2031 A 1231 090252 F 6 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.2031 A 1274 140360 F 4 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.5000 A 1272 110888 M 4 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1484 A 1376 120034 M 4 SEND TO BALTIM AQ DO NOT BREED 0.0664 B 1385 120527 M 3 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.2188 A 1434 120757 M 3 SEND TO BALTIM AQ DO NOT BREED 0.0313 B 1436 120803 F 3 SEE NOTES DISNEY AK BREED 0.2188 A Possibility to send to Minnesota 1438 130022 M 3 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1328 A 1506 130022 M 3 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1328 A 1508 130135 F 3 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.0313 A 1509 130353 F 3 SEE NOTES DISNEY AK BREED 0.2188 A Possibility to send to Minnesota 1510 130628 F 2 SEE NOTES DISNEY AK BREED 0.2188 A Possibility to send to Minnesota 1512 130845 F 2 SEE NOTES DISNEY AK BREED 0.2188 A Possibility to send to Minnesota 1513 130860 M 2 SEND TO BALTIM AQ DO NOT BREED 0.0664 B 1521 140455 F 1 SEE NOTES DISNEY AK BREED 0.2188 A Possibility to send to Minnesota 1525 140638 F 1 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1055 A 1526 140677 F 1 SEE NOTES DISNEY AK BREED 0.2188 A Possibility to send to Minnesota 1590 150164 M 1 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1328 A 1589 150144 M 1 SEND TO BALTIM AQ DO NOT BREED 0.0156 B 1591 150175 M 1 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.3594 A 1592 150179 M 1 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.2188 A 1593 150263 M 1 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1055 A 1594 150275 M 0 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1016 A 1596 150554 M 0 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1348 A 1597 150574 M 0 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1836 A 1598 150601 M 0 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.3594 A 1599 150669 F 0 SEE NOTES DISNEY AK BREED 0.2188 A Possibility to send to Minnesota 1600 150673 M 0 SEND TO BALTIM AQ DO NOT BREED 0.0156 B 1601 150692 M 0 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED 0.1328 A 1602 150788 M 0 SEND TO BALTIM AQ DO NOT BREED 0.0664 B RECEIVE 1485 14061 F 1 MINNESOTA BREED 0.5625 A FROM RECEIVE 1056 11541 F 10 MINNESOTA BREED 0.5000 A FROM

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 13 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Disney Flock matrix, indicating the pairs that should be prioritized for breeding (males are on y-axis, females on x-axis). Breed pairs indicated as BREED. Pairs shown as OK may be bred if needs cannot be met by breeding the more valuable pairs only. Do not breed pairs shown as “-“.

1485 1056 ID 1166 1231 1512 1526 1398 1510 1436 1508 1521 1525 1509 1274 1599 941 974 1163 (Minnesota) (Minnesota) 1272 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 1602 ------1376 ------1156 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 1385 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 1596 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 1594 OK OK OK OK - OK OK OK DNB OK OK BREED OK OK OK OK BREED BREED 1593 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 1597 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 1601 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 1600 ------1598 OK OK - OK BREED - - OK BREED OK - - - OK OK - OK - 1592 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 1506 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 1438 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 1434 ------1513 ------1591 OK - - OK BREED - - - BREED OK - - - OK OK - OK - 1589 ------1590 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED 961 - - - - OK ------BREED - - - - BREED BREED

EL PASO El Paso Zoo El Paso, TX

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 866 200026 M 17 HOLD EL PASO BREED 0.1875 A 874 200024 F 16 HOLD EL PASO BREED 0.0938 A

FRESNO Fresno Chaffee Zoo Fresno, CA

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). All individuals currently at this institution have completely unknown pedigrees.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 626 280291 M -- HOLD FRESNO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 793 280293 F 19 HOLD FRESNO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1009 280292 M 11 HOLD FRESNO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1070 270101 F 10 HOLD FRESNO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 14 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

FT WAYNE Fort Wayne Children's Zoo Fort Wayne, IN

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7)/ Same sex male group.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 473 94781 M 27 HOLD FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 643 97285 M 22 HOLD FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1251 12529 M 6 RECEIVE FROM MINNESOTA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1252 12589 M 6 RECEIVE FROM MINNESOTA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1254 12648 M 6 RECEIVE FROM MINNESOTA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1388 13283 M 4 RECEIVE FROM MINNESOTA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

GARDENCTY Lee Richardson Zoo Garden City, KS

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). Contact the SSP Coordinator in the future if interested in breeding and/or transferring. Institutional holdings include some completely unknown and some partly known pedigree birds.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 914 203063 M 15 HOLD GARDENCTY DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1193 209028 F 7 HOLD GARDENCTY DO NOT BREED 0.4219 B 1194 209029 F 7 HOLD GARDENCTY DO NOT BREED 0.5234 B 1480 214002 F 2 HOLD GARDENCTY DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

HONOLULU Honolulu Zoo Honolulu, HI

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). Contact the SSP Coordinator in the future if interested in acquiring alternate breeding male for future breeding.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 291 830161 M 33 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1160 210039 F 8 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED 0.5234 B

HOUSTON Houston Zoo, Inc. Houston, TX

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record parentage. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 657 14889 F 22 HOLD HOUSTON BREED 0.3750 A 976 20870 F 12 HOLD HOUSTON BREED 0.1875 A 977 20867 M 12 HOLD HOUSTON BREED 0.6250 A 1253 28821 M 6 HOLD HOUSTON BREED 0.2500 A 1529 28809 M 2 HOLD HOUSTON BREED 0.5156 A

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 15 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

JACKSON Jackson Zoological Park Jackson, MS

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). All individuals currently at this institution have completely unknown pedigrees.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1079 200914 F 10 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1279 200911 M 9 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1191 200913 M 7 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1315 201017 U 5 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1386 201110 U 3 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1481 201164 U 2 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1482 201213 U 1 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

LITTLEROC Little Rock Zoological Gardens Little Rock, AR

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years. Contact the SSP Coordinator if you are interested in switching out male for another with a more known pedigree.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1063 6444 M 13 HOLD LITTLEROC BREED 0.0000 A 1161 6957 F 8 HOLD LITTLEROC BREED 0.6875 A

LOUISVILL Louisville Zoological Garden Louisville, KY

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record parentage. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1114 202218 F 11 SEND TO TULSA BREED 0.0000 B 1069 202556 M 9 HOLD LOUISVILL BREED 0.7500 A 1317 202389 M 6 HOLD LOUISVILL BREED 0.0000 A 1483 202549 F 2 SEND TO TULSA BREED 0.0000 B 1579 203815 F 1 RECEIVE FROM TOPEKA BREED 0.5000 A Prioritize breeding with M1069

