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CONSERVATION & RESEARCH UPDATES FROM THE NATIONAL

SPRING 2021

Guam Conservation: A Milestone 30 in the Making by Kurt Hundgen, Director of Collections

t the end of 2019 the conservation Working together through the best of all, recent sightings of unbanded world celebrated a momentous Rail Survival Plan® (SSP), some rails there confirm that the species has achievement:A , once ‘Extinct twenty strategized ways to ensure the already successfully reproduced in the in the Wild,’ was elevated to ‘Critically genetic diversity and health of this small wild for the first time in almost 40 years. Endangered’ status thanks to the recent population of Guam Rails in human care. The international collaboration that successful reintroduction of the species Their goal was to increase the size of the made the success of the Guam Rail to the wild. This conservation milestone population and eventually introduce reintroduction possible likely will go is more than thirty years in the making— the species onto islands near Guam that down in conservation history. Behind the hoped-for result of intensive remained free of Brown Tree Snakes. every ko’ko’ once again living in the collaboration among multiple zoos and Guam wildlife officials have slowly wild is the very successful collaboration government agencies separated by returned Guam Rails to the wild on the among many organizations and hundreds and continents. It is an extremely rare small neighboring islands of Cocos and of dedicated conservationists. conservation success story, shared by Rota. Reintroduction programs are most And we hope that there will be only one other : the iconic successful when local governments and . another headline-grabbing story to share: citizens invest in and drive the efforts. after decades of work in select zoos, the The Brown Tree Snake (Boiga Reestablishing wild populations of ko’ko’ population of Guam Kingfishers—another irregularis), which was accidentally , as the species is called on Guam, ‘’ species—may soon introduced on Guam in the mid-twentieth has been a tremendous source of pride be large enough to support another century, underwent a population explosion, for the people of Guam. historic reintroduction effort. Our partners reaching densities of up to 30,000 snakes Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, continue to focus on preventing further per square mile by the late 1980s. They the work of conserving the species has spread of Brown Tree Snakes so that the rapidly decimated populations of nine continued. In October 2020, 49 more restored population of Guam Rails (and, of Guam’s 11 endemic bird species. rails were introduced on Rota, eight of potentially, of Guam Kingfishers, too) will In 1987, wildlife biologists managed to which hatched at the . be able to once again thrive in the wild. n rescue the few remaining Guam Rails— The National Aviary has hatched more a mere 21 birds—and place them in the Guam Rails for reintroduction than any Your support makes conservation success stories like this possible. Donate today. care of a handful of Association of Zoos other North American zoo. Birds are and (AZA) accredited zoos. thriving in their new island homes, and,

A Guam Rail and her recently hatched chicks in the National Aviary’s Tropical Rainforest. More Guam Rails have hatched at the National Aviary than any other North American zoo. SPRING 2021 | 1 FROM THE EDITOR Conservation Involves Us All

t the National Aviary, our vision statement emphasizes the importance of avian conservation through the use of “education, entertainment, ecological research, husbandry,A and healthcare.” Indeed, the integration of conservation throughout the National Aviary and other Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) institutions is one of our great strengths as leaders in . The National Aviary inspires respect for nature through an In FlightPaths we often highlight our ecological research efforts, but in this appreciation of birds. issue we focus on the diversity of conservation programs offered across the many departments at the National Aviary. For example, our Director of Animal Collections shares the incredible story of the Guam Rail, which will go down in conservation history. Only the second bird Editor Steven Latta, Ph.D. species to ever be rescued from ‘Extinct in the Wild,’ the National Aviary played a Director, Conservation and Field Research fundamental role in breeding birds in human care to be released back into the wild. [email protected] Even under the increased precautions dictated by the COVID-19 pandemic, partners in the Guam Rail recovery effort were able to release another 49 birds into the wild, Managing Editor including eight raised at the National Aviary. Robert Mulvihill, M.Sc. We look for comparable success now as world leaders in the conservation of Ornithologist [email protected] the African . In this issue of FlightPaths we introduce you to our new staff member, Dr. Patricia McGill, who is also the SAFE (Saving From ) Program Leader. Joining Senior Aviculturist Chris Gaus, a key 700 Arch Street member of the ® program, we will use our expertise to find and , PA 15212-5201 fund solutions, and leverage the collective power of AZA institutions to solve the 412-323-7235 challenges facing our beloved . Our crew from Buildings and Grounds seeks conservation-minded solutions to various challenges on a daily basis, but also works closely with contractors and staff to achieve long-term results. Here we put the spotlight on our recent adoption of a specially laminated, bird-friendly glass product from Vitro Architectural Glass in the construction of our new event space, The Garden Room. We look long term, too, in highlighting the importance of children’s education in nurturing the next generation of conservationists. This the National Aviary designed aviary.org and introduced innovative virtual programming to Follow us on Twitter: @National_Aviary reach children and learners of all ages in a safe yet Facebook.com/NationalAviary engaging manner. The integration of our conservation mission Your donation supports the National Aviary’s work to save birds and across the National Aviary is key to our progress. protect their . Browse this issue of FlightPaths to see examples of how all of our departments contribute to conservation success!

