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Kea (Nestor notabilis) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE AZA Kea Species Survival Plan® Program IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE AZA Parrot Taxon Advisory Group Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in collaboration with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Kea Species Survival Plan (Nestor notabilis). (2020). Kea Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: July 1, 2019 Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual Coordinator: Kimberly Klosterman, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Senior Avian Keeper, Kea SSP Vice Coordinator Authors and Significant Contributors: Krista Adlehart CRM, Woodland Park Zoo, Animal Management Registrar Amanda Ardente NVM, PhD, Walt Disney World, University of Florida, Nutrition Fellow Jackie Bray, MA Zoology CPBT-KA, Raptor Incorporated, Associate Director Cassandre Crawford MM, Northwest Local School District, Orchestra Director, Kea SSP Volunteer Thea Etchells, Denver Zoo, Bird Keeper Linda Henry, Board Member of Zoological Lighting Institute, SeaWorld San Diego Phillip Horvey, Sedgwick County Zoo, Senior Zookeeper, Masked Lapwing SSP Coordinator and Studbook Keeper Cari Inserra, San Diego Zoo, Lead Animal Trainer Kimberly Klosterman, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Senior Avian Keeper, Kea Care Manual Coordinator, Vice Coordinator Kea SSP Program Jessica Meehan, Denver Zoo, Bird Keeper, Kea SSP Coordinator and Studbook Keeper Jennifer Nollman DVM, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Associate Veterinarian Catherine Vine, Philadelphia Zoo, Avian Keeper Reviewers: Raoul Schwing PhD, Head of Kea Lab & Infrastructure Project Manager, Messerli Research Institute, University of Vienna, AU Tamsin Orr-Walker, BAAT, Co-founder, Trustee & Chair of Kea Conservation Trust, South Island Community Engagement Coordinator, NZ Nigel Simpson, EAZA Kea EEP Coordinator, Head of Operations, Wild Place Project, Bristol Zoological Society, UK Dr.rer.nat Gyula K. Gajdon, Zoological Head of Zoo Wels (Tiergarten Wels), Wels, Austria, Former Head of Kea Lab, Messerli Research Institute, University of Vienna, AU AZA Staff Editors: Rebecca Greenberg, Animal Programs Director Sarah Farinelli, Conservation & Science Intern Raven Spencer, Conservation, Management & Welfare Sciences Intern Cover Photo Credits: Cassandre Crawford 2 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management. The manual assembles basic requirements, best practices, and animal care recommendations to maximize capacity for excellence in animal care and welfare. The manual should be considered a work in progress, since practices continue to evolve through advances in scientific knowledge. The use of information within this manual should be in accordance with all local, state, and federal laws and regulations concerning the care of animals. While some government laws and regulations may be referenced in this manual, these are not all-inclusive nor is this manual intended to serve as an evaluation tool for those agencies. The recommendations included are not meant to be exclusive management approaches, diets, medical treatments, or procedures, and may require adaptation to meet the specific needs of individual animals and particular circumstances in each institution. Commercial entities and media identified are not necessarily endorsed by AZA. The statements presented throughout the body of the manual do not represent AZA standards of care unless specifically identified as such in clearly marked sidebar boxes. 3 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 7 Taxonomic Classification 7 Genus, Species, and Status 7 General Information 7 Chapter 1. Ambient Environment............................................................................... 11 1.1 Temperature and Humidity 11 1.2 Light 12 1.3 Water and Air Quality 14 1.4 Sound and Vibration 14 Chapter 2. Habitat Design and Containment ............................................................ 16 2.1 Space and Complexity 16 2.2 Safety and Containment 19 Chapter 3. Records ..................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Definitions 24 3.2 Types of Records 24 3.3 Permit Considerations 25 3.4 Identification 26 Chapter 4. Transport ................................................................................................... 27 4.1 Preparations 27 4.2 Protocols 29 Chapter 5. Social Environment .................................................................................. 31 5.1 Group Structure and Size 31 5.2 Influence of Others and Conspecifics 33 5.3 Introductions and Reintroductions 37 Chapter 6. Nutrition ..................................................................................................... 40 6.1 Nutritional Requirements 40 6.2 Diets 43 6.3 Nutritional Evaluations 50 Chapter 7. Veterinary Care ......................................................................................... 52 7.1 Veterinary Services 52 7.2 Transfer Examination and Diagnostic Testing Recommendations 53 7.3 Quarantine 53 7.4 Preventive Medicine 57 7.5 Capture, Restraint, and Immobilization 59 7.6 Management of Diseases, Disorders, Injuries and/or Isolation 60 Chapter 8. Reproduction ............................................................................................ 63 8.1 Reproductive Physiology and Behavior 63 8.2 Assisted Reproductive Technology 65 4 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual 8.3 Nest Provision 66 8.4 Nesting Behavior and Egg-laying 67 8.5 Hatching, Parent Rearing and Fledging 69 8.6 Assisted Rearing 70 8.7 Contraception 72 Chapter 9. Behavior Management.............................................................................. 73 9.1 Animal Training 73 9.2 Environmental Enrichment 74 9.3 Staff and Animal Interactions 77 9.4 Staff Skills and Training 78 Chapter 10. Ambassador Animals ............................................................................. 80 10.1 Ambassador Animal Policy 80 10.2 Institutional Ambassador Animal Plans 81 10.3 Program Evaluation 85 Chapter 11. Research .................................................................................................. 86 11.1 Known Methodologies 86 11.2 Future Research Needs 90 Chapter 12. Other Considerations ............................................................................. 93 12.1 Surplus Animals 93 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 94 References ................................................................................................................... 95 Appendix A: Accreditation Standards by Chapter ................................................. 105 Appendix B: Recordkeeping Guidelines for Group Accessions ........................... 110 Appendix C: Guidelines for Creating and Sharing Animal and Collection Records .................................................................................................................................... 114 Appendix D: AZA Policy on Responsible Population Management ..................... 117 Appendix E: Recommended Quarantine Procedures ............................................ 127 Appendix F: Ambassador (Program) Animal Policy and Position Statement ...... 129 Appendix G: Developing an Institutional Ambassador Animal Policy ................. 133 Appendix H: Kea (Nestor notabilis) Ethogram ....................................................... 138 Appendix I: Sample Kea Introduction Protocol ...................................................... 144 Appendix J: Nest Design Summary – Survey Responses ..................................... 146 Appendix K: Resin Dummy Egg Instructions ........................................................ 149 Appendix L: Sample Kea Hand-rearing Protocol 1 ................................................. 154 Appendix M: Sample Kea Hand-rearing Protocol 2 ............................................... 158 5 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual Appendix N: Kea Chick Growth Curve Graph ........................................................ 159 Appendix O: ISIS Physiological Reference Intervals - Kea ................................... 160 Appendix P: Kea Necropsy Tissue Submission Protocol .................................... 165 Appendix Q: Safe Browse List for Kea .................................................................... 166 Appendix R: Sample Enrichment Supply Request Form ....................................... 173 Appendix S: Sample Enrichment Items & Calendar for Kea ................................. 175 Appendix T: Sample Kea Enrichment Guideline Form .......................................... 177 Appendix U: Kea Holders Light Provision Survey ................................................. 180 Appendix V: Kea Holders Light Provision Survey Results .................................... 182 6 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual Introduction Preamble AZA accreditation standards, relevant to the topics discussed in this manual, are highlighted in boxes such as this throughout
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