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 16 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

LOWRY Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo Tampa, FL

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years. . The SSP recommends switching out two females with METROZOO to increase genetic diversity in the two groups.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 328 200073 F 32 HOLD LOWRY BREED 0.0000 A 330 200075 F 32 HOLD LOWRY BREED 0.0000 A 486 202106 M 27 HOLD LOWRY BREED 0.5000 A 1104 205287 F 10 HOLD LOWRY BREED 0.2500 A 1181 206048 F 7 HOLD LOWRY BREED 0.0000 A 1387 206414 M 4 HOLD LOWRY BREED 0.2500 A 1379 206636 F 4 HOLD LOWRY BREED 0.1328 A 1435 206637 F 3 HOLD LOWRY BREED 0.1328 A 1531 206612 F 2 SEND TO METROZOO BREED 0.1250 A 1587 206714 F 1 SEND TO METROZOO BREED 0.2500 A RECEIVE 1564 14B265 F 1 METROZOO BREED 0.2500 A FROM RECEIVE 1517 15B047 F 2 METROZOO BREED 0.1016 A FROM

MEMPHIS Memphis Zoological Garden & Aquarium Memphis, TN

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7)/ Same sex group.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 495 12373 M 26 HOLD MEMPHIS DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 499 12372 M 26 HOLD MEMPHIS DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 786 16627 M 19 HOLD MEMPHIS DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 17 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

METROZOO Zoo Miami Miami, FL

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). High relatedness between individuals in this successfully breeding flock. The SSP recommends gradually transferring out over-represented offspring for unrelated potential breeders. Continue to record parentage. Unless otherwise recommended, all offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 324 B30006 M 32 HOLD METROZOO BREED 1.0000 A 699 B10082 M 21 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.1875 A 711 B20108 F 21 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.2500 A 846 B10083 F 17 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.1875 A 889 B20109 F 16 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.3125 A 1099 B60213 F 12 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.0000 A 1006 B40237 M 11 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.6250 A 1044 B50172 F 11 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.1875 A 1165 B80036 M 8 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.6250 A 1196 B90077 M 7 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.1875 A 1319 10B023 M 6 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.1875 A 1320 10B049 M 6 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.3281 A 1325 11B021 M 5 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.0938 A 1327 11B158 F 4 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.5156 A 1396 12B203 F 3 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.4688 A 1511 15B046 M 2 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.0625 A 1517 15B047 F 2 SEND TO LOWRY BREED 0.1016 A 1562 14B218 F 1 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.3125 A 1565 14B277 M 1 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.3047 A 1564 14B265 F 1 SEND TO LOWRY BREED 0.2500 A 1566 14B373 M 1 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.4063 A 1567 15B031 U 1 HOLD METROZOO BREED 0.4063 A RECEIVE 1531 206612 F 2 LOWRY BREED 0.1250 A FROM RECEIVE 1587 206714 F 1 LOWRY BREED 0.2500 A FROM

MILL MOUN Mill Mountain Zoo Roanoke, VA

Institution notes: Group B (reference p. 7).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1464 8076 M 8 HOLD MILL MOUN DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1465 8078 F 8 HOLD MILL MOUN DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1466 8077 M 8 HOLD MILL MOUN DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1467 8079 F 7 HOLD MILL MOUN DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 18 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

MILWAUKEE Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens Milwaukee, WI

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record parentage. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 479 B2056 F 27 HOLD MILWAUKEE BREED 0.5000 A 498 B2662 M 26 HOLD MILWAUKEE BREED 0.0000 A 539 B2663 M 25 HOLD MILWAUKEE BREED 0.0000 A Avoid breeding with 604 B3093 F 23 HOLD MILWAUKEE BREED 1.0000 A offspring 1029 1029 B4086 M 11 HOLD MILWAUKEE BREED 0.5000 A 1149 B4705 F 8 HOLD MILWAUKEE BREED 0.4063 A

MINNESOTA Minnesota Zoological Garden Apple Valley, MN

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). High relatedness between individuals in this successfully breeding flock. The SSP recommends switching out two females with DISNEY AK to increase genetic diversity in the two groups. Continue to record parentage. Unless otherwise recommended, all offspring are expected to be held for at least two years. Prioritize breeding individuals with more known pedigrees and avoid breeding birds with completely unknown pedigrees.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 334 3855 M 31 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 1.0000 A 424 5763 F 28 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.0000 A 483 6006 M 27 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.5000 A 580 7250 F 24 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.0000 A 835 9307 M 18 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.2500 A 862 9596 F 17 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.7500 A 893 9888 F 16 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.0000 A 973 11026 M 12 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.0000 A 1028 11263 M 11 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.6250 A 1054 11431 M 10 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.6250 A 1055 11446 U 10 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.0000 A 1056 11541 F 10 SEND TO DISNEY AK BREED 0.5000 A 1066 11581 F 10 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.0000 A 1192 12366 M 7 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.0000 A 1244 13871 F 6 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.5234 A 1251 12529 M 6 SEND TO FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1252 12589 M 6 SEND TO FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1254 12648 M 6 SEND TO FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1256 12871 F 5 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.0000 A 1388 13283 M 4 SEND TO FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1484 14010 M 1 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.2500 A 1485 14061 F 1 SEND TO DISNEY AK BREED 0.5625 A 1486 14079 U 1 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.2617 A 1603 14421 U 0 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED 0.3867 A F RECEIVE DISNEY AK BREED A See notes at DISNEY AK FROM F RECEIVE DISNEY AK BREED A See notes at DISNEY AK FROM

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 19 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

MOODY Aquarium & Rainforest at Moody Garden Galveston, TX

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). This is a new flock since the last plan. Please record parentage. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1071 6588 F 14 HOLD MOODY BREED 0.0000 A 1321 7509 M 6 HOLD MOODY BREED 0.4688 A 1207 6606 F 4 HOLD MOODY BREED 0.2734 A 1523 7658 F 1 HOLD MOODY BREED 0.2188 A 1527 7659 M 1 HOLD MOODY BREED 0.1328 A

NY BRONX Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx, NY

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). This institution may breed for institutional needs and should continue to track parentage. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years. Unknown pedigree males may be swapped for partly known pedigree males in the future.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 268 962263 M 33 HOLD NY BRONX SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 750 962162 M 20 HOLD NY BRONX SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 909 B00180 F 15 HOLD NY BRONX SEE NOTES 0.0938 B 1487 B13104 M 2 HOLD NY BRONX SEE NOTES 0.0938 B 1488 B13149 M 2 HOLD NY BRONX SEE NOTES 0.0469 B 1604 B15029 M 0 HOLD NY BRONX SEE NOTES 0.0469 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 20 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