Steven Latta, Ph.D. Director, Conservation and Field Research Taking the Lead to Keep African Penguins SAFE by Dr. Patricia McGill, AZA African Penguin SAFE Program Leader and Senior Conservation Scientist at National Aviary

enguins are among the most The National Aviary helps support and respond to emerging medical issues Pcharismatic, endearing, intriguing conservation efforts for African Penguins in wild populations. creatures on earth—known to us from in , and it is a leader in The SAFE program is also focused on the time we were children. Importantly, sustaining a very healthy population of finding solutions to longer-term challenges. we all need to understand that, with few African Penguins in human care. As a Using RFID/PIT tags and readers, we will exceptions, the world’s 18 penguin species recent addition to the National Aviary’s learn about local movements and dispersal are in serious decline, and humans are the staff, I will continue to lead the Association patterns to detect important sites and reason why. The National Aviary is taking of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Saving local threats. We will uncover and mitigate the lead to keep one , Animals From Extinction (SAFE) potential negative interactions with fisheries. the African Penguin, safe from extinction. program for African Penguins. SAFE SAFE will develop management solutions Thirteen penguin species are Near is a collaborative conservation effort informed by an understanding of penguin Threatened, Vulnerable, or Endangered focused on threatened species. SAFE movements at sea, including long-distance according to the International Union engages colleagues across the species’ dispersal patterns at different life stages, for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) range in conservation, and works to and correlate these with fluctuating Red List. All penguin species found in achieve strategic conservation outcomes densities. And, we will engage the staff, temperate and sub-tropical in time to preserve species. volunteers, members, and guests of the (African, Humboldt, Magellanic, Galapagos, National Aviary Senior Aviculturist National Aviary, and encourage them and Little Blue Penguins) plus temperate Chris Gaus is also directly involved in to learn about and take action on behalf populations of Yellow-eyed Penguins, are the SAFE program through his increasing of African Penguins. showing population declines. Recently, the activity as a key member of the Species The National Aviary, working with IUCN Penguin Specialist Group designated Survival Plan® (SSP) steering committee. its partners in the African Penguin SAFE three species, including African Penguins, Chris ensures best management of the program, will continue to work toward as requiring urgent conservation action. SSP population and engages SSP institutions a better understanding of the issues Why are the world’s penguins in such to become directly involved in SAFE facing African Penguins in the wild. We trouble? There are different specific threats conservation projects. will use that knowledge to find and fund for individual species, but key threats Through its involvement and leadership solutions. Above all, we will leverage the affecting all penguins include climate with the SAFE program, the National collective power of all AZA institutions change (specifically, warming oceans); Aviary promotes several key projects to engage animal lovers in solving the huge over-harvesting of their principal prey— focused on meeting the short-term needs conservation challenges facing our planet’s the same forage fish that humans consume of the species and addressing longer-term beloved penguins: global climate change in vast quantities; unsustainable harvesting challenges. Short-term projects will focus and the non-sustainable, industrial-scale of nutrient-rich guano; and disturbance on designing and deploying artificial nest harvesting of the ’s fish. n and destruction of their nesting grounds. burrows to improve breeding success where is degraded, enhancing Help create a brighter future for African Penguins with a donation, purchase of response to local disasters such as oil a Penguin Plaque, or Adopt-a-Bird. spills and disease outbreaks to improve Visit aviary.org to learn more. outcomes, and improving ability to detect

