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Dissertation (25-10-2013) Downloaded from UvA-DARE, the institutional repository of the University of Amsterdam (UvA) http://hdl.handle.net/11245/2.128425 File ID uvapub:128425 Filename Thesis Version unknown SOURCE (OR PART OF THE FOLLOWING SOURCE): Type PhD thesis Title Car firms and low-emission vehicles: The evolution of incumbents’ strategies in relation to policy developments Author(s) R. Bohnsack Faculty FEB: Amsterdam Business School Research Institute (ABS-RI) Year 2013 FULL BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS: http://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.399163 Copyright It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content licence (like Creative Commons). UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl) (pagedate: 2015-02-17) Car firms and low-emission vehicles: The evolution of incumbents’ strategies in relation to policy developments RENÉ BOHNSACK Printed by CPI – Wöhrmann Print Service Cover design Donna Kok ISBN 978 94 6203 454 9 © 2013, René Bohnsack. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the author. Car firms and low-emission vehicles: The evolution of incumbents’ strategies in relation to policy developments ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op vrijdag 25 oktober 2013, te 12:00 uur door RENÉ BOHNSACK geboren te Wismar, Duitsland Promotiecommissie Promotor Prof. dr. A. Kolk Copromotor Dr. J. Pinkse Overige leden Prof. dr. B. O’Dwyer Prof. dr. R. van Tulder Prof. dr. L. Reijnders Prof. dr. J. Grin Prof. dr. F. Berkhout Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde Table of contents List of tables and figures ......................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 References ...................................................................................................................... 6 Part I: Introductory chapters ................................................................................. 11 2 Developments in the car industry: Main trends in production approaches, product development and innovation ....................................................................................... 13 2.1 The evolution of production approaches ...................................................................... 13 2.1.1 From craft production to mass production ......................................................... 13 2.1.2 The emergence of lean production ..................................................................... 14 2.1.3 From lean production to optimum lean production ............................................ 16 2.2 Trends in the product development process ................................................................. 18 2.2.1 Product development approaches ....................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Organisational setup and management of product development........................ 20 2.2.3 Supplier strategies and relationships .................................................................. 22 2.3 Product innovation in the car industry ......................................................................... 24 2.3.1 Timing of product innovation vis-à-vis competitors .......................................... 24 2.3.2 Product innovation in the international context ................................................. 25 2.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 27 References .................................................................................................................... 28 3 Low-emission vehicles (LEVs): Introducing technologies and firm/government perspectives .................................................................................................. 33 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 33 3.2 LEV Technologies ........................................................................................................ 33 3.2.1 Hybrid technologies ........................................................................................... 34 3.2.2 Battery-electric vehicle technologies ................................................................. 36 3.2.3 Fuel-cell technologies......................................................................................... 37 3.2.4 Comparison of LEV technologies ...................................................................... 38 CAR FIRMS AND LOW-EMISSION VEHICLES 3.3 The perspective of car companies ................................................................................ 40 3.4 The government perspective ........................................................................................ 43 3.5 Research gaps ............................................................................................................... 46 References .................................................................................................................... 48 Part II: Empirical chapters .................................................................................... 55 4 The evolution of low-emission vehicles: Car manufacturers and policy interventions 57 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 58 4.2 The evolution of LEV technologies ............................................................................. 59 4.3 Underlying dynamics of the LEV trajectory: Government-firm interactions .............. 62 4.4 Methodology and sample ............................................................................................. 64 4.5 Evolution of the LEV trajectory ................................................................................... 67 4.6 Mechanisms in the international LEV policy context .................................................. 83 4.7 Discussion and conclusion ........................................................................................... 94 References .................................................................................................................... 97 5 The role of public and private protection in disruptive innovation: The automotive industry and the emergence of low-emission vehicles ...................................................... 103 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 104 4.2 Literature review ........................................................................................................ 105 5.2.1 Disruptive innovation and private protection levers ........................................ 105 5.2.2 Disruptive innovation and public protection levers ......................................... 107 5.2.3 The influence of private and public protection levers on firm-level innovation: A framework................................................................................. 109 4.3 Methodology and sample ........................................................................................... 110 4.4 Findings ...................................................................................................................... 113 5.4.1 Public protection levers and LEV development ............................................... 113 5.4.2 Private protection levers and LEV development .............................................. 119 4.5 Discussion and conclusions ........................................................................................ 125 5.5.1 The influence of public and private protection levers, and their interaction .... 125 5.5.2 Public and private protection trajectories ......................................................... 127 References .................................................................................................................. 131 6 Business models for sustainable innovation: Exploring strategic choices in the case of electric vehicles ............................................................................................................... 135 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 136 6.2 Sustainable technologies, disruptive innovation and business models ...................... 138 6.3 Sample and methodology ........................................................................................... 141 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.4 Findings ...................................................................................................................... 143 6.4.1 The Emergence of Government Support and EV Projects ............................... 143 6.4.2 From the ICE to an EV Business Model: Exploring Policies, Assets and Governance ...................................................................................
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