OMAHA Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo Omaha, NE

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). Current institutional total is estimated and birds are mostly unknown pedigree due to the challenge of tracking birds in a large aviary. OMAHA may breed to meet institutional needs only (recording parentage if at all possible).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 304 5921 M 32 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 679 8100 M 22 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 686 8103 F 21 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 700 8104 F 21 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1295 21077 F 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1296 21078 U 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1297 21079 U 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1298 21080 F 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1299 21081 U 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1300 21082 U 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1301 21083 M 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1302 21084 M 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1303 21085 M 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1304 21086 U 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1032 15503 U 11 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1446 20799 U 7 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1447 20799 U 7 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1448 20799 U 7 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1449 20799 U 7 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1450 20799 U 7 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1289 19820 F 6 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1460 22013 F 3 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1461 22014 F 3 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1462 22015 F 3 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1463 22016 M 3 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1533 22735 F 2 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1534 22857 U 1 HOLD OMAHA SEE NOTES 0.0000 B

ORLANDO Sea World Orlando Orlando, FL

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). Breed for institutional needs only and please continue to record parentage.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 985 NC2502 M 12 HOLD ORLANDO SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 991 NC2500 M 12 HOLD ORLANDO SEE NOTES 0.0625 B 1015 NC2501 F 11 HOLD ORLANDO SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1185 NC2507 M 7 HOLD ORLANDO SEE NOTES 0.2969 B 1519 UNK M 1 HOLD ORLANDO SEE NOTES 0.2188 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 21 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

PHILADELP The Philadelphia Zoo Philadelphia, PA

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 781 206028 M 19 HOLD PHILADELP DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 901 205650 F 15 HOLD PHILADELP DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1145 205651 F 8 HOLD PHILADELP DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

PHOENIX Phoenix Zoo Phoenix, AZ

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record sire and dam IDs. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 990 12440 M 12 HOLD PHOENIX BREED 0.1875 A 1000 12441 F 11 HOLD PHOENIX BREED 0.4063 A 1210 11952 F 5 HOLD PHOENIX BREED 0.1406 A

PITTS CA National Aviary in Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 348 3534 M 31 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 376 3536 F 30 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1347 7956 M 4 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1399 7995 M 4 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1400 8014 M 4 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1401 8035 M 4 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1536 8300 M 2 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1535 8299 M 2 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1539 8364 M 1 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

REDWOOD Six Flags Discovery Kingdom Vallejo, CA

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 803 6858 F 19 HOLD REDWOOD DO NOT BREED 0.3438 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 22 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

RIO GRAND Albuquerque Biological Park Albuquerque, NM

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1117 B06021 M 9 HOLD RIO GRAND DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

ROCHESTER Seneca Park Zoo Rochester, NY

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1167 105939 F 8 HOLD ROCHESTER BREED 0.6875 A 1216 105814 M 5 HOLD ROCHESTER BREED 0.4453 A

SAFARI W Safari West Santa Rosa, CA

Institutional notes: Group B. (reference p. 7) This institution may breed for institutional needs only and should track parentage when possible.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1095 207003 M 10 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.6250 B 1097 207004 M 9 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.1875 B 1282 209185 M 8 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.0000 B Avoid breeding 1285 209188 M 7 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.0000 B Avoid breeding 1243 212063 F 4 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.1016 B 1268 212061 M 4 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.0664 B 1269 212064 F 4 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.1016 B 1270 212062 M 4 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.1328 B 1271 212065 F 4 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.1016 B 1489 213072 U 2 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1490 213095 U 2 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1492 214073 U 1 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.0508 B 1493 214137 U 1 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1570 215085 U 0 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.0508 B 1572 215141 U 0 HOLD SAFARI W SEE NOTES 0.0000 B

SAN ANTON San Antonio Zoological Gardens & Aquarium San Antonio, TX

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 879 990640 M 16 HOLD SAN ANTON BREED 0.1250 A 928 U03037 F 14 SEND TO TULSA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 929 U03038 F 14 SEND TO TULSA DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1085 A09020 M 11 HOLD SAN ANTON BREED 1.0000 A 1002 204149 F 11 RECEIVE FROM CINCINNAT BREED 0.5938 A

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 23 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

SANDIEGOZ San Diego Zoo San Diego, CA

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). All birds at this institution have completely unknown pedigree due to the challenge of closely monitoring birds held in a large aviary. This institution may continue to breed to meet institutional needs only and should attempt to record parentage.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 545 392149 F -- HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 1.0000 B 462 488411 F 27 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 467 389547 M 27 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 756 396392 M 19 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 759 396513 M 19 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 900 300330 M 15 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 913 301015 M 15 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 919 301273 F 14 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 921 301427 M 14 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 938 302192 M 13 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 944 302288 M 13 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 949 302375 M 13 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 962 303066 M 13 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 966 303180 F 12 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 972 303241 F 12 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1003 304210 M 11 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1005 304308 M 11 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1060 305305 M 10 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1062 305454 M 10 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1129 306143 M 9 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1367 310205 M 5 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1368 311300 F 4 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1369 311378 M 4 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1370 311396 M 4 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1404 312146 F 3 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1406 312212 F 3 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1495 313854 M 3 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1497 314423 M 1 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1498 314408 M 1 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1500 314725 M 1 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1605 215411 M 1 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1609 215179 F 0 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1608 215252 F 0 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1607 215409 M 0 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1606 215410 F 0 HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 0.0000 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 24 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

SD-WAP San Diego Zoo's Safari Park Escondido, CA

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). Individuals at this institution have completely unknown pedigrees. This institution may breed to meet institutional needs only and should attempt to record parentage.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 946 302339 M 13 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 948 302340 F 13 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1143 307127 F 8 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1171 308159 M 7 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1179 308285 F 7 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1183 308342 M 7 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1355 309233 F 6 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1358 309384 F 6 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1356 309280 M 6 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1357 309299 M 6 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1541 812279 F 3 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1543 813234 F 2 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1545 814112 M 1 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1546 814224 F 1 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1547 814242 M 1 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1611 815161 U 0 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B 1612 815203 M 0 HOLD SD-WAP SEE NOTES 0.0000 B