SPRING 2021 | 3 Bringing Nature Education Home: Innovation and Opportunity During the Pandemic by Jennifer Torpie, Curator of Education and Public Programs

hat happens when vital education programs that rely on face-to-face Wand face-to- encounters suddenly cease to exist? How was the National Aviary able to continue to offer intriguing, innovative, and stimulating educational programs for students and adults alike in the face of the statewide and countywide COVID-19 shutdowns? The National Aviary’s robust education strategy has focused on engaging guests in our immersive habitats, providing standards-aligned formal education programs for schools, and creating fun public programing for learners of all ages. These in-person programs give us the opportunity to inspire appreciation for birds and their conservation through face-to-face interactions. But, what happens when in-person education becomes impossible? Since the start of the global COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions around the world have grappled with how to engage learners remotely. Our education team quickly word searches for families. They also realized we needed to adapt our program launched the “Reading With Red” strategy to meet our audiences were they program (named after Red, our beautiful were: at home! Scarlet Macaw) to incentivize reading in From our first conversation about school-aged learners. And, since March virtual programs, we had two clear goals: 2020, we have worked with foundation to support teachers in the transition partners to provide free virtual programs to remote learning and to create safe to schools in Western activities for our community that provide during the 2020-2021 school year. authentic human connection and connect COVID-19 closed many doors, but them with birds. Within two weeks of the it opened new ones, too. We developed National Aviary’s closure in March a new outdoor program partnership Above: Cathy Schlott, Director of Animal of 2020, the Education Department with L.L.Bean that enables us to provide Programs and Experiences, conducts a CyBIRD launched CyBIRD Distance Learning, Kayak Tours in Pittsburgh’s Distance Learning with a Eurasian Eagle- which allowed teachers to easily integrate North Park, and we successfully re- owl. Below: children watch an Aviary After School program at home. (Photo courtesy virtual field trips into their remote launched Owl Prowls and special event of PA Cyber, the National Aviary’s Virtual classrooms. A creative and completely weekends like Owl-o-ween with Education sponsor.) original suite of virtual public program enhanced safety protocols. offerings including Aviary After School, The critical pivot to virtual programs a Virtual Speaker Series, and Virtual allowed us to expand our reach to more Brushes & Birds quickly followed. than 9,000 participants from across the In addition to paid programs, the in 2020. We will remember Education Team also identified a need this as a year of often difficult changes, for free programs and activities to engage but also as a year filled with innovation our community. For two months, the and growth for the National Aviary. n Education Team created free weekly activity packets, coloring pages, and

SPRING 2021 | 4 Project Owlnet: More Owls than Ever by Robert Mulvihill, Ornithologist

lthough COVID-19 slowed opportunities for human interaction, the migration ofA Northern Saw-whet Owls continued as always, and a reduced core of National Aviary researchers and assistants took to the field to monitor and study this little understood phenomenon. While strictly following COVID-19 safety protocols, we conducted a modified eighth season of Project Owlnet, operating our station on just 14 nights between October 17 and December 5, 2020 (>20 nights of effort is usual). A handful of individual visitors (honorary field assistants) were permitted by special reservation only, regular volunteer Figure 1. Total fall bandings, recaptures, and foreign retraps of migrating assistance was strictly limited also, and no Northern Saw-whet Owls at Sewickley Heights Borough Park, 2013-2020 drop-in visitation was allowed. Notwithstanding these restrictions, it was our busiest season by far—we banded 59 new Northern Saw-whet Owls, almost twice the previous high fall total of 31 in 2016 (Fig. 1), and saw the second highest percentage of hatching year birds (Fig. 2). In addition, we documented five local recaptures of birds banded at our field station, and two foreign retraps of birds banded elsewhere. The foreign birds were originally banded 400 and 800 km to the north in central —the former just 25 days prior to our recapture of it (Fig. 3, E &F). When we launched Project Owlnet at Sewickley Heights Borough Park, about 12 miles northwest of downtown Pittsburgh, in fall 2013, virtually no information Figure 2. Relationship between total captures and percent hatching year birds by year existed about the migration of the species in southwestern Pennsylvania, and very little was known about its occurrence within urban and ex-urban landscapes anywhere in the East. The 66 owl encounters in fall 2020 brings our total to 187 banding records since the project began. Thanks to the data generated by these, we have already learned much about the timing and annual variation in the migration of this smallest of our eastern owls. At the same time, we have introduced hundreds of people to our owl research, and we look forward to resuming our work with the public again soon. n

Figure 3. Origins of foreign retrap owls recaptured at Sewickley Heights Borough Park

SPRING 2021 | 5 A White-crested Laughingthrush parent feeds newly hatched chicks in the Tropical Rainforest at the National Aviary.