SEATTLE Woodland Park Zoo Seattle, WA

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record sire and dam IDs. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1152 202839 M 8 HOLD SEATTLE BREED 0.6250 A 1158 202840 M 8 HOLD SEATTLE BREED 0.1875 A 1218 203681 F 5 HOLD SEATTLE BREED 0.5469 A 1219 203682 F 5 HOLD SEATTLE BREED 0.3438 A 1378 204535 F 4 HOLD SEATTLE BREED 0.0313 A 1383 204534 M 3 HOLD SEATTLE BREED 0.1016 A 1548 204663 M 2 HOLD SEATTLE BREED 0.2656 A 1614 205422 F 1 HOLD SEATTLE BREED 0.2656 A 1616 205564 F 0 HOLD SEATTLE BREED 0.2656 A

SEAWLD TX Sea World San Antonio San Antonio, TX

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7). This institution may continue to breed to meet institutional needs and should attempt to record parentage.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1458 NC5002 M 10 HOLD SEAWLD TX SEE NOTES 0.2500 B 1459 NC5003 M 10 HOLD SEAWLD TX SEE NOTES 0.2500 B 1518 nc5000 F 1 HOLD SEAWLD TX SEE NOTES 0.0664 B 1522 nc5001 M 1 HOLD SEAWLD TX SEE NOTES 0.1328 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 25 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

SEDGWICK Sedgwick County Zoo Wichita, KS

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record sire and dam IDs. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 587 5203 M 24 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.5000 A 1049 11530 F 10 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.3438 A 1050 11529 M 10 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.5469 A 1246 12788 F 6 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.2500 A 1247 12979 M 5 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.4453 A 1248 13078 M 5 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.4453 A 1250 13306 M 5 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.4453 A 1407 13720 M 3 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.4453 A 1408 13738 U 3 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.0000 A 1468 14106 M 2 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.4453 A 1471 14363 M 1 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.3945 A 1470 14362 M 1 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.3477 A 1573 14835 U 0 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 0.4453 A

STATEN IS Staten Island Zoo Staten Island, NY

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1086 UNK F 10 HOLD STATEN IS BREED 0.5000 A 1159 UNK M 8 HOLD STATEN IS BREED 0.2500 A 1568 B15058 U 0 HOLD STATEN IS BREED 0.3750 A

SYRACUSE Rosamond Gifford Zoo at Burnet Park Syracuse, NY

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 704 B99010 F 21 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.3750 B 796 B99009 M 19 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.1250 B 912 B10103 U 15 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.2500 B 925 B10103 U 14 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.2500 B 932 B10103 U 14 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.2500 B 1020 B10103 U 11 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1123 B10103 U 10 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1140 B10103 U 9 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1155 B10103 U 8 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1157 B10103 U 8 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1176 B10103 U 8 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1164 B10103 U 8 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1182 B10103 U 7 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1452 B10103 U 7 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1581 B10103 U 5 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1582 B10103 U 5 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 26 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

TAUTPHAUS Tautphaus Park Zoo Idaho Falls, ID

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Contact the SSP coordinator if interested in breeding in the future.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 915 K3A010 M 15 HOLD TAUTPHAUS SEE NOTES 0.7500 A

TOPEKA Topeka Zoological Park Topeka, KS

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). Continue to record sire and dam IDs. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 597 009992 M 23 HOLD TOPEKA BREED 1.0000 A 918 003501 F 14 HOLD TOPEKA BREED 0.0000 A 1110 200507 M 9 HOLD TOPEKA BREED 0.5000 A 1154 202614 M 8 HOLD TOPEKA BREED 0.3750 A 1206 203014 F 5 HOLD TOPEKA BREED 0.3555 A 1372 202914 F 3 HOLD TOPEKA BREED 0.2617 A 1579 203815 F 1 SEND TO LOUISVILL BREED 0.5000 A Breed with M1069

TORONTO Toronto Zoo Toronto, Ontario

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 30 265 M 52 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 1.0000 B 107 5494 M 42 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 572 26950 M 24 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 607 27902 M 23 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 608 28005 M 23 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 609 28665 M 23 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 611 28004 F 23 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 612 28007 F 23 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 614 28008 M 23 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 830 34295 M 18 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 822 34294 F 18 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 828 35179 M 18 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1011 39541 F 11 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1147 42925 M 8 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1174 42929 F 7 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1175 42930 M 7 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1308 43853 F 6 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1309 43854 F 6 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1310 45264 M 5 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 1311 45265 F 5 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 27 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

TUCSON Reid Park Zoo Tucson, AZ

Institutional notes: Group A (reference p. 7). This institution may breed at institutional discretion; however, these birds may be approaching post-reproduction and are unlikely to breed. All offspring are expected to be held for at least two years.

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 394 892774 M 29 HOLD TUCSON BREED 0.7500 A 434 882729 F 28 HOLD TUCSON BREED 0.0000 A

TULSA Tulsa Zoo Tulsa, OK

Institutional notes: Group B (reference p. 7).

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding % Known Group Notes 1114 202218 F 11 RECEIVE FROM LOUISVILL BREED 0.0000 B 1483 202549 F 2 RECEIVE FROM LOUISVILL BREED 0.0000 B 928 U03037 F 14 RECEIVE FROM SAN ANTON DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B 929 U03038 F 14 RECEIVE FROM SAN ANTON DO NOT BREED 0.0000 B

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 28 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Appendix A Assumptions

Due to the lack of pedigree data available, no assumptions were applied.

Appendix B Summary of Data Exports

PMx Project: nicobar Locations data file Created: 2016-04-26 by PMx version 1.2.20140424 Data File Name: location.txt File: C:\PMxProjects\nicobar.pmxproj Demographic input files Primary data file MPrn file: mnicobar.prn Data File Name: nicobar.ped FPrn file: fnicobar.prn Common Name: Nicobar pigeon Scientific Name: Caloenas nicobarica Male LifeTable filter: Data Source: PopLink *Dates: 1975-01-01 to 2016-04-26 Studbook Name: nicobar *Locations: N.AMERICA Exported On: 2016-04-26 *Association: Software version: PopLink 2.4 *Other Filters: Status = Living Current through: 2016-04-25 *User: cgroome Compiled by: Allan Craig Mikel Scope: North America Regional Studbook Female LifeTable filter: Dates: 2016-04-26 Locations: *Dates: 1975-01-01 to 2016-04-26 Association: AZA.FED *Locations: N.AMERICA Other Filters: Status = Living *Association: User: cgroome *Other Filters: Status = Living *User: cgroome

Appendix C Exclusions

No individuals were excluded as genetic analyses could not be completed.