White-crested Laughingthrush: All in the by Julia Ecklar, Registrar

or some visitors to the National Aviary’s Laughingthrushes to raise multiple clutches no longer interested in accepting food from Tropical Rainforest habitat, the White- in one season, and the older chicks get humans, but the fledging habitat enables Fcrested Laughingthrush may not inspire practice with skills that will make them us to continue to supply them and their much interest. Its brown, rufous, white, successful parents one day. In the meantime, parents with larger-than-normal quantities and black can hardly compete with they are helping contribute to the survival of food, encouraging self-feeding and the iridescent blues, greens, and yellows of of their own full siblings, with whom they making parent-feeding quick and efficient. the Golden-breasted Starling, for example. share half of their DNA. The real magic happens once the But, if you take the time to seek them out, The complexities of White-crested youngsters are self-sufficient and ready you will discover one of the most active, Laughingthrush family and social life are to return to the main habitat. The parents engaging, and downright comical birds very interesting, but they present a big begin nesting again almost immediately, our Tropical Rainforest habitat has to offer! challenge to managing the species under and their recently fledged youngsters are Native across a wide swath of Southeast human care. These lively, active birds eager to help. We have observed the fledged Asia, White-crested Laughingthrushes need a lot of space, and few zoos have the offspring taking turns incubating the next live in lively family groups of more than ability to house ten or more adults at the of their parents’ , and they are a dozen birds. While foraging together same time. At the National Aviary, we start every bit as busy as their parents are when on and berries, they keep in touch each breeding season with a single pair of it comes to bringing bugs to the chicks using soft whistles and chatter calls. Laughingthrushes. Nest building and when they hatch. Occasionally, though, something will laying proceed as they would in the wild. The National Aviary successfully reared incite one to sing uproariously in a manner Then, once the eggs hatch, our aviculturists five chicks in 2019, all of which have now so infectious that every member of the step in to fill the role of “helpers-at-the- moved to other Association of Zoos and family joins in the singing performance. nest” for the first brood of the season. Aquariums facilities within the Species These intermittent outbursts of song Our human helpers supply the Survival Plan® (SSP) to begin their own help keep the family bond strong. Laughingthrush parents with a surfeit of Laughingthrush family adventures. As the In Laughingthrush families, parents bugs, and they even climb a ladder three days are getting longer, the sun is shining do all the nest building and egg laying, times a day to deliver extra food directly brighter, and love is once again in the air but their offspring from previous clutches to the chicks. When the chicks are ready for the National Aviary’s always exuberant typically assist them in brooding and to fledge, they transfer the entire nest White-crested Laughingthrushes. n feeding the nestlings. These older siblings and both parents to a protected “fledging take over parental care almost completely habitat,” where the chicks can safely exit the once the new chicks have fledged. This nest and learn to navigate the bigger world makes it possible for White-crested around them. By this time, the chicks are SPRING 2021 | 6 Wood Warbler Molt: Fast and Furious by Robert Mulvihill, Ornithologist

or a wood warbler weighing less than 10 grams, like an American Redstart For Yellow Warbler, life is a fast-paced race. Out of the starting blocks, redstarts race north from wintering grounds in the West Indes to of the northeastern United States. Next, they must hurry up and find a ; if possible, quickly attract a mate; build a nest and raise a An adult female American Redstart undergoing a very intense molt in mid-June, immediately following her nest-full of young. If that all goes well, nesting attempt. 62% of her feathers—all 12 of her rectrices ( feathers) and half (18) of her remiges and quickly, they may even race to raise ( feathers) are molting at the same time! Not only does this require a tremendous amount of energy for a second brood. protein synthesis, it also greatly impacts her aerodynamic efficiency and ability, even to the point of near- flightlessness. This, of course, hinders her ability to capture aerial prey and also her ability to escape from But, their seasonal clock is ticking, predators. For these reasons, the short but intense molting period of this and other wood warblers constitutes and they will have to molt like mad an extremely consequential part of their annual cycle. (maybe even get a head start by initiating molt before having raised that second brood of young), even to the point of becoming nearly flightless. This is so they can replace their worn feathers in time to 36 wing and 12 tail feathers). At peak when they are molting (adults) and hurry back south again, before the prime molt intensity, wood warblers replace newly independent (fledglings). In wintering territories are all claimed by all 12 rectrices (tail feathers) and 24 particular, we will be studying a system other, young upstart redstarts! to 32 remiges (wing feathers), or 75- of low-impact forestry practice that has In our recently published study, 90% of their flight feathers. In fact, we a small footprint, but possibly an outsized my colleagues, Dr. Ron Mumme from determined that wood warblers have positive ecological impact on populations Allegheny College, Professor David among the very highest molt speed of songbirds in the surrounding, Norman from the Merseyside (England) and intensity of any studied passerines. unharvested forest matrix—songbirds Ringing Group, and I reviewed thousands This high-intensity post-breeding like the American Redstart and Yellow of molt data I collected while working at molt by wood warblers carries with it Warbler that may require especially safe Powdermill Nature Reserve from 1983 a significant challenge—how do you habitats while undergoing their critical, to 2010. Our analysis shows that thirteen stay safe from predators when you are high-intensity, post-breeding molt. n migratory species of wood warblers all practically flightless for 2 to 3 weeks? undergo an exceptionally high-intensity We are grateful to the S. Kent Rockwell This question is driving a new study by molt that is squeezed into a few weeks Foundation which provided funding the National Aviary’s Department of between (and even overlapping slightly) for this study. Conservation and Field Research. Our their nesting and fall migration. Molt new study will quantify the importance intensity is the number of flight feathers of small forest gaps to wood warblers concurrently molting (out of a total of and other forest-nesting songbirds SPRING 2021 | 7 Bird-safe glass is just one option to One Way to Save Birds is Crystal Clear make birds’ journeys safer as they pass by Molly Toth, Communications and Content Specialist by your home. Other measures you can take include: onfused by foliage realistically Over 3,000 panes of old glass were 1. Keep curtains and blinds drawn reflected by large panes of replaced by Vitro Architectural Glass, during the day to reduce glare. Carchitectural glass in the daytime, using a specially laminated product with 2. Apply decals or strips of “bird tape” or disoriented by bright lights at night, a glazed surface that prevents glare and to the outside of your windows. the built environment can often be a reflection. The result is an energy efficient, The more closely spaced they are, the more effective they will be. A 2” deadly hall-of-mirrors for migratory safe and comfortable, light-filled space for (vertical) x 4” (horizontal) pattern birds. But, it doesn’t have to be. One birds and people alike. is the proven standard for protecting solution is crystal clear: bird-safe Bird-safe glass also has a prominent birds from striking windows. glass can save birds’ lives. place in The Garden Room, the National 3. Install taut garden netting or Bird-safe glass has become an Aviary’s new 9,000-square-foot event a conventional window screen important sustainability feature in recent space overlooking scenic Allegheny over windows that face toward building projects at the National Aviary, Commons Park. The building is constructed bird habitat. and its use throughout the renovated of wood and masonry with bird-friendly 4. Apply a thin, UV-reflective film Tropical Rainforest habitat and the newly glass walls and windows on three sides. on the outside of your windows— constructed Garden Room event space Large windows and doors complement it will be only minimally noticeable demonstrates that bird-friendly glass the surrounding park and garden, and to you from inside your house, but can be innovative, functional, and incorporate about 2,700 square feet of it will be very conspicuous to the birds outside, because birds’ vision aesthetically pleasing. Vitro Architectural Glass. The glass uses is sensitive well into the UV-range. The 2018 renovation of the Tropical an attractive bird-safe pattern of horizontal etched lines that will prevent window 5. Move your bird feeders closer to the Rainforest habitat required a unique window (less than 10 feet). Birds tend strikes while still providing our guests glass product that would protect birds to slow down as they approach feeders, n both inside and outside the habitat while with beautiful views of the park. and if they are flushed from the feeders allowing in enough UV light to keep all toward the window, they will not be flying of the habitat’s birds and healthy. as fast from that shorter distance away. 6. Building new or replacing windows? Consider using bird-safe glass. With its popularity rising, bird-safe glass (often with attractive etched designs) is becoming an affordable option.