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 29 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Appendix D Life Tables

Qx = mortality; Px = survival; Lx = cumulative survivorship; Mx = fecundity; Vx = expected future reproduction

Males Age (years) Px Mid Px Qx Risk Qx Lx Mid Lx Mx Risk Mx Ex Vx Cx 0 0.76 0.84 0.24 696.6 1.00 0.88 0.000 696.6 14.11 1.09 0.12 1 0.95 0.95 0.05 492.3 0.76 0.74 0.050 492.3 17.25 1.52 0.09 2 0.96 0.95 0.04 435.2 0.72 0.71 0.100 435.2 17.10 1.63 0.08 3 0.94 0.95 0.06 408.0 0.69 0.67 0.140 408.0 16.77 1.68 0.07 4 0.96 0.96 0.04 365.8 0.65 0.64 0.150 365.8 16.78 1.73 0.06 5 0.96 0.96 0.04 337.9 0.63 0.61 0.150 337.9 16.44 1.74 0.06 6 0.95 0.95 0.05 306.3 0.60 0.59 0.170 306.3 16.08 1.75 0.05 7 0.96 0.96 0.04 272.8 0.57 0.56 0.200 272.8 15.87 1.75 0.05 8 0.97 0.96 0.03 245.6 0.55 0.54 0.140 245.6 15.49 1.71 0.04 9 0.95 0.95 0.05 227.6 0.53 0.52 0.150 227.6 14.94 1.70 0.04 10 0.96 0.97 0.04 199.6 0.50 0.49 0.170 199.6 14.67 1.73 0.04 11 0.98 0.98 0.02 179.2 0.48 0.48 0.190 179.2 14.24 1.71 0.03 12 0.97 0.96 0.03 155.6 0.47 0.47 0.180 155.6 13.51 1.64 0.03 13 0.95 0.95 0.05 138.7 0.46 0.45 0.190 138.7 12.90 1.58 0.03 14 0.95 0.95 0.05 123.3 0.44 0.43 0.160 123.3 12.53 1.55 0.02 15 0.95 0.95 0.05 111.8 0.42 0.41 0.160 111.8 12.13 1.54 0.02 16 0.95 0.94 0.05 104.0 0.39 0.38 0.220 104.0 11.72 1.53 0.02 17 0.93 0.94 0.07 94.9 0.38 0.36 0.140 94.9 11.28 1.46 0.02 18 0.95 0.96 0.05 84.7 0.35 0.34 0.190 84.7 11.06 1.50 0.02 19 0.97 0.97 0.03 75.8 0.33 0.33 0.240 75.8 10.59 1.45 0.01 20 0.98 0.96 0.02 65.0 0.32 0.32 0.140 65.0 9.88 1.32 0.01 21 0.94 0.94 0.06 62.1 0.32 0.31 0.200 62.1 9.07 1.27 0.01 22 0.93 0.96 0.07 56.6 0.30 0.29 0.230 56.6 8.58 1.20 0.01 23 0.99 0.97 0.01 49.4 0.28 0.27 0.140 49.4 8.15 1.10 0.01 24 0.95 0.92 0.05 43.7 0.27 0.27 0.210 43.7 7.22 1.02 0.01 25 0.88 0.87 0.12 40.2 0.26 0.24 0.180 40.2 6.55 0.90 0.01 26 0.85 0.91 0.15 33.3 0.23 0.21 0.160 33.3 6.31 0.86 0.01 27 0.98 0.94 0.02 23.7 0.19 0.19 0.330 23.7 6.24 0.87 0.01 28 0.90 0.87 0.10 20.9 0.19 0.18 0.200 20.9 5.35 0.59 0.01 29 0.83 0.91 0.17 18.0 0.17 0.16 0.120 18.0 4.83 0.45 0.00 30 1.00 1.00 0.00 14.0 0.14 0.14 0.140 14.0 4.62 0.42 0.00 31 1.00 0.91 0.00 13.5 0.14 0.14 0.000 13.5 3.62 0.30 0.00 32 0.81 0.90 0.19 10.7 0.14 0.13 0.200 10.7 2.62 0.32 0.00 33 1.00 0.50 0.00 6.4 0.11 0.11 0.150 6.4 2.00 0.15 0.00 34 0.00 0.00 1.00 5.0 0.11 0.06 0.000 5.0 1.00 0.00 0.00 r=1.06; λ=1.062; T=10.1; N20=764

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 30 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Females Age Mid Risk Mid Risk Px Qx Lx Mx Ex Vx Cx (years) Px Qx Lx Mx 0 0.76 0.84 0.24 675.1 1.00 0.88 0.010 675.1 11.26 1.04 0.15 1 0.94 0.94 0.06 482.1 0.76 0.74 0.060 482.1 13.51 1.45 0.11 2 0.93 0.93 0.07 432.5 0.71 0.69 0.140 432.5 13.30 1.58 0.09 3 0.94 0.94 0.06 388.9 0.66 0.64 0.160 388.9 13.23 1.64 0.08 4 0.93 0.94 0.07 335.8 0.62 0.60 0.190 335.8 13.01 1.68 0.07 5 0.95 0.94 0.05 297.0 0.58 0.57 0.280 297.0 12.92 1.71 0.06 6 0.92 0.92 0.08 266.6 0.55 0.53 0.280 266.6 12.54 1.60 0.06 7 0.92 0.94 0.08 231.3 0.51 0.49 0.170 231.3 12.55 1.53 0.05 8 0.96 0.95 0.04 198.2 0.47 0.46 0.230 198.2 12.55 1.58 0.04 9 0.93 0.94 0.07 181.1 0.45 0.43 0.260 181.1 12.03 1.50 0.04 10 0.95 0.95 0.05 156.3 0.42 0.41 0.290 156.3 11.86 1.42 0.03 11 0.95 0.93 0.05 136.6 0.40 0.39 0.350 136.6 11.43 1.27 0.03 12 0.91 0.94 0.09 117.3 0.38 0.36 0.220 117.3 10.98 1.03 0.03 13 0.97 0.95 0.03 99.7 0.34 0.34 0.280 99.7 10.97 0.95 0.02 14 0.93 0.94 0.07 91.2 0.33 0.32 0.210 91.2 10.28 0.73 0.02 15 0.96 0.94 0.04 79.3 0.31 0.30 0.190 79.3 9.98 0.60 0.02 16 0.92 0.95 0.08 72.6 0.30 0.28 0.160 72.6 9.35 0.45 0.02 17 0.98 0.94 0.02 65.4 0.27 0.27 0.110 65.4 9.08 0.34 0.01 18 0.89 0.91 0.11 61.2 0.27 0.25 0.080 61.2 8.24 0.25 0.01 19 0.93 0.92 0.07 51.3 0.24 0.23 0.110 51.3 8.14 0.20 0.01 20 0.91 0.94 0.09 45.9 0.22 0.21 0.040 45.9 7.67 0.11 0.01 21 0.97 0.94 0.03 38.9 0.20 0.20 0.050 38.9 7.33 0.08 0.01 22 0.91 0.91 0.09 34.4 0.20 0.19 0.030 34.4 6.53 0.03 0.01 23 0.91 0.91 0.09 28.7 0.18 0.17 0.000 28.7 6.08 0.00 0.01 24 0.91 0.93 0.09 22.6 0.16 0.15 0.000 22.6 5.58 0.00 0.01 25 0.95 0.92 0.05 19.6 0.15 0.14 0.000 19.6 5.03 0.00 0.00 26 0.89 0.86 0.11 18.1 0.14 0.13 0.000 18.1 4.24 0.00 0.00 27 0.83 0.82 0.17 15.1 0.12 0.11 0.000 15.1 3.65 0.00 0.00 28 0.81 0.90 0.19 10.6 0.10 0.09 0.000 10.6 3.19 0.00 0.00 29 1.00 0.85 0.00 7.0 0.08 0.08 0.000 7.0 2.70 0.00 0.00 30 0.70 0.41 0.30 6.7 0.08 0.07 0.000 6.7 1.70 0.00 0.00 31 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.0 0.06 0.03 0.000 2.0 1.00 0.00 0.00 r=1.06; λ=1.062; T=10.1; N20=764

Appendix E Ordered Mean Kinship List

Due the lack of pedigree data available, genetic analyses could not be completed.

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 31 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Appendix F DESCRIPTIVE SURVIVAL STATISTICS REPORT

Nicobar pigeon Studbook Caloenas nicobarica North America Regional Studbook Studbook

Studbook data current as of 4/25/2016

Compiled by Allan Craig Mikel [email protected]

PopLink Studbook filename: nicobar PopLink User Who Exported Report: cgroome Date of Export: 5/29/2016 Data Filtered by: Association = AZA.FED AND StartDate = 1/1/1975 AND EndDate = 5/29/2016 PopLink Version: 2.4

REPORT OVERVIEW: Based on this analysis, if a Nicobar pigeon survives to its first birthday, its median life expectancy is 17.1 years for males and 12.0 years for females. Please see the body of the report for more details.

BACKGROUND ON ANALYSES:

These analyses were conducted using animals that lived during the period 1 January 1975 to 29 May 2016 at institutions within AZA. The analyses mainly focus on survival statistics from 1 year (e.g. excluding any individuals that did not survive past their first birthday). These statistics most accurately reflect typical survival for animals which can be seen on exhibit in zoos and aquariums.

This report summarizes survival records of individuals housed at zoological facilities for a specific geographic range and time period; these records trace an individual's history from birth or entry into the population to death, exit out of the population, or the end of the time period. As such, this history only reflects standard practices - including management, husbandry, and acquisition/disposition practices - for the specified time period and geographic range. Thus, the report contents should be viewed with some caution as they may not fully reflect current and newly emerging zoo and aquarium management techniques or practices. For example, if the population has not been maintained in zoos and aquariums long enough to have many adults living into old age, median life expectancy will likely be an underestimate until more data accrue in older age classes. Thus, users of these reports should recognize that the results produced will likely vary over time or depending on the subset of data selected.

For many species, including humans, survival statistics often differ for males and females. For this population, male and female data were robust enough to detect statistical differences1 in survival statistics. These results therefore include separate statistics for males and females; individuals whose sex is unknown are proportionally included in calculations.

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES:

SURVIVAL STATISTICS

Female Male

# of individuals with partial or full lifespans used in analysis 413 438 # of individuals which had died by 29 May 2016 (analysis end date) 179 149 % of individuals which had died by 29 May 2016 43.3% 34.0% median life expectancy assuming an individual survives to its first birthday (years) 12.0 17.1 95% confidence interval for median (years) 10.4 to 14.1 15.0 to 18.9 only 25% of animals live beyond this age (years) 23.0 28.9 First-year (infant) survival 77.2% 73.1% maximum longevity (years) 32.1 40.6

See footnotes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for definitions of terminology used in this table.

The median life expectancy2 for Nicobar pigeon was statistically different between males and females, with males having a significantly higher median life expectancy. Given the quality of the data - how many animals are in the database and how many have died - there is a 95% chance that the true median for each sex falls within the 95% confidence intervals displayed in the table.

The table also lists the ages which only 25% of Nicobar pigeon can be expected to survive past and the first-year (infant) survival3 rates. The year after birth/hatching is a period of relatively low survival for many species and life histories. This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 32 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

The maximum longevity4 observed for Nicobar pigeon females is based on an individual which was CENSORED as of the analysis end date (studbook number 328, sex = Female, origin = Captive Hatch, birth date estimate = Year). The maximum longevity observed for Nicobar pigeon males is based on an individual which was DEAD as of the analysis end date (studbook number 50, sex = Male, origin = Wild Hatch, birth date estimate = Year).5

The correct interpretation of these statistics is that, if it survives the first year of life, the 'typical' male Nicobar pigeon will live 17.1 years and the typical female will live 12.0 years; that half of all Nicobar pigeon can be expected to die before they reach the male and female median life expectancies and half will live longer than that; that only 25% of all male Nicobar pigeon can be expected to live to 28.9 years and females to 23.0 years; and that it is rare but possible for male Nicobar pigeon to live 40.6 years and female Nicobar pigeon to live 32.1 years.

The median life expectancy, confidence interval, first-year survival, and maximum longevity may change as more data are accumulated, the population's age structure changes, or management practices improve.

While both median life expectancy and maximum longevity are discussed in this report, it is more appropriate to rely on median life expectancy to place the age of any one individual in context. To put these statistics in perspective, median life expectancy from age one for people in the United States is 77.5 years and the maximum longevity (documented worldwide) is 122 years6. Therefore, if a person lived to be 85 years old, the appropriate context is that they lived well beyond the median life expectancy (77.5), not that they fell short of the maximum longevity (122).

DATA QUALITY

The PopLink Survival Tool uses five data quality measures to determine whether data are robust enough to make reliable estimates of key survival parameters. The subsets of male and female data for this population passed all of the following data quality tests:

1. Can the median life expectancy be calculated? PASS 2. Is the sample size (number of individuals at risk) greater than 20 individuals at the median? PASS 3. Is the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) bounded? PASS 4. Is the sample size in the first age class of analysis (e.g. the first day of analysis) greater than 30 individuals? PASS 5. Is the length of the 95% CI < 33% of the maximum longevity? PASS

PopLink data validation has never been run; if errors are present in this studbook, they may affect the data in this analysis.