The Garden Room illuminated at night, showing the façade of bird-safe glass. Inset: Workers install Vitro Architectural Glass bird-safe glass during the construction of The Garden Room. SPRING 2021 | 8 Fieldwork: From Rainforest Raptors to Elusive Ivorybills by Peggy Shrum, Field Intern

ow does a tree-climbing raptor I feel so fortunate to have spent a few years Someday became sooner rather biologist in the Peruvian Amazon of my life in that environment. However, than later, as I became so intrigued by Hfeel about becoming a key member of the to say that it is, at times, inhospitable, the work being done in Louisiana by National Aviary’s Project Principalis, a would be an understatement. The tropical Project Coyote, now Project Principalis search for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker? heat is both glorious and suffocating, that I felt compelled to participate as a Well, let me tell you that I am delighted to and the misty dampness of the rainforest volunteer. I am now part of a full-time have joined the Project Principalis team! penetrates any physical boundary. effort, and I am genuinely thrilled to be I have been an occasional field volunteer Fieldwork is hard work, but loving it a part of this search and excited about for the project for several years now, but as I do, it would be much harder not to the next field season! n I’m excited for the opportunity to spend do it! It is my hope that my years spent more time in the field and to participate traipsing around the jungle spying on as part of the core search team! elusive, highly secretive birds has prepared I am a Wildlife Biologist from Clemson me for searching for the Ivory-billed University. In 2005, I graduated with Woodpecker in its own inhospitable a BS in Wildlife Biology. My emphasis and forbidding habitat! areas included , comparative Although it may seem like a long physiology, behavior, and environmental way from raptors to woodpeckers, my toxicology. I went on to complete my interest in the Ivory-billed Woodpecker Masters at Clemson in 2009. My research has actually been lifelong. I grew up has primarily focused on birds of prey in fishing with my dad in the “Big Woods” the Peruvian Amazon, where I studied in the White region of Arkansas. raptors as bioindicators of ecosystem My spark, like that of many, was reignited contaminants—particularly mercury in 2005 by the infamous Luneau from transient gold mining. In 2010, I video, a controversial clip that shows started my PhD, looking at how increases a woodpecker—possibly an Ivorybill— in elevated mercury levels may affect in flight. That year I had just begun what these birds of prey. would become12 years of research in , Fieldwork in the Amazon Rainforest but I always kept in mind the possibility is exhilarating, challenging, intense, and of revisiting my childhood stomping compelling. The pristine areas of rainforest grounds in the Big Woods one day, and truly represent the last great wilderness. participating in the search for the Ivory- billed Woodpecker.

Under Lockdown, our homes meant more time looking COVID-19, although it profoundly out through our windows, and, so, more changed the way we live, work, and play, We Turned to Birds opportunities to notice birds in our nevertheless opened the eyes of adults by Robert Mulvihill, Ornithologist backyards. Noticing spawned curiosity, and children alike to a welcoming world which spawned learning, which fed more of birds. That world can be seen through n the past year, COVID-19 has curiosity—a benign cycle of awareness, our windows and enjoyed while exploring Iimpacted every single person on earth satisfaction, and action: by ourselves (or, socially distanced, with in countless big and small ways. But, out • What is that bird with the bright red head? friends or family) in a neighborhood park! of this life-changing global tragedy, there • Wow! Did you see that hawk zoom by? In September, you can use your time have been some positive outcomes—lives • What is singing that pretty song? watching birds during fall migration to saved, medical advances made, priorities benefit the National Aviary! Registration • How many kinds of birds are there anyway? reset, and, for many of us, time to try new for the National Aviary’s Hike-A-Thon things, like birdwatching • I’d like to learn what kinds of birds we have? Presented by UPMC Health Plan opens Birdwatching is a healthy activity that • How can we attract more kinds of birds April 15. Hike, bike, birdwatch, and explore provided many people a purpose for to our yard? wherever you are, and support the being in nature, even as the usual work- • Maybe when this is all over we should take National Aviary’s conservation work! n a-day opportunities were closing down a trip to see different birds! Did you know all around them. Not only that, but the that there are more than 10,000 kinds of greatly increased time spent indoors in birds in the world?! SPRING 2021 | 9