1 Statistical significance was determined by comparing 84% confidence intervals around median life expectancy for males and females, with 141 unknown sex individuals proportionally incorporated into the analysis. For this population, non-overlapping confidence intervals indicated that male and female medians were significantly different. See the PopLink manual for more details.

2 The statistics analyzed for this report (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive) exclude any individuals who did not survive to their first birthday; these individuals are excluded because this Report is focused on providing median survival estimates for the typical individual that survives the vulnerable infant stage. In other words, this report answers the question, 'how long is this species expected to live once it has reached its first birthday?' For this studbook, 318 individuals died before their first birthday and were excluded from these analyses.

For all animals that survive to their first birthday, 50% will die before the median life expectancy in this report and 50% die after. Note that the median life expectancy obtained from population management software (PM2000, PMx, ZooRisk) or from life tables in Breeding and Transfer Plans (e.g. where Lx = 0.5) will be lower because it includes these individuals that did not survive to their first birthday in order to project the correct number of births needed. See the PopLink manual for more details.

3For reference, first-year survival is provided. For this studbook and the selected demographic window, 318 individuals did not survive to their first birthday and were excluded from the estimates provided above (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive).

4 Maximum longevity is the age of the oldest known individual for this species, living or dead. It is not necessarily the biological maximum age, but only reflects the individuals included in the dataset.

5 Censored individuals are individuals whose deaths have not been observed as of the end of the analysis window, including individuals who 1) are still alive as of the end date, 2) exited the geographic window before the end date (through transfer or release), or 3) were lost-to-follow up before the end date.

6 Median life expectancy for people is estimated from: Xu, Jiaquan, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, and Tejada-Vera B. 2007. Deaths: Final Data for 2007. National vital statistics reports; vol 58 no 19. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Jeanne Calment of France was the oldest documented and fully validated human and died at 122 years and 164 days; from: http://www.grg.org/Adams/Tables.htm. Accessed August 9, 2007.

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 33 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Appendix G Definitions

Management Terms (as of June 2015)

Green Species Survival Plan® (Green SSP) Program – A Green SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more animals and is projected to retain 90% gene diversity for a minimum of 100 years or 10 generations. Green SSP Programs are subject to AZA’s Full Participation and Non– Member Participation Policies.

Yellow Species Survival Plan® (Yellow SSP) Program – A Yellow SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more animals but cannot retain 90% gene diversity for 100 years or 10 generations. Yellow SSP participation by AZA institutions is voluntary.

Red Species Survival Plan® (Red SSP) Program – A Red SSP has a population size of greater than 20 but fewer than 50 animals, at least three AZA member institutions, and a published studbook. Animal Programs that manage species designated as Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, or Endangered (IUCN) do not need to meet minimum population size and number of participating institution criteria to be designated as an SSP Program. Red Program participation by AZA institutions is voluntary.

Full Participation – AZA policy stating that all AZA accredited institutions and certified related facilities having a Green SSP animal in their collection are required to participate in the collaborative SSP planning process (e.g., provide relevant animal data to the AZA Studbook Keeper, assign an Institutional Representative who will communicate institutional wants and needs to the SSP Coordinator and comment on the draft plan during the 30-day review period, and abide by the recommendations agreed upon in the final plan).

All AZA member institutions and Animal Programs, regardless of management designation, must adhere to the AZA Policy on Acquisitions, Transfers, and Transitions and the AZA Code of Professional Ethics. For more information on AZA policies, see http://www.aza.org/board- policies/.

Demographic Terms

Age Distribution – A two-way classification showing the numbers or percentages of individuals in various age and sex classes.

Ex, Life Expectancy – Average years of further life for an animal in age class x.

Lambda () or Population Growth Rate – The proportional change in population size from one year to the next. Lambda can be based on life- table calculations (the expected lambda) or from observed changes in population size from year to year. A lambda of 1.11 means an 11% per year increase; lambda of 0.97 means a 3% decline in size per year. lx, Age-Specific Survivorship – The probability that a new individual (e.g., age 0) is alive at the beginning of age x. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from birth to the beginning of a specific age class.

Mean Generation Time (T) – The average time elapsing from reproduction in one generation to the time the next generation reproduces. Also, the average age at which a female (or male) produces offspring. It is not the age of first reproduction. Males and females often have different generation times.

Mx, Fecundity – The average number of same-sexed young born to animals in that age class. Because studbooks typically have relatively small sample sizes, studbook software calculate Mx as 1/2 the average number of young born to animals in that age class. This provides a somewhat less "noisy" estimate of Mx, though it does not allow for unusual sex ratios. The fecundity rates provide information on the age of first, last, and maximum reproduction.

Px, Age-Specific Survival – The probability that an individual of age x survives one-time period; is conditional on an individual being alive at the beginning of the time period. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from the beginning of one age class to the next.

Qx, Mortality – Probability that an individual of age x dies during time period. Qx = 1-Px. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals that die during an age class. It is calculated from the number of animals that die during an age class divided by the number of animals that were alive at the beginning of the age class (i.e.-"at risk").

Risk (Qx or Mx) – The number of individuals that have lived during an age class. The number at risk is used to calculate Mx and Qx by dividing the number of births and deaths that occurred during an age class by the number of animals at risk of dying and reproducing during that age class.

Vx, Reproductive Value – The expected number of offspring produced this year and in future years by an animal of age x.

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 34 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Genetic Terms

Allele Retention – The probability that a gene present in a founder individual exists in the living, descendant population.

Current Gene Diversity (GD) -- The proportional gene diversity (as a proportion of the source population) is the probability that two alleles from the same locus sampled at random from the population will not be identical by descent. Gene diversity is calculated from allele frequencies, and is the heterozygosity expected in progeny produced by random mating, and if the population were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Effective Population Size (Inbreeding Ne) -- The size of a randomly mating population of constant size with equal sex ratio and a Poisson distribution of family sizes that would (a) result in the same mean rate of inbreeding as that observed in the population, or (b) would result in the same rate of random change in gene frequencies (genetic drift) as observed in the population. These two definitions are identical only if the population is demographically stable (because the rate of inbreeding depends on the distribution of alleles in the parental generation, whereas the rate of gene frequency drift is measured in the current generation).

Founder – An individual obtained from a source population (often the wild) that has no known relationship to any individuals in the derived population (except for its own descendants).

Founder Genome Equivalents (FGE) – The number wild-caught individuals (founders) that would produce the same amount of gene diversity as does the population under study. The gene diversity of a population is 1 - 1 / (2 * FGE).

Founder Representation -- Proportion of the genes in the living, descendant population that are derived from that founder.

Inbreeding Coefficient (F) -- Probability that the two alleles at a genetic locus are identical by descent from an ancestor common to both parents. The mean inbreeding coefficient of a population will be the proportional decrease in observed heterozygosity relative to the expected heterozygosity of the founder population.

Mean Kinship (MK) – The mean kinship coefficient between an animal and all animals (including itself) in the living, captive-born population. The mean kinship of a population is equal to the proportional loss of gene diversity of the descendant (captive-born) population relative to the founders and is also the mean inbreeding coefficient of progeny produced by random mating. Mean kinship is also the reciprocal of two times the founder genome equivalents: MK = 1 / (2 * FGE). MK = 1 - GD.

Percent Known – Percent of an animal's genome that is traceable to known founders. Thus, if an animal has an UNK sire, the % Known = 50. If it has an UNK grandparent, % Known = 75.

Percent Certain -- The percentage of the living individuals’ pedigree that can be completely identified as certain: (exact identity of both parents is known) and traceable back to known founders. Individuals that are 100% certain do not have any MULTs or UNKs in their pedigree. Certainty represents a higher degree of knowledge than Known and therefore is always less than or equal to Known.

Prob Lost – Probability that a random allele from the individual will be lost from the population in the next generation, because neither this individual nor any of its relatives pass on the allele to an offspring. Assumes that each individual will produce a number of future offspring equal to its reproductive value, Vx.

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 35 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Appendix H Directory of Institutional Representatives

Mnemonic Name Phone Email ASHEBORO North Carolina Zoological Park +1.336.879.7000 [email protected] ATTLEBORO Capron Park Zoo +1.508.222.3047 [email protected]

AUDUBON Audubon Zoo +1.866.487.2966 [email protected]

BATONROUG BREC's Baton Rouge Zoo +1.225.775.3877 [email protected]

BINGHAMTO Binghamton Zoo at Ross Park (607) 724-5454 [email protected] BIRMINGHM Birmingham Zoo +1.205.879.0409 [email protected] BREVARD Brevard Zoo +1.321.254.9453 [email protected]

BUFFALO Buffalo Zoological Gardens +1.716.837.3900 [email protected]

BUSCH TAM Busch Gardens Tampa Bay +1.813.987.5250 [email protected] CAPE MAY Cape May County Park Zoo +1.609.465.5271 [email protected] CENTRALPK Central Park Zoo +1.212.439.6500 [email protected]

CHICAGOLP Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens +1.312.742.2020 [email protected] CINCINNAT Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden +1.513.281.4701 [email protected] COLUMBUS Columbus Zoo and Aquarium +1.614.645.3400 [email protected] DENVER Denver Zoological Gardens +1.303.376.4800 [email protected]

DES MOINE Blank Park Zoo of Des Moines +1.515.285.4722 [email protected]

DETROIT Detroit Zoological Society +1.248.541.5717 [email protected]

DISNEY AK Disney's Animal Kingdom +1.407.939.1000 [email protected] EL PASO El Paso Zoo +1.915.521.1850 [email protected] FRESNO Fresno Chaffee Zoo +1.559.498.5910 [email protected]

FT WAYNE Fort Wayne Children's Zoo +1.260.427.6800 [email protected] GARDENCTY Lee Richardson Zoo +1.620.276.1250 [email protected]

HONOLULU Honolulu Zoo +1.808.971.7174 [email protected] HOUSTON Houston Zoo, Inc. +1.713.533.6500 [email protected]

JACKSON Jackson Zoological Park +1.601.352.2585 [email protected]

JACKSONVL Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens +1.904.757.4463 [email protected] LITTLEROC Little Rock Zoological Gardens +1.501.666.2406 [email protected]

LOUISVILL Louisville Zoological Garden +1.502.451.0440 [email protected]

LOWRY Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo +1.813.935.8552 [email protected] MEMPHIS Memphis Zoological Garden & +1.901.725.3400 [email protected]; Aquarium METROZOO Zoo Miami +1.305.251.0400 [email protected]

MILL MOUN Mill Mountain Zoo +1.540.343.3241 [email protected] MILWAUKEE Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens +1.414.771.3040 [email protected]

MINNESOTA Minnesota Zoological Garden +1.952.431.9200 [email protected] [email protected]

MOODY Aquarium & Rainforest at Moody +1.409.744.4673 [email protected] Gardens NORFOLK Virginia Zoological Park +1.757.441.2374 [email protected]

NY BRONX Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservat'n Society +1.718.220.5125 [email protected] OMAHA Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo +1.402.733.8401 [email protected] ORLANDO Sea World Orlando +1.407.363.2662 [email protected] PEARISBRG Mountain View Zool Gardens (Sam Chupp) +1.540.921.2410 [email protected]; PHILADELP The Philadelphia Zoo +1.215.243.1100 [email protected]

PHOENIX Phoenix Zoo +1.602.273.1341 [email protected]

PITTS CA National Aviary in Pittsburgh +1.412.323.7235 [email protected]

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 36 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Nicobar Pigeon Yellow SSP 2016 DRAFT Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 21 October 2016

Mnemonic Name Phone Email REDWOOD Six Flags Discovery Kingdom +1.707.644.4000 [email protected] RIO GRAND Albuquerque Biological Park +1.505.248.8500 [email protected]

ROCHESTER Seneca Park Zoo +1.585.266.8222 [email protected]

SAFARI W Safari West +1.707.579.2551 [email protected] SAN ANTON San Antonio Zoological Gardens & +1.210.734.7184 [email protected] Aquar SANDIEGOZ San Diego Zoo +1.619.231.1515 [email protected]

SD-WAP San Diego Zoo's Safari Park +1.760.747.8702 [email protected]

SEATTLE Woodland Park Zoo +1.206.548.2500 [email protected]

SEDGWICK Sedgwick County Zoo +1.316.660.9453 [email protected] STATEN IS Staten Island Zoo +1.718.442.3101 [email protected] SYRACUSE Rosamond Gifford Zoo at Burnet Park +1.315.435.8512 [email protected] TAUTPHAUS Tautphaus Park Zoo +1.208.612.8552 [email protected] TOPEKA Topeka Zoological Park +1.785.368.9180 [email protected] TORONTO Toronto Zoo +1.416.392.5900 [email protected] TUCSON Reid Park Zoo +1.520.791.3204 [email protected] WILD WRLD Wildlife World Zoo +1.623.935.9453 No contact 1-623-935-5692 ex 115

Roosevelt Park Zoo [email protected]

Sea World San Antonio (210)542-7496 [email protected]

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. 37 Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.